HETAUDA SCHOOL OF

MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL

SCIENCES

PROJECT WORK OF BIOLOGY

‘report on communicable diseases in my
community’

PREPARED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Carol Lama DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
Class: 12
Section: Archimedes
Roll no: 12
ABSTRACT

This report explores the intricate landscape of communicable

diseases, examining their epidemiology, causes, and impact
on global health. Drawing on extensive research and data
analysis, the report delves into the patterns of transmission,
risk factors, and emerging trends in communicable diseases.
The report also addresses the socio-economic implications of
communicable diseases, emphasizing the disproportionate
burden on vulnerable populations and the importance of
equity in healthcare delivery. Case studies from various
regions illustrate the diverse challenges faced in managing
outbreaks, emphasizing the need for international
collaboration and a coordinated response.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to express our deep gratitude to

respected teachers. Their constant guidance helped me to
complete my work in proper time. Without their scientific
vision, understanding of the subject matter and tactfulness
to deal with students, the project work would never take this
present form.

I present profound thankfulness to MR PURAN BAHADUR

JOSHI principal of HETAUDA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES for his great encouragement and
suggestion which increased our confidence level. I am also
thankful to all our teachers of department of Biology of HSM
College. I would like to acknowledge all the staffs of
administration and library of our college for their help and
cooperation to research about the given topic.

Finally, I would like to dedicate this project

work to our parents and family members, whose constant
support in each and every step of our life help us to reinforce
our confidence towards every field.

REFERENCES

- Pioneer Biology Book

- Comprehensive Biology
- Some Websites in the Internet:
- Such as

www.wikipedia.com
www.medicalnews.com

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Communicable diseases
3. Description of Common communicable diseases
4. Challenges due to Communicable diseases
Introduction
This report aims to explore the landscape of communicable diseases in
Hetauda, shedding light on the patterns, prevalence, and impact of infectious
agents within the community. Through a comprehensive examination of
epidemiological data, local health records, and community engagement, we
endeavor to provide a nuanced perspective on the communicable diseases
that disproportionately affect the residents of Hetauda.

The dynamic nature of communicable diseases necessitates an ongoing

assessment of their prevalence and the factors contributing to their
transmission. By delving into the specifics of communicable diseases in
Hetauda, we aim to contribute valuable insights that can inform public health
initiatives, guide healthcare policies, and empower the community to take
proactive measures against the spread of infectious agents.

1. Communicable diseases:
Communicable diseases, also known as infectious or transmissible diseases,
are illnesses caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or
fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
These diseases are often contagious and can be transmitted through various
means, including respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, contaminated food or
water, and vectors like mosquitoes.
For example: Chickenpox / Shingles, COVID-19, Ebola, Ending the HIV Epidemic
(EHE), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV / AIDS.
Some common communicable diseases in my community are as follows:
1. Chicken pox
2. Tuberculosis
3. Dengue
2. Description of common communicable diseases
Chicken pox
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the
varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It primarily affects children, but it can occur in individuals of
any age who have not been previously infected or vaccinated against the virus.
Chickenpox is characterized by a distinctive rash, itching, and flu-like symptoms.
Here are some key features of chickenpox:

Causative Agent:
The varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus family, causes
chickenpox. This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through respiratory
droplets or direct contact with the fluid from the blisters.

Symptoms:
The typical symptoms of chickenpox include:
Rash: It usually starts as red spots that then progress to itchy, fluid-filled blisters. The
rash often begins on the face and trunk and then spreads to other parts of the body.
Fever: Many people with chickenpox experience a mild to moderate fever.
General Malaise: Patients may also have feelings of general discomfort, fatigue, and
body aches.

Transmission:
Chickenpox is highly contagious and spreads from person to person through
respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also
spread by direct contact with the fluid from the blisters.
Incubation Period:
The incubation period for chickenpox is typically 10 to 21 days after exposure. During
this time, an infected person may not show symptoms but can still spread the virus.

Treatment:
There is no specific antiviral treatment for chickenpox. Management involves relieving
symptoms, such as using antihistamines to reduce itching, maintaining good hygiene
to prevent bacterial infections of the skin lesions, and ensuring adequate rest and fluid
intake.

It's important to note that while chickenpox is usually a self-limiting illness, it can be
more severe in certain populations, such as pregnant women, newborns, and
individuals with weakened immune systems. Vaccination has played a significant role
in reducing the incidence and severity of chickenpox in many populations.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of
the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB is a contagious disease that
spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It is
a major global health concern, and efforts to control and eliminate TB involve a
combination of medical treatment, public health measures, and vaccination.
Here are some key features of chickenpox:
Causative Agent:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium responsible for causing
tuberculosis. It is an acid-fast bacillus with a unique cell wall
composition that contributes to its resistance to certain
environmental conditions and drugs.

Transmission:
TB is primarily transmitted through the inhalation of respiratory
droplets containing the bacteria. It is an airborne disease, and close
and prolonged contact with an infectious individual is often required
for transmission.

Symptoms:
Common symptoms of active TB disease include persistent cough,
chest pain, coughing up blood, unintentional weight loss, fatigue,
fever, and night sweats. TB can also affect other organs and systems,
leading to a variety of symptoms depending on the site of infection.

Diagnosis:
Diagnosis often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging
studies (such as chest X-rays), and laboratory tests, including sputum
cultures and molecular testing for the presence of the bacteria.

Treatment:
TB is treatable with a combination of antibiotics, usually taken for
several months. The most common and effective drugs include
isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Adherence to the
prescribed treatment regimen is crucial to prevent the development
of drug-resistant TB.
Tuberculosis is a complex disease that requires a comprehensive and
coordinated public health response to reduce its impact globally.
Early detection and appropriate treatment are essential for both
individual patient care and preventing the spread of the disease
within communities.

Dengue
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that is widespread in tropical and
subtropical regions. The disease is caused by four closely related dengue
viruses, known as serotypes 1 through 4, and is transmitted to humans
primarily through the bites of infected female mosquitoes of the Aedes
species, particularly Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus.
Dengue is a significant public health concern, and it can range from a mild flu-
like illness to a severe and potentially life-threatening condition.
Key features of dengue fever include:
Causative Agent:
Dengue is caused by the dengue viruses, which belong to the Flaviviridae
family. There are four distinct serotypes of the virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and
DEN-4), and infection with one serotype does not provide immunity against
the others.

Transmission:
The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of infected Aedes
mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are most active during the early morning and
late afternoon. Dengue can also be transmitted through blood transfusion and
from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth.

Symptoms:
Dengue infection can range from asymptomatic or mild symptoms (dengue
fever) to severe forms, including dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue
shock syndrome (DSS). Common symptoms include sudden onset of high fever,
severe headaches, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, rash, and mild
bleeding.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is often based on clinical symptoms, but laboratory tests, such as
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serological tests, may be used to confirm
the presence of the virus.

Treatment:
There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Supportive care, such as
maintaining hydration and managing symptoms, is crucial. Severe cases may
require hospitalization and close monitoring.

3. Challenges due to communicable diseases:

Communities face numerous challenges when dealing with
communicable diseases. These challenges can impact individuals,
families, and the community as a whole. Here are some common
challenges faced by communities in relation to communicable
diseases:

Healthcare Access and Infrastructure:

Limited access to healthcare facilities and services can hinder early
detection, treatment, and prevention efforts. Inadequate healthcare
infrastructure in some communities may result in a lack of essential
resources and personnel.

Education and Awareness:

Lack of awareness and understanding about communicable diseases
can contribute to the spread of infections. Education campaigns are
crucial for promoting preventive measures, early detection, and
appropriate responses.

Socioeconomic Factors:
Communities with lower socioeconomic status may face increased
challenges in dealing with communicable diseases. Limited access to
resources, crowded living conditions, and economic instability can
contribute to the transmission of infections.

Behavioral Factors:
Human behavior, such as reluctance to adopt preventive measures,
risky practices, and non-compliance with treatment regimens, can
contribute to the spread of communicable diseases. Cultural beliefs
and practices may also influence health-related behaviors.

4. impact of communicable diseases in community

Communicable diseases can have significant and multifaceted impacts on
communities. These impacts extend beyond the health sector, affecting various
aspects of community life, social structures, and economic well-being. Here are
some key impacts of communicable diseases on communities:
Health Impact:
Direct health effects are the most apparent impact of communicable diseases.
They can result in illness, disability, and, in severe cases, death. The burden of
disease can strain healthcare systems and resources.
Morbidity and Mortality:
Communicable diseases contribute to morbidity (illness) and mortality (death)
rates in communities. The severity and fatality of diseases vary, with some
causing widespread illness and, in extreme cases, pandemics.
Economic Impact:
Communicable diseases can lead to economic losses for individuals and
communities. The costs associated with medical care, loss of productivity due
to illness, and the impact on the workforce can strain local economies.
Disruption of Daily Life:
Outbreaks of communicable diseases can disrupt normal daily activities within
a community. School closures, workplace absenteeism, and limitations on
public gatherings may be implemented to control the spread of infections.

Thank You