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Gravitational Waves Using Tiny
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Gravitational Waves Using Tiny Diamonds  D O W N LO A D

Gravitational Waves Using Tiny

Diamonds

Rather than the kilometre-length observatories of today, future gravitational-wave

detectors could be just a few metres long. [18]

A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found
that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused
by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and
as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17]

The lack of so-called “dark photons” in electron-positron collision data rules out
scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon’s magnetic moment.
[16]

By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new

study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons.
In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be
transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15]

Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter
streaming out of our Sun’s core.

Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle
physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter.

In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are
among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter.

The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a
small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and
energy.

There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and
electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This
temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum
intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event.
The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations
being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these
compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no
compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the
dark matter.

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Gravitational Waves Using Tiny Diamonds  D O W N LO A D

Contents
The Big Bang ........................................................................................................................... 3
Tabletop device might snare gravitational waves using tiny diamonds .................................. 3
Tiny wavelength ................................................................................................................... 4
Spin-separated states .......................................................................................................... 4
Underground or in space ..................................................................................................... 4
Gravitational wave detectors could shed light on dark matter ................................................ 5
Synopsis: Dark Photon Conjecture Fizzles ............................................................................. 7
Exchanges of identity in deep space ...................................................................................... 7
Astronomers may have detected the first direct evidence of dark matter .............................. 9

Hidden photons ..................................................................................................................... 10

Ideal mirror at hand............................................................................................................ 11
Dark matter composition research - WIMP ........................................................................... 11
Weakly interacting massive particles .................................................................................... 11
Evidence for an accelerating universe .................................................................................. 12
Equation .............................................................................................................................. 13

Explanatory models ........................................................................................................... 14

Dark Matter and Energy ........................................................................................................ 14
Cosmic microwave background ........................................................................................ 14
Thermal radiation ............................................................................................................... 14
Electromagnetic Field and Quantum Theory ........................................................................ 15
Lorentz transformation of the Special Relativity ................................................................... 16
The Classical Relativistic effect............................................................................................. 16
Electromagnetic inertia and Gravitational attraction ............................................................. 16
Electromagnetic inertia and mass ......................................................................................... 17

Electromagnetic Induction ................................................................................................. 17

Relativistic change of mass ............................................................................................... 17
The frequency dependence of mass ................................................................................. 17
Electron – Proton mass rate .............................................................................................. 17
Gravity from the point of view of quantum physics ............................................................... 18
The Gravitational force ...................................................................................................... 18
The Graviton ...................................................................................................................... 18

Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 18
R f
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References ............................................................................................................................ 19

Gravitational Waves Using Tiny Diamonds  D O W N LO A D

Author: George Rajna

The Big Bang

The Big Bang caused acceleration created radial currents of the matter, and since the matter is
composed of negative and positive charges, these currents are creating magnetic field and
attracting forces between the parallel moving electric currents. This is the gravitational force
experienced by the matter, and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces between the
charged particles. The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or by the
magnetic forces or by the much stronger electrostatic forces!?
The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space

and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy.
There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron,
can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy
distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of
these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no
compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.

Tabletop device
Rather than the might snare
kilometre-length gravitational
observatories waves
of today, future using tiny diamonds
gravitational-wave detectors could
be just a few metres long. That is the goal of physicists in the UK and the Netherlands, who have
put forward a design for a matter-wave interferometer that would rely on the superposition of tiny
objects such as diamond crystals rather than laser beams. They say that the device would be
sensitive to low- and mid-frequency gravitational waves.

Gravitational waves were first observed directly in 2015, when the LIGO
observatory in the US picked up the emission from a pair of merging black holes. These black holes
broadcast a series of ripples through space-time that caused the pairs of perpendicular arms
making up LIGO’s interferometers to undergo a series of miniscule expansions and contractions.
Those tiny changes were registered as variations in the interference between laser beams sent
along the arms.

Such laser-based observatories, however, are very large. A passing gravitational wave will typically
induce fractional length changes on the order of 10 -19 or less, meaning that the detector’s arms
must be several kilometres long if the facility is to yield a reasonable signal above the many sources
of background noise. In the case of LIGO, each arm extends for 4 km.

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Gravitational Waves
Tiny Using Tiny Diamonds
wavelength
 D O W N LO A D

The latest work proposes a far smaller type of observatory based on interfering beams of matter
rather than light. The particles in question would have a mass of about 10-17 kg, corresponding to a
de Broglie wavelength of 10 -17 m. This is about 100 billion times smaller than the wavelength of
laser light used in existing observatories and could be exploited in an interferometer measuring as

little as 1 m in length.
The scheme has been put forward by Sougato Bose, Ryan Marshman and colleagues at
University College London, together with researchers at the universities of Groningen and Warwick.
It involves a Stern-Gerlach interferometer and nanometre-sized crystals containing embedded
spins. Although several types of crystal could do the job, the researchers suggest diamond
containing a nitrogen-vacancy centre spin – a system already used to make spin-qubit quantum
computers.

The device has yet to be built, but it would involve trapping, uncharging and cooling the crystals
before using microwaves to place their spins in a superposition of spin-0 and spin-1. Released from
the trap and exposed to a suitable magnetic-field gradient, the two spin states would then separate
out in space so that the spin-0 component travels forward horizontally while the spin-1 part follows
a parabolic trajectory. After a certain distance, the two spin states would meet up again.

Spin-separated states
Bose and colleagues originally developed this type of interferometry to make very precise
measurements of gravitational acceleration to study the quantum character of gravity. The idea is
that the spin-separated states experience different accelerations as they follow different paths
through the gravitational field. This results in a phase difference between them at the far end,
which can be measured by counting the relative abundance of spin states over a given number of

runs.
However, the researchers realized that the device could in principle be made sensitive enough to
also detect gravitational waves. In this case, a wave changes the spatial separation of the two paths
as it passes through the apparatus – resulting in a sinusoidal oscillation of the spin states’ phase
difference.

Bose and colleagues say that their device would have a number of significant advantages compared
to laser interferometers. Because the phase difference accumulates only while the crystals are
traversing the interferometer, the output signal would be independent of any thermal, seismic or
other noise that occurs before the particles are placed in a superposition. What is more, the
absence of laser-based position measurements removes radiation pressure noise, while exact
knowledge about the number of nanoparticles in the interferometer avoids shot noise.

Underground or in space
The researchers say that their interferometer – with perhaps several copies operating in parallel –
would be most sensitive to relatively low-frequency gravitational waves. Located underground,
they say it could cover part of the range to be targeted by the LISA space-based observatory –
about 10-6 Hz-10 Hz. If operated in space, it should be able to cover all LISA’s pro posed territory.

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