Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Topic Summer-23 Winter-22 Summer-22

No. Name of Topic
Question Marks Question Marks Question Marks
Single phase AC ciruits 1a 2 1a 2 1a 2
1 1b 2 1b 2 1b 2
2a 4 2a 4 2a 4
2b 4 4a 4 3a 4
5a 6 4b 4 4a 4
4 4b 4
4c
Total 18 20 20
Resonance in series & Parallel 1c 2 1c 2 1c 2
Circuits 2c 4 2b 4 2b 4
2 3a 4 3a 4 3b 4
4e 4 5a 6 4c 4
5b 6 5a 6

Total 20 16 20
Principles of Circuit analysis 1d 2 1d 2 1d 2
3 1e 2 1e 2 1e 2
2d 4 2c 4 2c 4
3b 4 3c 4 3c 4
5c 6 4d 4 4d 4
6a 6 6a 6
Total 18 22 22
Network Theorems 1e 2 1f 2 1f 2
3c 4 2d 4 2d 4
4 3d 4 3d 4 3d 4
4a 4 4e 4 4e 4
4d 4 5b 6 5b 6
6a 6 6b 6 6b 6
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
6c 6
Total 30 26 26
Two port Networks 1g 2 1g 2 1g 2
5 4b 4 5c 6 5c 6
4c 4 6c 6 6c 6
6b 6

Total 16 14 14
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Unit No Question Question no as per MSBTE paper Marks

Exam and No.
Year Name
Summer- Unit 1 1a Define power factor. Write the value of power factor of a purely capacitive ac circuit. 2
2023
Ans. Power factor is defined as the cosine of the angle between voltage and current.
The value of power factor of a purely capacitive ac circuit is equal to Zero.
1b Define admittance. What is the admittance of a circuit having impedance of 0.5 ohm. 2
Ans. The reciprocal of impedance of an AC circuit is known as Admittance of the circuit.
Given data: Z = 0.5 Ω(ohm) Y = 1 / Z Y = 1 / 0.5 = 2 Ʊ (mho)
2a For the phasor diagram shown below (Fig. No. 1) find impedance power factor, total 4
power, values of circuit components.

Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

2b Explain conditions of initial and final condition of switching circuit for elements
R and L
Ans: Consider a resistor is connected to a voltage source, using a switch as shown in 4
fig. Below
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

The switch is closed at time t = 0, so we get V= i*R which is time independent equation.
Here current changes as per voltage without any time delay. There is no change in the
value of resistor R, it remains same for initial condition and final condition.

Concept of Initial and final condition in switching circuits for L: Consider a inductor is
connected to voltage source as shown in fig below:

The property of inductor is to oppose any change in current. So the current through an
inductor cannot change instantaneously. There are 2 cases. i) If no initial current is
passing through inductor, then at t= 0+, it acts as open circuit. The final condition is
given by the equation V L =L di/dt. At t=∞, it acts as short circuit.

ii) If initial current is passing through inductor, then at t= 0+, it acts as constant current
source of value I 0 . At t=∞,( final condition),the inductor acts as current source of value
Io in parallel with short circuit.(I 0 is the current in inductor just before switching)

5a For series RL circuit, draw circuit, sketch phasor diagram, waveform of current and 6
voltage and draw voltage triangle and impedance triangle.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Winter- Unit 1 1a Define time period and amplitude related to sinusoidal a.c. waveform. 2
2022 Ans: Time period : The time taken by alternating quantity to complete one cycle is
called a time period. Amplitude : The maximum value attained by alternating quantity
is called amplitude.
1b Draw the waveform and phasor diagram for a purely capacitive load. 2
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

2a Draw the circuit of series R-L-C circuit and sketch the phasor diagram, waveform of 4
voltage and current in the circuit.

Case (i) Case (ii) Case (iii)

3b Draw the phasor diagram, impedance triangle and power triangle for series R-L-C 4
circuit for the condition XL< XC.

Impedance triangle
Phasor diagram Power Triangle
4a Series resistance of 20Ω, and inductance of 0.2 H and capacitance of 100 µf are 4
connected in series across a 220V, 60HZ supply. Determine i) Impedance ii) Current
iii) Active power iv) Apparent power
Ans:
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
4b A coil of resistance of 50Ω, and inductance of 0.1 H is connected in series with 100 µf 4
capacitor supplied with 230V, 50HZ a.c. supply. Calculate voltage across each and
draw the complete phasor diagram.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
4c Two impedances(8+j6) Ω and (3-j4) Ω are connected in parallel. If the current taken 4
by this combination is 25 Amp. Find the current and power taken by each impedance.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Summer- Unit 1 1a a) Define - i) Apparent power ii) Reactive power 2

2022
Ans: (i) Active Power(P): It is defined as the power consumed in the resistive part of
the circuit. P = VICosΦ Units are watts
(ii) Reactive Power(Q): It is defined as the power consumed in the reactance of the
circuit Q = VISinΦ Units are VAR
1b Draw the phasor diagram for series RL and series RC circuit 2

2a A series RL circuit takes a current of 2.7A. when connected to 240V, 50Hz a.c supply 4
and consumes 350 watt. Calculate resistance inductance, impedance and power factor.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

3a A resistance of 10Ω, inductance of 0.1H and capacitance of 100µf are connected in 4

series across 100V, 50Hz a.c. supply Calculate i) current ii) power factor iii) power
and draw vector diagram.

4a Two impedances Z1 = 6 + j8Ω and Z2 = 3 – j4Ω are connected in parallel across 4

220V, 50 Hz, 1φ AC. Calculate admittance of each branch, total admittance and
supply current.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

4b Explain the concept of initial and final condition. State the meaning of t = o– and t = o 4
Consider the network shown below

In the above figure, When the switch is closed. The voltage is applied to the resister.
For the switch, t=0 indicates that switch is closed at t=0. i.e., the switch takes zero time
to close from open condition. The network conditions at this instant (at t=0) are called
initial conditions.
If the switch is on at t=0 and the network remain without switching action for long
time. Then the network conditions at this instant at t=∞ are called final conditions or
steady state conditions
The time immediately before the switching action is denoted by t=0-
The time at which the switch is closed is denoted by t=0
The time just after the switching action is denoted by t= 0+
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
Summer- Unit 2 1c Define half wave bandwidth of a series R-L-C circuit at resonance? 2
2023
Ans: The half Power bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the current or
output voltage is equal to 70.7% of its value at the resonant frequency.
Band width = FH -FL

2c Give a comparison between series and parallel resonant circuits with reference to 4
impedance at resonance, current, resonant frequency, magnification.
Ans:

3a Draw resonance curve for series resonant circuit and explain the effect of i) Small R ii). 4
Large R iii) R=0
Ans: The graph shows I for a circuit with a large resistance (lower curve) and for one
with a small resistance (upper curve). A circuit with low R, for a given L and C, has a
sharp resonance. Increasing the resistance makes the resonance less sharp. The former
circuit is more selective: it produces high currents only for a narrow bandwidth, i.e. a
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
small range of ω or f. The circuit with higher R responds to a wider range of frequencies
and so has a larger bandwidth.

4e A series R-L-C circuit consists of R-100002 L-100ml and C-10uF. The applied voltage 4
across the circuit is 100v. Find i) Resonant frequency of the circuit ii) Quality factor of
the circuit at resonant frequency.

5b An inductive circuit of resistance 2 ohm and inductance 0.01H is connected to a 250 V, 6

50Hz supply. A capacitance of 714uf placed in parallel with above circuit produces
resonance. Find the total current and the currents in each branch.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
Given, R= 2 Ω, L= 0.01H, C= 714uf V= 250 V, 50Hz supply

Winter- Unit 2 1c Define power factor and quality factor of series resonant circuit. 2
2022 Ans: Power factor: Cosine of the angle between applied voltage and current is known
as power factor.
Power factor Cos ϕ= (R/Z)
Quality Factor: : It is a ratio of VL to V (or) VC to V is called voltage magnification in
series circuits.
𝑽 𝑽 𝑿
Q- factor = = 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑹𝑳

2b Explain the resonance in a parallel circuit and also derive the equation for resonant 4
frequency for the same.

Circuit phasor diagram

Consider an Inductor of L Henry having some resistance of R ohms connected in parallel

with a capacitor of capacitance C farads. A supply voltage of V volts is connected across
these elements. The circuit current I will only be in phase with the supply voltage when the
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
following condition given below is satisfied.

Ic - IL Sin𝛟L = 0

At the Resonance condition, the circuit draws the minimum current as under this
(resonance) condition the reactive component of current is suppressed.

i.e., Ic - IL Sin𝛟L =0
𝑉
Current through the coil IL= 𝑍 ---------(1)
𝐿
𝑋𝐿
Sin𝛟L = -----(2)
𝑧𝐿
𝑉
Ic = 𝑋 -----(3)
𝑐
Condition for Parallel resonance is
Total reactive component of current is zero
Ic - IL Sin𝛟L = 0
Ic = IL Sin𝛟L
𝑉 𝑉 𝑋 1 𝑋𝐿
= 𝑧 ⋅ ( 𝑧𝐿 ) =
𝑋𝑐 𝐿 𝐿 𝑋𝑐 𝑍𝐿2

𝒁𝟐𝑳 = 𝑿𝒄 XL

𝟏
𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐𝑳 = (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳) (𝟐𝜫𝒇𝑪)
L
𝑅2 + (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿)2 =
c

𝐿
4𝜋 2 𝑓𝑟2 𝐿2 = − 𝑅2
𝑐
1 𝐿 1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟2 = 4𝛱2𝐿2 (𝐶 − 𝑅2 ) = 4𝜋2 (𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2 )

𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
∴ 𝒇𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅 √𝑳𝑪 − 𝑳𝟐 is the resonant frequency of a parallel circuit.
3a Draw the phasor diagram of R-L-C series resonant circuit and write voltage and 4
current equation.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

V = Vm Sinωt -------(1)
I = Im Sin(ωt) -------(2)

5a A circuit having a resistance of 5Ω, L=0.4H and a capacitance in series is connected 6

across a 100V, 50Hz . Calculate 1. Value of capacitance to give resonance
2. Impedance of the circuit 3. Circuit current at resonance 4. Voltage across the resistor
5. Voltage across inductance 6. Q factor of resonance.

Summer- Unit 2 1c Write the formula of resonance frequency and Q factor of parallel RLC circuit. 2
2022 𝟏
Ans: Resonant Frequency fr=
𝟐𝜫√𝑳𝑪
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
𝑰𝑳 𝑰𝒄
Q- factor for parallel RLC circuit = =
𝑰 𝑰
2b An RLC series circuit with resistance of 20Ω, inductance 0.25H and capacitance of 4
100µF is supplied with 240V A.C. supply Calculate i) resonance frequency ii) current
at this condition iii) power factor iv) quality factor

3b An RLC series circuit with resistance of 20Ω, inductance 0.25H and capacitance of 4
100µF is supplied with 240V A.C. supply Calculate i) resonance frequency ii) current
at this condition iii) power factor iv) quality factor
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

4c Derive the expression for resonance frequency of series RLC circuit. 4

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

If an ac voltage of constant magnitude ‘V’ and variable frequency is applied across a RLC
series circuit as shown above.
If the supply frequency is changed the value of XL = 2πfL and XC = 1/2πfC also changes.
When the frequency increases, the value of XL increases, whereas the value of
XC decreases. Similarly, when the frequency decreases, the value of XL decreases and the
value of XC increases.
At a particular frequency, the inductive reactance XL becomes equal to the capacitive
reactance XC.
The frequency at which XL = XC is called resonant frequency.
In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency, ƒr point can be calculated as follows.
XL = Xc
1
2πfrL = 2πfrC
1
fr2 = 4π2LC
𝟏
fr=
𝟐𝜫√𝑳𝑪
5a A parallel circuit consist of a coil of R = 10Ω and L = 0.2H is connected in parallel 6
with capacitor of 50µF. The circuit is supplied with 200V, 50Hz. Calculate the
frequency at which the circuit behaves as a pure resistance and also find Q factor.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Summer- Unit 3 1d Write steps to convert voltage source into current source. 2
2023 Let us consider a circuit given below

For the practical voltage source the load current will be given by the equation
𝑉
𝐼𝑣 = 𝑅𝑠+𝑅 ------(!)
𝐿
Similarly for the practical current source the load current is given as
𝑅𝑠
𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼 (𝑅𝑠+𝑅 ) -----------(2)
𝐿
If the two sources produce the same current, we can replace it with each other.
Hence equating equations (1) and (2)
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
𝑉 𝑅𝑠
- = 𝐼 (𝑅𝑠+𝑅 )
𝑅𝑠+𝑅𝐿 𝐿
Therefore, we will get
𝑉𝑠
V = I * Rs or I =
𝑅𝑠
The given voltage source can be converted into an equivalent current source of current
𝑉𝑠
I=
𝑅𝑠
With an internal resistance “Rs” connected in parallel and vice versa.

1e Define branch and node related to elective circuit. 2

a) Branch An element or number of elements connected between two nodes of a circuit is
known as branch.

b) Node Two or more elements meeting at a point is known as node or junction.

2d Convert the following delta connected network into equivalent star (Fig. No. 2) 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

3b Using rush analysis, calculate the voltage drop across 1002 resistor (Refer Fig. No. 3) 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

5c For the following circuit, find the value of R using nodal analysis Refer Fig. No. 6 6
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
Winter- Unit 3 1d State the need for source transformation. 2
2022
➢ The source transformation is the technique used to transform one form of the
source into another. There are various methods used for source transformation,
such as:

o Practical voltage source into a practical current source

o Practical current source into practical voltage source
➢ Source transformation methods are used for circuits simplification to modify the
complex circuits by transforming independent current sources into independent
voltage sources and vice - versa .
➢ To analyze the circuits,
➢ we can apply a simple voltage and current divider techniques by using these
transformations
1e Draw star and delta network. 2

2c Explain suitable example, procedure to convert a practical voltage source into an 4

equivalent current source.
Write steps to convert voltage source into current source.
Let us consider a circuit given below

For the practical voltage source the load current will be given by the equation
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
𝑉
𝐼𝑣 = 𝑅𝑠+𝑅 ------(!)
𝐿
Similarly for the practical current source the load current is given as
𝑅𝑠
𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼 (𝑅𝑠+𝑅 ) -----------(2)
𝐿
If the two sources produce the same current, we can replace it with each other.
Hence equating equations (1) and (2)
𝑉 𝑅𝑠
- =𝐼( )
𝑅𝑠+𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑠+𝑅𝐿
Therefore, we will get
𝑉𝑠
V = I * Rs or I =
𝑅𝑠
The given voltage source can be converted into an equivalent current source of current
𝑉𝑠
I=
𝑅𝑠
With an internal resistance “Rs” connected in parallel and vice versa.

3c Derive the formula for star to delta transformation. 4

4d Using mesh analysis for the circuit of Fig. No. 1 find the values of R1 and R2 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Note: Data given is insufficient V1 and V2 values not given. Any answer to be given marks
6a Using Star/Delta conversion, find the equivalent resistance between AB for the 6
circuit shown in Fig. No.4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Unit 3 1d Stale the formulae for star to delta conversion. 2

Summer-
2022
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

1e Define the following term. i) Mesh ii) Node 2

i) Mesh is a loop that contains no other loop within it.

ii) Loop is a close path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more than
once.

2c Three resistance each of 12Ω are connected in star convert it into equivalent delta 4
connection.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

3c Give the stepwise procedure for finding current using mesh analysis. 4
Mesh Analysis or Loop Current Method is an electrical network analysis used to calculate
the branch currents of circuits with several sources.
Stepwise procedure:
Step 1 − Identify the meshes and label the mesh currents in either clockwise or anti-
clockwise direction.
Step 2 − Observe the amount of current that flows through each element in terms of mesh
currents.
Step 3 − Write mesh equations to all meshes by applying KVL law.
Step 4 − Solve the mesh equations obtained in Step 2 to get the mesh currents.
Now, we can find the current flowing through any branch or element and the voltage
across any element that is present in the given network by using mesh currents.

4d Determine the current through 20Ω resistance in Fig. No. 2 using node analysis. 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

6a i) Explain with suitable example converting practical current source into equivalent 6
voltage source. ii) Practical voltage source into equivalent current source.
(i)Consider the below voltage source circuit with a voltage of 20 V and an internal
resistance of 5 ohms. This circuit can be converted into an equivalent current source
whose value can be calculated by,
Is = Vs/Rs= 20/ 5 = 4 amps
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

(ii)Consider the below example for current source transformation:

A current source of 10A with an internal resistance of 3 ohms can be converted into
a voltage source whose value can be calculated by,

Vs = Is * Rs = 10 * 3 = 30 Volts.

Summer- Unit 4 1e State reciprocity theorem. 2

2023
Reciprocity theorem states that In any linear bilateral circuits; If a source of EMF “V”
acting in a branch (let “A”) of the circuit produces the current “I” in another branch (let
“B”) of the circuit. Then when the EMF “V” acts in the second branch “B”, it will
produce the same current “I” in the first branch “A”.

3c Find the value of load resistance 'R' for the maximum power to be transferred to it for 4
the following circuit Refer Fig. No. 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

3d State Thevenin's theorem. Explain stepwise procedure to find current through a 4

particular branch using Thevenin's theorem for a sample network.
A linear network containing number of sources and resistances, the whole circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent network having a single voltage source called Thevenin’s
voltage (Vth) in series with a single resistance called (Rth).
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

𝑉1
Where Vth = (𝑅
1 +𝑅3 )
r is equivalent resistance between the terminals AB with all the sources replaced
by their internal resistances
Explanation (step wise procedure):-
• Step 1 − Consider the circuit by opening the load terminals with respect to
which the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is to be found.
• Step 2 − Find Thevenin’s voltage VTh across the open terminals of the
above circuit.
• Step 3 − Find Thevenin’s resistance RTh across the open terminals of the
above circuit by replacing all the sources with their internal resistances.
• Step 4 − Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting a
Thevenin’s voltage VTh in series with a Thevenin’s resistance RTh.
• Step 5 – Calculate the current through rL by

(or)
Example:-
1. Consider a below circuit
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
2. Remove rL and Calculate Voc or VTH

3. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the network by replacing all the
sources with its internal resistances

4. Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

5. Calculate current through rL by

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

4a State minimum power transfer theorem write steps to find current in load by maximum 4
power transfer theorem
A linear network containing number of sources and resistances, the whole circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent network having a single voltage source called Thevenin’s

voltage (Vth) in series with a single resistance called (Rth).

𝑉1
Where Vth =
(𝑅1 +𝑅3 )
r is equivalent resistance between the terminals AB with all the sources replaced
by their internal resistances
Example:-
1. Consider a below circuit

2. Remove rL and Calculate Voc or VTH

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

3. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the network by replacing all the
sources with its internal resistances.

4. Draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

For maximum power transfer RL= RTH

5. Calculate current through rL by

4d State and explain Norton's theorem. 4

In a linear network containing number of sources and resistances, the whole network can
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
be replaced by an equivalent network having a single current source called Norton’s
current (Isc) and in parallel with a single resistance called (RN).

Example:
Consider the below circuit to calculate IL using Norton’s theorem.

• Step 1 −Open the load terminals.

• Step 2 – Now short the load terminals and find the short circuit current I SC flowing
through the shorted load terminals using conventional network analysis methods.

Now, the value of current I flowing in the circuit is found out by the equation

And the short-circuit current ISC is given by the equation shown below

• Step 3 − Find the Norton’s resistance RN across the open terminals of the circuit by
replacing the sources with their internal resistances.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

• Step 4 − Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit by connecting a Norton’s current IN

in parallel with Norton’s resistance RN.

• Step 5 – Calculate the current through RL by

6a Calculate the current through each branch using super position theorem for the 6
following circuit. Refer Fig. No. 7

6c Find the current through 6Ω resistor in the following circuit Refer Fig. No. 8 using 6
Thevenin's theorem.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Winter- Unit 4 1f State Norton’s theorem. 2

2022
In a linear network containing number of sources and resistances, the whole network can
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
be replaced by an equivalent network having a single current source called Norton’s
current (Isc) and in parallel with a single resistance called (RN).

2d Explain with neat sketch Reciprocity. 4

Reciprocity theorem states that In any linear bilateral circuits; If a source of EMF “V”
acting in a branch (let “A”) of the circuit produces the current “I” in another branch (let
“B”) of the circuit. Then when the EMF “V” acts in the second branch “B”, it will
produce the same current “I” in the first branch “A”.

3d State maximum power transfer theorem. Write steps to find load impedance by 4
maximum power transfer theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power can be transferred from
source to load, if the load resistance (RL) is equal to the equivalent source resistance (Rth
/RN).
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
Condition for maximum power transfer is RL= RTh.

Steps to find load impedance by maximum power transfer theorem:

1. Consider the circuit below:

2. Remove load resistance RL. and calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit (Rth)
by replacing all the sources with their internal resistances.

3. For maximum Power transfer RL=Rth

4e Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Fig. No. 2 4
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
5b Find out the current through 6Ω resistor using superposition theorem from Fig. No. 3 6
shown.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

6b Verify the Reciprocity theorem for the network shown in Fig. No. 5 6
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Summer- Unit 4 1f State the reciprocity theorem 2

2022
Reciprocity theorem states that In any linear bilateral circuits; If a source of EMF “V”
acting in a branch (let “A”) of the circuit produces the current “I” in another branch (let
“B”) of the circuit. Then when the EMF “V” acts in the second branch “B”, it will
produce the same current “I” in the first branch “A”.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
2d Find value of ‘I’ of Fig. No. 1 using superposition theorem 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
3d Derive the condition so that power transferred from source to load is maximum 4

4e Calculate the value of current in 5Ω resistance using Norton's theorem for network 4
shown in Fig. No. 3
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

5b Find the value of load resistance RL to get maximum power transfer to it a shown in 6
Fig. No. 4. Also find Pmax.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

6b State and explain Thevenin's theorem with suitable example 6

A linear network containing number of sources and resistances, the whole circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent network having a single voltage source called Thevenin’s oltage
(Vth) in series with a single resistance called (Rth).
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

𝑉1
Where Vth = (𝑅
1 +𝑅3 )
r is equivalent resistance between the terminals AB with all the sources replaced
by their internal resistances
Example:-
6. Consider a below circuit

7. Remove rL and Calculate Voc or VTH

8. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the network by replacing all the
sources with its internal resistances.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

9. Draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

For maximum power transfer RL= RTH

10. Calculate current through rL by

Summer- Unit 5 1g State the Z parameters of a two-port network? 2

2023

The Z- Parameters can be calculated by open circuiting the ports.

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
1. Open circuiting port 2-2’, I2 = 0 substituting in equation 1

Z11 is called input impedance.

Z21 is called forward transfer impedance.

2. Open circuiting port 1-1’ I1 = 0 substituting in equation 2

Z12 is called reverse transfer impedance.

Z22 is called output impedance.

4b Give any four conditions for a two-port network to be symmetrical. 4

4c Sketch the phasor diagram for the given T. Circuit (Fig No. 5) 4
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

6b Draw two-part network and determine indicated parameters for following configuration. i) 6
Cascade configuration ii) Series configuration ii) Parallel configuration

(i) Series configuration

For network N a,
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

For network N b,

The condition for series connection is

Putting the values of V 1a and V 1b in the above equations Equations, we get

Similarly,
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
The Z-parameters of the series-connected combined network can be written as

where

or in the matrix form,

The overall Z-parameter matrix for series connected two-port networks is simply
the sum of Z-parameter matrices of each individual two-port network connected in series.

(ii) Parallel configuration:

Two two-port networks N a and N b are connected in parallel as shown below. The
resultant of two admittances connected in parallel is Y 1 + Y 2. So in parallel connection,
the parameters are Y-parameters.
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

For network N a,

For network N b,

Now the condition for paralel,

and
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Similary,

The Y-parameters of the parallel connected combined network can be

written as

i) Cascade configuration ABCD parameter :-

Winter- Unit 5 1g Write the equation of open circuit Y parameters. 2

2022
The set of two equations by considering the variables I1 & I2 as dependent and V1 & V2 as
independent.
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

The coefficients of independent variables, V1 and V2 are called as Y parameters.

The Y parameters can be calculated by short circuiting the ports.

5c Draw the two-part network and determine the indicated parameter for the following 6
configuration i) Cascade configuration ABCD Parameter ii) Series configuration
iii) Parallel configuration.
(i) Series configuration

For network N a,

For network N b,

The condition for series connection is

Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Putting the values of V 1a and V 1b in the above equations equations, we get

Similarly,

The Z-parameters of the series-connected combined network can be written as

where

or in the matrix form,

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

The overall Z-parameter matrix for series connected two-port networks is simply
the sum of Z-parameter matrices of each individual two-port network connected in series.

(ii) Parallel configuration:

Two two-port networks N a and N b are connected in parallel as shown below. The
resultant of two admittances connected in parallel is Y 1 + Y 2. So in parallel connection,
the parameters aare Y-parameters.

For network N a,

For network N b,
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Now the condition for paralel,

and

Similary,

The Y-parameters of the parallel connected combined network can be

written as

i) Cascade configuration ABCD parameter :-

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

6c Find the Y parameter for the network shown in Fig. No. 6 6

Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
Summer- Unit 5 1g Write the ABCD parameter of two port network 2
2022

The set of two equations by considering the variables V1 & I1 as dependent and
V2 & I2 as Independent.

The coefficients of V2 and -I2 are called as ABCD parameters.

The ABCD parameters can be calculated by
(i)open circuiting the port 2-2’, I2 = 0
Substituting I2 = 0 in equation (1) & (2)

(ii) Short circuiting the port 2-2’, V2 = 0

Substituting V2 = 0 in equation (1) & (2)

ABCD parameters are also called as transmission parameters.

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)
5c Explain ‘Z’ parameter of two port network. 6

The set of two equations by considering the variables V1 & V2 as dependent and I1 &
I2 as independent are

The coefficients of independent variables, I1 and I2 are called as Z parameters.

The Z- Parameters can be calculated by open circuiting the ports.

2. Open circuiting port 2-2’, I2 = 0 substituting in equation 1

Z11 is called input impedance.

Z21 is called forward transfer impedance.

2. Open circuiting port 1-1’ I1 = 0 substituting in equation 2

Z12 is called reverse transfer impedance.

 Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)

Z22 is called output impedance.

Z parameters are called as impedance parameters because they are simply the ratios of
voltages and currents. Units of Z parameters are Ohm (Ω)
6c Find the short circuit admittance (Y) parameters for the network shown in Fig. No. 5 6
Examination Paper Analysis for ECN (22330)