CLASS XI

UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY

PART 1

Prepared By: Ms Sangeeta Misra, Ms Annie Abraham, Ms Preeti Gangahar, Ms Anju Sachdev,
Ms Suruchi Bhardwaj and Ms Alinda H olla for the students of DPS R K Puram
 Class-XI CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry.
2. Atomic Structure.
3. Periodic Properties.
4. Chemical Bonding.
5. States of matter.
6. Thermodynamics
7. Equilibrium.
8. Redox Reactions.
9. Hydrogen.
10. S - Block Elements.
11. P - Block Elements(Group-13 and 14).
12. General Organic Chemistry
13. Hydrocarbons
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

1) Law of Conservation of Mass:

It states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
OR During any physical or chemical change, the total mass of the product is equal to the total
mass of the reactants
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
12 + 32 44

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)

36.5 40 58.5 18

76.5 76.5
Q1.Calculate the mass of NaCl decomposed by 9.8g H2SO4 , if 12g of NaHSO4 and 2.75g
HCl is produced

Ans: NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl

x + 9.8g 12g + 2.75g
i
According to law of conservation of mass,

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products

X = (12+2.75) - (9.8) = 4.95g

This demonstrates the law of conservation of mass as mass cannot be destroyed

Q2.In a chemical reaction 150 g Baking soda mixture containing sodium bicarbonate and vinegar on
heating gives 87 g of carbon dioxide gas. What mass of solid residue will be left in the food?

Ans: According to law of conservation of mass,

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products.

Here, baking soda mixture (reactant) on heating gives solid residue and carbon dioxide ( products).

MBaking soda = MSolid residue + MCarbon dioxide

Hence, the mass of solid residue is 150g – 87g = 63g

Q3. When 0.0976g of magnesium was heated in air, 0.1618g of magnesium oxide (MgO) was
produced. What is the mass of oxygen needed to produce 0.1618g MgO?

Ans: According to law of conservation of mass,

Total mass reactants = Total mass products

Mass of Mg + Mass of O2= Mass of MgO

0.0976g + mass of O2 = 0.1618g

mass of O2 = 0.1618g – 0.0976 = 0.0642g

2) Law of Definite Proportions or constant composition:

It states that a pure compound always contains the same elements combined
together in the same proportion by mass.

Example : a) Oxygen and hydrogen in water (H2O) always bear ratio of 2:16 or 1:8 by
mass . D2O the ratio is 4:16 or 1:4, in case of isotopes.
(irrespective of the source)

b) Carbon and Oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO2) always bear ratio of 12:32 or
3:8 by mass (irrespective of the method of preparation)
 Q1 6.488 g of lead combine directly with 1.002 g of O2 to form lead peroxide.lead peroxide is also produced by heating
lead nitrate and it was found that the percentage of oxygen present in lead peroxide is 13.38. Use this data to illustrate
law of constant composition.

Ans To calculate the mass of peroxide formed in the Ist compound ,Using law of conservation of mass

Mass of reactants = Mass of products

6.488 +1.002 = Mass of peroxide

Mass of peroxide= 7.490 g

% of Oxygen = 1.002 x 100 = 13.38 %

7.490

Since % of oxygen in the second compound is also 13.38% , hence law of constant composition is obeyed.
Q2 In an experiment 2.4 g of iron oxide on reduction with hydrogen yield 1.68g of iron. In another
experiment 2.9 g of iron oxide on reduction with hydrogen yield 2.03 g of iron. Use this data to illustrate
law of constant composition for Iron oxide.
Ans: In the first experiment

The mass of iron oxide = 2.4 g

Mass of iron after reduction =1.68 g

So mass of oxygen = mass of iron oxide - Mass of iron

= 2.4 - 1.68 = 0.72 g
Ratio of oxygen : iron :: 0.72 : 1.68
1 :: 2.33
In the second experiment

The mass of iron oxide = 2.9g

Mass of iron after reduction =2.03 g

So mass of oxygen = mass of iron oxide - Mass of iron

= 2.9 - 2.03 = 0.87 g
Ratio of oxygen : iron :: 0.87 : 2.03
1 : 2.33
As the ratio is same in both the expt law of constant composition is obeyed.
3) Law of Multiple Proportions
According to this law, if two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Example 1)
In H2O the ratio of Hydrogen : Oxygen is 2:16

In H2O2 the ratio of Hydrogen : Oxygen is 2: 32. Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e. 16 g and 32 g) which
combine with a fixed mass of hydrogen (2g) bear a simple ratio, i.e. 16:32 or 1: 2 in H2O
D2O2 ratio is 4:32 or 2:16

Example 2)
In CO2 the ratio of Carbon : Oxygen is 12:32 or 3:8

In CO the ratio of Carbon : Oxygen is 12: 16 or 3:4

Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e. 32 g and 16 g) which combine with a fixed mass of carbon (12g) bear a
simple ratio, i.e. 32:16 or 2: 1
Q.1 Carbon combines with hydrogen to form many compounds with the following % composition :--
Compound C% H%
A 75 25
B 85.7 14.3
C 92.3 7.7
Show that the data illustrates the law of Multiple proportions.
Ans. To justify this law we need to find the masses of one of the element’s which combines with the fixed mass of the other element.

Compound A : 75 parts by mass of carbon combine with 25 parts of hydrogen

Hence, 1 part by mass of carbon combines with = 25/75 = 0.33 parts of hydrogen. …(1)

Compound B : 85.7 parts by mass of carbon combine with 14.3 parts of hydrogen

Hence, 1 part by mass of carbon combines with =14.3/85.7 = 0.1668 parts of hydrogen…(2)

Compound C : 92.3 parts by mass of carbon combine with 7.7 parts of hydrogen

Hence, 1 part by mass of carbon combines with = 7.7/92.3 = 0.0834 parts of hydrogen…(3)

Thus ratio of masses of Hydrogen which combine with fixed mass of Carbon by mass is = 0.33: 0.1668: 0.0834 = 4:2:1

Thus, this ratio is a simple whole number ratio . Hence the law of Multiple proportions is justified.
Q2.An element M combines with Oxygen to produce two oxides. Oxide A has 27.6 % of Oxygen
while Oxide B has 30%.The formula of the first oxide is M3O4, what is the formula of the second
oxide.

Ans. Oxide A has 27.6% of Oxygen and 72.4% of M.

Thus, 72.4% of M = 3 atoms of M.

Thus for second compound which has 70% of M = 3 x 70 = 2.9 atoms of M….(1)
72.4
Now, 27.6% of O = 4 atoms of Oxygen in first compound.
30% of oxygen = 4 x 30 = 4.348 atoms of oxygen.
27.6
Thus, the ratio M : O for second compound = 2.9 : 4.348 = 1 : 1.499 = 2 : 3

The formula of the second compound is M2O3

4) Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes:
When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.
Example 1
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
100 mL 50 mL 100 mL
200ml 100ml 200ml

Thus, the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen which combine together (i.e. 100 mL and 50 mL) to give
water(100 ml) bear a simple ratio of 2:1:2

Example 2
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
1vol 3 vol 2vol
10ml 30ml 20ml
N2: H2: NH3 :: 1: 3 : 2
Q1: What is the volume of a quantity of gas at 27oC if its volume was 400mL at 0oC? The
pressure remains constant.
Solution:
Since the temperature increased, the volume increased.
The temperature must be in degrees kelvin.
27oC + 273 = 300K
0oC + 273 = 273 K
Hence if the temperature is 273 K Volume =400mL
And if the temperature is 300 K Volume = 400mL × 300 K /273 K = 439.56 mL
Q2 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous
oxide was formed. The reaction is given below:
2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g)
Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the law?

Ans: 2N2 +O2 →2N2O(G)

45.4 L 22.7L 45.4 L

V∝ Number of moles ⇒ Gay Lussac Law is obeyed

When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio
by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.
5) Avogadro Law
Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and
pressure should contain equal number of molecules
Example .
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
Gay Lusaac’s law 2vol 1 vol 2vol
Avogadro Law 2n n 2n molecules

Mathematically : V ∝n
 1. Calculate the number of NaCl molecules in a 1g sample which is 90% pure

Ans: Mass of NaCl in 1g sample = 1.0 X 90/100 =0.9 g

No.of moles in 0.9g =0.9/58.5
No. of molecules = 0.9/58.5 X 6.022 X1023
= 9.26 X 1021

2. How many O2 molecules are present in 1m3 of air at STP? Assume O2 be 21% constituent of air,

Ans: Volume of air=1m3

Volume of O2 =1 X 21/100 =0.21 X 103 L
Mole of O2 =0.21X103/22.4
No. of molecules of O2 =0.21 X103/22.4 X 6.02 X1023

= 5.646 X 1024
Q). If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed
mass of the other element, are in whole number ratio.
(a) Is this statement true?
(b) If yes, according to which law?
(c) Give one example related to this law.

Q) Assertion (A) : Combustion of 16 g of methane gives 18 g of water.

Reason (R) : In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.
(i) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(ii) A is true but R is false.
(iii) A is false but R is true.
(iv) Both A and R are false.
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
Mass of an atom
● Atomic mass =
1/12 mass of a carbon atom

● This scale of relative masses of atoms is called

as atomic mass unit scale.

● Abbreviated as a.m.u or simply as ‘u’( simply called

unified mass).

● C-12 is assigned a mass of exactly 12 amu

● 1 u = atomic mass of 1 H atom
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS:

● An element can have differing numbers of neutrons in its nucleus, but

it always has the same number of protons.
● The versions of an element with different neutrons have different
masses and are called isotopes.
● The average atomic mass for an element is calculated by summing
the masses of the element’s isotopes, each multiplied by its natural
abundance on Earth.
OR
Q1. Calculate the average atomic mass of Nitrogen from the following data:

mass number exact weight percent abundance

14 14.003074 99.63

15 15.000108 0.37

Ans: (14.003074) (99.63) + (15.000108) (0.37)

Average at mass =
100

= 14.007 amu
Q2) Boron occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes having atomic mass 10 and 11. What are the
percentage abundance of two isotopes in a sample of Boron having average atomic mass 10.8?

Ans: If the % abundance of B10 isotope = X

Thus, the percentage abundance
Then, the % abundance of B11 isotope =100 - X
B10 = 20%
10X + (100 - X) 11
Average atomic mass =
B11 = 80%
100

10X + (100 - X) 11
10.8 =
100

10X + 1100 - 11X = 10.8 x 100

X = 20
Molecular mass

1) Molecular mass of NaCl is =1 X 23 + 1 X 35.5 = 58.5 u

2) Molecular mass of Na2SO4.10H2O is = 2 X 23 + 1 X 32 + 4 X 16 + 10( 1 X 2 + 16) = 322 u

3) Molecular mass of CH3COOH is = 2 X 12 + 4 X 1 + 2 x16 = 60 u

NOTE: Atomic mass expressed in a.m.u is the mass of ONE atom.

Molecular mass expressed in a.m.u is the mass of ONE molecule.

 GRAM ATOMIC MASS (GAM) & GRAM MOLECULAR MASS(GMM)

● Atomic mass expressed in grams is termed as GRAM ATOMIC MASS.( GRAM ATOM)

Atomic mass of hydrogen atom (H)is 1.008 amu and that of Oxygen(O) atom is 16 amu
Gram Atomic mass of hydrogen atom(H) is 1.008 g and that of Oxygen atom(O) is 16 g

● Molecular mass expressed in grams is termed as GRAM MOLECULAR MASS (GRAM MOLECULE)

Molecular mass of hydrogen molecule (H2)is 2.016 amu and that of Oxygen(O2) is 32 amu
Gram Molecular mass of hydrogen molecule (H2) is 2.016g and that of Oxygen(O2) is 32g

Molecular mass of water (H2O) is 18 amu

Gram molecular mass of water is 18 g
Q1) a) Calculate the gram Molecular mass of sugar (C12H22O11)

b) How many gram molecule of sugar is present in 547.2 g sugar?

c) What is the mass of 0.5 gram molecule of sugar?

Ans: b) 342 g sugar = 1 gram molecule

a) Molecular mass of C12H22O11 547.2 g sugar = 547.2/342
= 1.6 gram molecule
= 12x12 + 22x1 + 11x16
= 342 amu c) 1 gram molecule sugar = 342 g
0.5 gram sugar = 342 x 0.5
gram Molecular mass of sugar = 342 g = 171 g
MOLE CONCEPT
● A mole represents 6.022 x 1023 particles

● 6.022 x 1023 particles is Avogadro number NA. or N0

● 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

● 1 mole of hydrogen molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules

● 1 mole of sodium atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

● 1 mole of electrons = 6.022 x 1023 electrons

● 1 mole of CO2 molecules = 6.022 x 1023 particles/ molecules of CO2

● One mole atom = 6.022 x 1023 atom = gram atomic mass of atoms
● One mole molecule = 6.022 x 1023 molecule = gram molecular mass of molecules

● 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 1g = 1 gram atom

● 1 mole of hydrogen molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 2g = 1gram molecule

● 1 mole of sodium atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 23 g = 1 gram atom

● 1 mole of CO2 molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 44 g = 1gram molecule

● 1 mole of Na2CO3 molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 106 g = 1gram molecule

Mass of substance given

Number of moles of atoms =
Atomic Mass
1 mole of atoms of various elements / 6.022 x 1023 atoms of each substance
 Mass of substance
Number of moles of atoms =
Atomic Mass

Mass of substance
Number of moles of molecules =
Molecular Mass

Number of particles of the substance

Number of moles of any substance =
Avogadro Number
Previous Knowledge:

● Atomic Number

● Mass number

● Atomic weight or Atomic mass

● Dalton’s Atomic theory & its drawbacks

Q1 How many molecules and atoms of sulphur are present in 0.1 mole S8 molecules?
Ans:
1 mol S8 molecule = 6.022 x 1023 molecules

0.1 mol S8 molecule = 6.022 x 1023 x 0.1

= 6.022 x 1022 molecules

One molecule of S8 molecule contains 8 atoms of sulphur

6.022 x 1022 molecules contain = 6.022 x 1022 x 8
= 4.817 x 1023 atoms

OR
1 mol S8 molecule = 6.022 x 1023 x 8 atoms
0.1 mol S8 molecule = 6.022 x 1023 x 8 x 0.1
= 4.817 x 1023 atoms
Q 2. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following: a) 52 mol He b) 52 u He c) 52 g He

ANS:
a) 1 mol of He = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
52 mol of He = 52 x 6.022 x 1023 atoms
= 3.13 x 1025 atoms

b) 4 u of He = 1 atom
52 u of He = 52/4 = 13 atoms

c) 4g He contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

52 x 6.022 x 1023
52 g He contains = = 7.83 x 1024 atoms
4
Q3) Calculate the number of atoms of each type in 5.3 g of Na2CO3? (at wt Na =23 u, C = 12 u, O=16u)
Ans
Gram Molecular mass of Na2CO3 = 23 x 2 + 12 + 16 x 3 c)1 mol of Na2CO3 contains 3 x 6.022 x 1023 oxygen atoms
= 106g
0.05 mol of Na2CO3 contains 0.05 x 3 x 6.022 x 1023
5.3 = 9.03 x 1022 oxygen atoms
Number of Moles Na2CO3 = = 0.05 mol
106

a) 1 mol of Na2CO3 contains 2 x 6.022 x 1023 Na atoms

0.05 mol of Na2CO3 contains 0.05 x 2 x 6.022 x 1023

= 6.022 x 1022 Na atoms

b) 1 mol of Na2CO3 contains 6.022 x 1023 Carbon atoms

0.05 mol of Na2CO3 contains 0.05 x 6.022 x 1023

= 3.011 x 1022 Carbon atoms
 Q4) Chlorophyll contains 2.68 % Magnesium by weight. Calculate the number of Magnesium atoms
in 2 g of chlorophyll. (at mass Mg = 24 u)
Ans: mass of Chlorophyll = 2 g
% of Mg = 2.68
2.68 x 2
Mass of Mg in 2g Chlorophyll = = 0.054 g
100

24 g of Mg contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms

0.054 x 6.022 x 1023

0.054 g Mg contains = = 1.3 x 1021 atoms
24
Q 5. Calculate the mass of 1u(amu) in grams?
NA atoms of C-12 = 12 g
12
Thus 1 atom = g
NA

And 1 atom of C = 12 u

Thus, 12 u = 12/NA g

12 x 1 1
Thus 1 u = = = 1.66 x 10-24 g
NA x 12 6.022 x 1023

1u = 1.66 x 10-24 g
Q6) From 200 mg of CO2, 1021 molecules are removed. How many moles of CO2 are left?

ANS: mass of CO2 = 200 mg = 0.2 g Molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/mole

44 g CO2= 6.022 x 1023 molecules of CO2

6.022 x 1023 x 0.2

Thus 0.2 g CO2 = molecules
44

= 2.737 x 1021 molecules

Number of molecules left = 2.74 x 1021 - 1021 molecules = ( 2.737 - 1) x 1021 molecules
= 1.737 x 1021 molecules

1.737 x 1021
Number of moles of CO2 left = = 2.8849 x 10-3 moles
6.022 x 1023
Q7) Calculate the mass of carbon monoxide (CO) having the same number of oxygen atoms as
are present in 2.2 g of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Ans: Molar mass of CO2= 44 g/mole OR Moles of CO2 = 2.2/44 = 0.05 Moles

44 g CO2= 2 x 6.022 x 1023 atoms of Oxygen 0.05 moles of CO2 contain 0.05 x 2= 0.1 moles of
oxygen.

2 x 6.022 x 1023 x 2.2 If the number of moles are same, no of particles will be same.
Thus 2.2 g CO2 = atoms of Oxygen. Mass of CO which contains 0.1 moles of Oxygen atoms
44

= 6.022 x 1022 atoms of Oxygen = 0.1 Moles of CO

Molar mass of CO = 28 g/mole Mass of CO = 0.1 X 28 = 2.8 g

6.022 x 1023 atoms of Oxygen = 28 g CO

28 x 6.022 x 1022
Thus, 6.022 x 1022 atoms of Oxygen = g CO
6.022 x 1023
= 2.80 g CO
RELATIONSHIP OF MOLE, AVOGADRO NUMBER AND VOLUME OF GAS

● Pressure and Temperature affects the volume of a gas.

● Standard Temperature is taken as 273.15 K ( 0℃) and Standard

Pressure as 1bar or 1 atm. This is termed as STP (1bar = 0.987atm)

● At STP i.e 273.15 K ( approximately 273) and 1 atm pressure, 1 mole of

gas has a volume 22.4 Litres(Molar Volume) or 22400 cm3

● At 273.15 K ( approximately 273) and 1 bar pressure, 1 mole of gas has

a volume 22.7 Litres or 22700 cm3
Q1) Calculate the mass in grams of a) one atom of Oxygen b) one molecule of water

a) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of Oxygen = 16 g

16
Thus 1 atom of Oxygen = = 2.657 x 10-23 g
6.022 x 1023

b) 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O = 18 g

18
Thus 1 molecule of water = = 2.989 x 10-23 g
6.022 x 1023
Q. Calculate the number of electrons in 10 g of CaCO3
Ans. Molar mass of CaCO3 = 100 g

Number of moles in 10 g of it = 10/100 = 0.1 moles.

Number of electrons in one unit of CaCO3 = 20 + 6 + 24 = 50 electrons.

Thus the number of electrons in 0.1 moles = 50 x 0.1 x NA

= 5 x 6.022 x 1023

= 3. 011 x 1024 electrons

1mole 1mole 1mole
Q1) A certain reaction produces 86.5 L of hydrogen gas at STP. How many
a) moles b) number of atoms c) number of molecules of H2 were produced?
Ans:
a) Volume of H2 = 86.5 L

AT STP , 22.4 L H2 gas = 1 mole

86.5 L H2 gas = 86.5/22.4

= 3.86 moles

b) Number of atoms in 1 mole H2 = 2 x 6.022 x 1023

Number of atoms in 3.86 mole H2 = 3.86 x 2 x 6.022 x 1023

= 46.4 x 1023
c) Number of molecules in 1 mole H2 = 6.022 x 1023

Number of molecules in 3.86 mole H2 = 3.86 x 6.022 x 1023

= 23.2 x 1023
 Q2) What volume is occupied at STP by a) 1.4 g Nitrogen gas b) 6.022 x 1021 molecules of Oxygen gas c) 0.2 moles of NH3

a) Gram Molecular mass of N2 = 28 g

c) 1 mole NH3 = 22.4 L
28 g N2 at STP = 22.4 L volume
0.2 mole NH3 = 22.4 x 0.2
22.4 x 1.4
1.4 g N2 = = 1.12 L = 4.48 L
28

b) 6.022 x 1023 molecules of Oxygen gas = 22.4

22.4 x 6.022 x 1021

6.022 x 1021 molecules of Oxygen gas =
6.022 x 1023

= 0.224 L
 Q 3 In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following :
a) Number of moles and number of carbon atoms. b) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms. c) Number of molecules
of ethane. d) volume in cm3 of ethane at STP e) mass of ethane present
Ans: molecular mass of ethane (C2H6) = 30 g/mole c) 1 mole C2H6 = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of C2H6

a) 1 mole C2H6 = 2 moles C atoms 3 moles C2H6 = 3 x 6.022 x 1023

= 18.066 x 1023 molecules of C2H6
3 moles C2H6 = 2 x 3 = 6 moles C atoms

d) 1 mole C2H6 = 22400 cm3 volume

1 mole C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms
3 moles C2H6 = 3 x 22400 = 67200cm3 volume
6 mole C = 6 x 6.022 x 10 = 36.132 x 10 C atoms
23 23

b) 1 mole C2H6 = 6 moles H atoms e) 1 mole C2H6 = 30 g C2H6

3 moles C2H6 = 6 x 3 = 18 moles H atoms 3 moles C2H6 = 3 x 30 = 90 g C2H6

Q 4. Calculate the mass of a) 0.1 mole KNO3 ( at mass K = 39 u , N= 14 u, O = 16 u) b) 1 x 1023
molecules of CH4 and c) 112 cm3 of hydrogen at STP

ANS: a) Molecular mass KNO3 = 101 g/mole c) 22400 cm3 H2 gas at STP = 2 g
1 mole KNO3 = 101 g
0.1 mole KNO3 = 101 x 0.1 = 10.1 g KNO3 2 x 112
112 cm H2 gas at STP =
3
g
b) Molecular mass CH4 = 16 g/mole 22400
6.022 x 1023 molecules CH4 = 16 g CH4
= 0.01 g
16 x 1 x 1023
1 x 1023 molecules CH4 = g
CH4
6.022 x 1023

= 2.657 g
 Q 5. In 3.2 g CH4, calculate a) number of moles of CH4 b) volume of CH4 at STP c)
Total number of electrons present.

Ans: Molecular mass CH4 = 16 g/mole c) Total number of electrons in one molecule of CH4 = 10
(Electrons in C= 6 and in H = 1 x4 = 4 )
a) 16 g CH4 = 1 mole
1 mole CH4 = 10 x 6.022 x 1023 number of electrons
3.2 g CH4 = 3.2 / 16 = 0.2 moles
0.2 moles CH4 = 0.2 x 10 x 6.022 x1023
b) 1 mole CH4 = 22.4 L volume
= 12.044 x 1023 number of electrons
0.2 moles CH4 = 22.4 x 0.2

= 4.48 L
S. T. P
 AT STP

In grams

In grams
MCQ’s: One correct answer
1) Which of the following statements about a compound is incorrect?

(i) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different elements.

(ii) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical methods of separation.

(iii) A compound retains the physical properties of its constituent elements.

(iv) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound is fixed.

2) Which of the following statements is correct about the reaction given below: 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(g)

(i) Total mass of iron and oxygen in reactants = total mass of iron and oxygen in product therefore it follows law of conservation
of mass.

(ii) Total mass of reactants = total mass of product; therefore, law of multiple proportions is followed.

(iii) Amount of Fe2O3 can be increased by taking any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) in excess.

(iv) Amount of Fe2O3 produced will decrease if the amount of any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) is taken in excess.
3) Which of the following reactions is not correct according to the law of conservation of mass.

(i) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

(ii) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(iii) P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)

(iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)

4). Which of the following statements indicates that law of multiple proportion is being followed.

(i) Sample of carbon dioxide taken from any source will always have carbon and oxygen in the ratio 1:2.

(ii) Carbon forms two oxides namely CO2 and CO, where masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon are in the simple
ratio 2:1.

(iii) When magnesium burns in oxygen, the amount of magnesium taken for the reaction is equal to the amount of magnesium in
magnesium oxide formed.

(iv) At constant temperature and pressure 200 mL of hydrogen will combine with 100 mL oxygen to produce 200 mL of water vapour.
5) If water sample are taken from sea, rivers or lake, they will be found to contain hydrogen and oxygen in the approximate
ratio of 1 : 8.This indicates the law of :

(a) Multiple proportion

(b) Definite proportion

(c) Reciprocal proportions

(d) None of these

6) 20 g of an ideal gas contains only atoms of S and O occupies 5.6 L at STP. What is the molecular mass of gas ?

(a) 64 g/mole

(b) 96 g/mole

(c) 80 g/mole

(d) 40 g/mole
7) Maximum number of molecules are present in:

a) 15 L H2 gas at STP
b) 5 L N2 gas at STP
c) 0.5 g H2 gas at STP
d) 10 g O2 gas at STP

8) Which weighs maximum?

a) 2.24 Litres CO2 at STP

b) 6.022 x 1023 molecules CO2
c) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of Carbon
d) 10 g CO2
9) The total number of electrons present in 6.4 g CH4

a) 2 NA
b) NA
c) 4 NA
d) 2 x 10 NA

10) 80 g of Oxygen contain as many atoms as in:

a) 10 g Hydrogen
b) 1 gms Hydrogen
c) 80 gms Hydrogen
d) 5 gms Hydrogen
MCQ’s: More than one answer may be correct
11) One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to _______.

(i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen

(ii) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen

(iii) 16 g of oxygen

(iv) 32 g of oxygen

12) Which of the following pairs have the same number of atoms?

(i) 16g of O2(g) and 4g of H2(g)

(ii) 16g of O2(g) and 44g of CO2(g)

(iii) 28g of N2 (g) and 32 g of O2 (g)

(iv) 12g of C(s) and 23g of Na(s)

13) 16 g of oxygen has same number of molecules as in

(i) 16g of CO

(ii) 28g of N2

(iii) 14g of N2

(iv) 1.0g of H2

14) One of the statements of Dalton’s atomic theory is given below: “Compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements combine in a fixed ratio” Which of the following laws is not related to this statement?

(i) Law of conservation of mass

(ii) Law of definite proportions

(iii) Law of multiple proportions

(iv) Avogadro law

ASSERTION - REASON TYPE:
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) Both A and R are false.

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given.
Choose the correct option out of the choices given above.

15) Assertion (A) : The empirical mass of ethene(C2H4) is half of its molecular mass.

Reason (R) : The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in
a compound.

16) Assertion (A) : One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

Reason (R) : Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundant isotope of carbon and has been chosen as standard.
MCQ’s: One correct answer
1) Which of the following statements about a compound is incorrect?

(i) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different elements.

(ii) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical methods of separation.

(iii) A compound retains the physical properties of its constituent elements.

(iv) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound is fixed.

2) Which of the following statements is correct about the reaction given below: 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(g)

(i) Total mass of iron and oxygen in reactants = total mass of iron and oxygen in product therefore it follows law of conservation
of mass.

(ii) Total mass of reactants = total mass of product; therefore, law of multiple proportions is followed.

(iii) Amount of Fe2O3 can be increased by taking any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) in excess.

(iv) Amount of Fe2O3 produced will decrease if the amount of any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) is taken in excess.
3) Which of the following reactions is not correct according to the law of conservation of mass.

(i) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

(ii) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(iii) P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)

(iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)

4). Which of the following statements indicates that law of multiple proportion is being followed.

(i) Sample of carbon dioxide taken from any source will always have carbon and oxygen in the ratio 1:2.

(ii) Carbon forms two oxides namely CO2 and CO, where masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon are in the simple
ratio 2:1.

(iii) When magnesium burns in oxygen, the amount of magnesium taken for the reaction is equal to the amount of magnesium in
magnesium oxide formed.

(iv) At constant temperature and pressure 200 mL of hydrogen will combine with 100 mL oxygen to produce 200 mL of water vapour.
5) If water sample are taken from sea, rivers or lake, they will be found to contain hydrogen and oxygen in the approximate
ratio of 1 : 8.This indicates the law of :

(a) Multiple proportion

(b) Definite proportion

(c) Reciprocal proportions

(d) None of these

6) 20 g of an ideal gas contains only atoms of S and O occupies 5.6 L at STP. What is the molecular mass of gas ?

(a) 64 g/mole

(b) 96 g/mole

(c) 80 g/mole

(d) 40 g/mole
7) Maximum number of molecules are present in:

a) 15 L H2 gas at STP
b) 5 L N2 gas at STP
c) 0.5 g H2 gas at STP
d) 10 g O2 gas at STP

8) Which weighs maximum?

a) 2.24 Litres CO2 at STP

b) 6.022 x 1023 molecules CO2
c) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of Carbon
d) 10 g CO2
9) The total number of electrons present in 6.4 g CH4

a) 2 NA
b) NA
c) 4 NA
d) 2 x 10 NA

10) 80 g of Oxygen contain as many atoms as in:

a) 10 g Hydrogen
b) 1 gms Hydrogen
c) 80 gms Hydrogen
d) 5 gms Hydrogen
MCQ’s: More than one answer may be correct
11) One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to _______.

(i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen

(ii) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen

(iii) 16 g of oxygen

(iv) 32 g of oxygen

12) Which of the following pairs have the same number of atoms?

(i) 16g of O2(g) and 4g of H2(g)

(ii) 16g of O2(g) and 44g of CO2(g)

(iii) 28g of N2 (g) and 32 g of O2 (g)

(iv) 12g of C(s) and 23g of Na(s)

13) 16 g of oxygen has same number of molecules as in

(i) 16g of CO

(ii) 28g of N2

(iii) 14g of N2

(iv) 1.0g of H2

14) One of the statements of Dalton’s atomic theory is given below: “Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in a fixed ratio” Which of the following laws is not related to this statement?

(i) Law of conservation of mass

(ii) Law of definite proportions

(iii) Law of multiple proportions

(iv) Avogadro law

 ASSERTION - REASON TYPE:
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) Both A and R are false.

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the
correct option out of the choices given above.

15) Assertion (A) : The empirical mass of ethene (C2H4) is half of its molecular mass.

Reason (R) : The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a
compound. (i)
16) Assertion (A) : One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

Reason (R) : Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundant isotope of carbon and has been chosen as standard.

(ii)
SHORT ANSWERS: Solve in your Home work copy
1) What will be the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams? (1.99 x 10-23 g)

2) What is the symbol for SI unit of mole? How is the mole defined?

3). Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2.

4). 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous oxide was formed.

2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g) Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the law?

5). If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with
a fixed mass of the other element, are in whole number ratio.

(a) Is this statement true?

(b) If yes, according to which law?

(c) Give one example related to this law.

6) Calculate the average atomic mass of hydrogen using the following data : (Ans: 1.00015)

Isotope % Natural abundance Molar mass (u)

H
1
99.985 1

2
H 0.015 2

7) 2.49 x 10-18 g of an element X contains 2 x 104 atoms. What is the atomic mass of the element X? ( Ans: 74.9
g/mole)

8) How many electrons are present in 3.4 g NH3 gas. ( Ans: 12.044 x 1023 electrons)
 CHEMISTRY

1. Strictly follow NCERT Text Book Volume - I & II.

2. Make good proper class notes.
3. Do NCERT problems religiously.
4. Must do assignments on regular basis.
5. Make a separate notebook for Chemistry and all NCERT
exercises and Assignments to be done in that.