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Physics Project

The document describes a student's physics project to find the refractive index of various liquids using a plane mirror and convex lens. It includes an introduction, aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of error, and bibliography sections.

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aryan456bhatia
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15 views18 pages

Physics Project

The document describes a student's physics project to find the refractive index of various liquids using a plane mirror and convex lens. It includes an introduction, aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of error, and bibliography sections.

Uploaded by

aryan456bhatia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my deepest appreciation to our physics


teacher, Sir JP Sharma, for their guidance,
expertise, and unwavering support throughout the
completion of my class 12 physics project on the
topic "To Find the Refractive index of various liquids
using plane mirror and equiconvex lens ". Their
profound knowledge, encouragement, and
patience have been invaluable in shaping the
success of this project. I am grateful to my parents
and family for their constant support and
encouragement. Furthermore, I would like to
thank our Reverend Sister Principal, Sister Sweta
for providing access to the necessary resources,
laboratory facilities, and guidance from the
school's physics department. Their support and
commitment to academic excellence have been
crucial in the successful completion of this project
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the study pertaining to the
project on the topic "To Find the Refractive index
of various liquids using plane mirror and
equiconvex lens " has been created by Ishpita
Bhatia of Class XII-C of St. Patrick's Vidya Bhawan
Sr. Sec. School under my supervision in the
academic year 2023-2024.

This is a record of the student's own work carried


out under my supervision and guidance and is
hereby approved for submission.

SIR JP SHARMA P.G.T. PHYSICS


1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIM
3. APARATUS
4. THEORY
5. PROCEDRE
6. OBSERVATION
7. CALCULATION
8. RESULT AND
PRECAUTIONS
9. SOURCES OF ERROR
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of an
optical instrument is a dimensionless number that describes
light or any other radiation propagates through that medium.
It is defined as : n=c/v

Where e is the speed of the light in vaccum and v is the speed


of light in the substance.
For example the refractive index of water is 1.33 meaning that
light travels 1.33 times faster in a vaccum than it does in
water.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT RAY


The refractive index determines how much light is bent or
refracted when entering a material. This is the historically first
use of refractive indices and is described as Snell’s law of
refraction The refractive indices also determines the amount
of light that is refracted when on reaching the interface as
well as the critical angle for total internal reflection and
Brewster's angle.

The refractive index can be seen as the factor by which the


speed and wavelength of the radiation are reduced with
respect to their 8888.

Vacuum has a refractive index of land the frequency of the


wave is not affected by the refractive index.

The refractive index varies with the wavelength of light, this is


called Dispersion and causes the splinting of white light into
its constituent colours in prism and rainbows and chromatic
aberration in lens. Light propagation in absorbing materials
can be described using complex valued refractive index.
The imaginary part than handles the attenuation while the
real part accounts for refraction.

The concept of refractive index is widely use within the full


electromagnetic spectrum from x-rays to radio waves. In this
case the speed of sound is used instead of that of light and a
reference medium other than vacuum must be chosen.
REFRACTION OF A LIGHT RAY REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DIAMOND IS 2.24

The refractive index n of an optical medium is defined as the


ratio of the speed of light in vacuum c=299792458 m/s and
the phase velocity of light in the medium. n=c/v phase

The phase velocity is the speed at which the crest and the
phase of the wave moves which may be different from the
group velocity the speed at which the pulse of light or the
envelope of wave moves.

Factors that affects the refractive index:

TEMPERATURE:

1. Refractive index values are usually determined at standard


temperature
2. A higher temperature means the liquid becomes less
viscous causing light to travel faster in the medium. This
results in a smaller value for the refractive index due to small
ratio.

3. A lower temperature means the liquid becomes denser and


has a higher viscosity causing light to travel slower in the
medium. this results in a larger value for the refractive index
due to a larger ratio.

4. Refractometers usually have a means of temperature


regulators.
WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT:

1. The refractive index with wavelength linearly because


different wavelength interfere to different extents with the
atoms of the medium.

2. It is important to use monochromatic light to prevent


dispersion of light into different colours.

3. The chosen wavelength should not be absorbed by the


medium.
AIM:

TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS USING


A CONVEX LENS AND A PLANE MIRROR.

APPARATUS:

1. A CONVEX LENS

2. AN OPTICAL NEEDLE

3. A PLANE MIRROR
8. WATER
4. A CLAMP STAND

5. A SPHEROMETER

6. A PLUMB LINE

7. METER SCALE
THEORY:
Let's add small amount of water on a flat plane surface and
place a convex lens over it. This result in a lens and water
combination between the lower surface of convex lens and
water and forms a plane concave lens of water. Let f1 and f2
be the focal length of water lens and convex lens respectively
then focal length of the combination is

1/F = 1/f_{1} + 1/f_{2}

the focal length of the plane concave lens is:1/f_{1} = 1 F - 1 f


2 \ (l)

from Len's makers formula: 1/f_{1} = (mu - 1)(1/R_{1} -


1/R_{2})

= (mu - 1) * 1/2

refractive index of water is: mu = 1 + R/f_{1}


(where 'R' is the radius of curvature of the concave surface of
the plane concave lens)

The radius of curvature of the lens is: R= (I ^ 2)/(6h) + h 2 \ (iii)

To find focal length of a plane concave lens

PROCEDURE
FOR FINDING THE FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS:

1. Place the mirror on the horizontal base of a clamp stand


horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optical center of
the lens. Place the convex lens on the plane mirror. Adjust the
needle at a bright little more than the rough focal length of
the convex lens. Mark the image of the needle between the
convex lens and the plane mirror.

2. Try to remove the parallax between the tip of the object


needle and its image tip.

3. Note down the distance of the tip of the needle from the
center of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x1.

4. Remove the convex lens and measure the distance of the


top of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it be x2.

5. Measure the rough focal length of the convex lens.

6. Repeat and record all the observations


FOR FINDING THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE PLANO CONCAVE
LENS:

Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place the
convex lens over it.

Repeat steps. (ii) to (iv) as done above.

FOR FINDING I:

Determine the pitch and least count of spherometer. Place the


spherometeron the dried surface of the convex lens. Turn the
screw downward very gently till the tip of the screw just
touches the lens. Read and record the reading.
Keep the spherometer legs on the base of a
paper and adjusting the central screw. Find
the pricks A.B.C of the three legs of the
spherometer. Join the centers of the three
pricks and then measure the lengths with the
half meter scale. Note the values of AB, BC and
AC.
OBSERVATIONS:

Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm

Least count of the spherometer = 0.001 cm

Distance between the legs :

1. AB 3.3 cm

2. BC 3.3 cm

3. CA 3.3 cm

Mean Distance Between Two legs:

L=AB+BC+CA/3 L-3.3+3.3+3.3/3 = 9.9/3 = 3.3cm


TABLE (1) For h:

SERIAL MAIN CIRCULAR CIRCULAR TOTAL


NO. SCALE SCALE SCALE
READING READING READING*LEAST
( in cm) (in cm) COUNT
1 0.1 cm 62 62*0.001 0.162
2 0.1 cm 57 57*0.001 0.157
3 0.1 cm 65 65*0.001 0.165

CALCULATIONS

Mean(h)=0.162+0.157+0.165/3
h=0.2 cm
I= 3.2cm

R=3.2*3.2/6*0.2+0.2/2
R=8.5 cm
TABLE(2) TO MEASURE FOCAL LENGTH
OF CONVEX LENS:
SERIAL AREA TIP OF THE UPPER MEAN(X) FOCAL
NO. REGIMENT UPPER SURFACE OF (in cm) LENGTH( in
SURFACE PLANE cm)
OF THE MIRROR(X2)
CONVEX ( in cm)
LENS(X1)
1 Without 21.8 22.1 21.9 F=21.9
water
2 With 34.2 34.6 34.4 F1=34.4
water

CALCULATIONS:
FOR WATER:

-1/34.4+1/21.9
µ=-0.029+0.045
µ=0.016 cm
µ=1+R/f1
µ=1+0.29
µ=1.29
1. The refractive index of water is equal to 1.29.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The screw should be moved just to touch the surface of the convex
lens or the glass slab.

2. The parallax should be removed properly.

3.The lens and plane mirror should be properly cleaned.

4. The convex lens of large focal length should be used.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The distances may not be measured correctly.

2. The value of h and I may not be correct.

3. Parallax may not be removed properly.


4. Backlash error may be acting on the spherometer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.Laboratory Manual Of Physics Class XII

2.Physics NCERT Class XII

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