SYLLABUS for M. Sc.

MATHEMATICS
Choice Based Credit System (Semester Pattern)
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
Effective from 2018-2019
Candidates opting for this course are advised to go through the direction relating to the course
“DIRECTION RELATING TO THE EXAMINATION LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF MASTER
OF SCIENCE, SEMESTER PATTERN (CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM) AND DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (APPLIED GEOLOGY). SEMESTER PATTERN,
(CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM) (FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)” which is
available on R. T. M. Nagpur University website.
The direction will provide details on admission criteria, rules for ATKT, scheme of examination,
absorption scheme for CBS students into CBCS pattern, elective papers, foundation course papers,
subject centric papers, coding pattern, pattern of question papers, practicals, distribution of marks,
seminars, project work, internal assessment, calculation of SGPA and CGPA, etc.

Scheme of teaching and examination under semester pattern Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for
M.Sc. Program in Mathematics
M. Sc. Mathematics Semester I
Code Teaching Credits Examination Scheme
scheme
(Hours /
Week)
Max. Marks Minimum
Passing
Theory / Practical

Duration in hrs.
Marks (40%)

Total Marks
Assessment

External

External
Internal

Internal

Internal
Theory

Theory
Marks
Total

Total

Ass.
Ass
Th

Core Paper1: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50

1 Algebra-I
1T1
Core Paper 2: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
2 Real Analysis -
1T2 I
Core3 Paper 3: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
1T3 Topology-I
Core4 Paper 4: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
1T4 Linear Algebra
and
Differential
Equations
Core Paper 5: 5 5 4 5 3 100 25 125 50
5 Integral
1T5 Equations
TOTAL 25 25 20 5 25 500 125 625 250

M. Sc. Mathematics Semester II

Code Teaching Credits Examination Scheme
/

scheme
(Hours /
Week)
Practical
Theory

Max. Marks Minimum

ion in
Durat

Mark
Total

Total

Total
Theo

Asse
Inter

Passing
nal
Th

ry

Marks (40%)
 External

External
Internal

Internal
Theory
Marks

Ass.
Ass
Core Paper1: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
6 Algebra-II
2T1
Core Paper 2: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
7 Real Analysis -
2T2 II
Core Paper 3: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
8 Topology-II
2T3
Core Paper 4: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
9 Differential
2T4 Geometry
Core1 Paper 5: 5 5 4 5 3 100 25 125 50
0 Classical
2T5 Mechanics
TOTAL 25 25 20 5 25 500 125 625 250

M. Sc. Mathematics Semester III

Code Teaching Credits Examination Scheme
scheme
(Hours /
Week)
Max. Marks Minimum
Passing
Theory / Practical

Duration in hrs.

Marks (40%)
Total Marks
Assessment

External

External
Internal

Internal

Internal
Theory

Theory
Marks
Total

Total

Ass.
Ass
Th

Core Paper1: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50

11 Complex
3T1 Analysis
Core Paper 2: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
12 Functional
3T2 Analysis
Core Paper 3: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
13 Mathematical
3T3 Method
Core Paper 4:
Electi
ve Fluid
3T4 Dynamics-I/ 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
General
Relativity/

Algebraic
Topology- I /
Non-Linear
Programming-
I/Operator
Theory
Foun Paper 5: 5 5 4 5 3 100 25 125 50
dation Mathematics-I
Cours (Elementary
e 1/ Mathematics)/
Core (3T5)
Subje /Operation
ct Research –I
Centr (3T5)
ic
3T5
TOTAL 25 25 20 5 25 500 125 625 250

M. Sc. Mathematics Semester IV

Code Teaching Credits Examination Scheme
scheme
(Hours /
Week)
Max. Marks Minimum
Passing
Theory / Practical

Duration in hrs.
Marks (40%)

Total Marks
Assessment

External

External
Internal

Internal

Internal
Theory

Theory
Marks
Total

Total

Ass.
Ass
Th

Core Paper1: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50

14 Dynamical
4T1 System
Core Paper 2: Partial 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
15 Differential
4T2 Equation
Core Paper 3: 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50
16 Advanced
4T3 Numerical
Method
Core Paper 4:
Electi
ve Fluid
4T4 Dynamics-II/ 5 5 4 1 5 3 100 25 125 50

Cosmology/

Algebraic
Topology- II /
Non-Linear
Programming-
II/Advance
Algebra
Foun Paper 5: 5 5 4 5 3 100 25 125 50
dation Mathematics-I
Cours (Elementary
e 1/ Discrete
Core Mathematics)/
Subje (4T5)
ct /Operation
Centr Research –II
ic (4T5)
4T5
TOTAL 25 25 20 5 25 500 125 625 250
M. Sc. Mathematics
Choice Base Credit Semester wise Syllabus (CBCS)
Total Marks: 2500
Each Paper: 100 marks theory + 25 marks ( Internal assessment )
Periods Allotted per week per paper: 05 Hrs.

M. SC. SEMESTER-I
COMPULSORY PAPERS
Paper I 1T1-Algebra I
Paper II 1T2-Real Analysis I
Paper III 1T3-Topology I
Paper IV 1T4-Linear Algebra and Differential Equations
Paper V 1T5-Integral Equations

M. SC. SEMESTER-II
COMPULSORY PAPERS

Paper VI 2T1-Algebra II
Paper VII 2T2-Real Analysis II
Paper VIII 2T3-Topology II
Paper IX 2T4-Differential geometry
Paper X 2T5- Classical Mechanics

M. SC. SEMESTER-III
COMPULSORY PAPERS

Paper XI 3T1-Complex Analysis

Paper XII 3T2-Functional Analysis
Paper XIII 3T3-Mathematical Methods
CORE ELECTIVE PAPER XIV (Opt any one of the following)

Paper XIV - 3T4

(i) Fluid Dynamics-I

(ii) General Relativity
(iii) Algebraic Topology- I
(iv) Non-Linear Programming-I
(v) Operator Theory

(FONDATION/SUBJECT CETRIC) PAPER XV (3T5)

PAPER XV : FOUNDATION (For Students other than Mathematics )

3T5 MATHEMATICS PAPER-I (Elementary Mathematics )

PAPER XV : CORE SUBJECT CENTRIC ( Only for Students of Mathematic)

3T5 Operation Research-I

M. SC. SEMESTER-IV
Paper-XVI 4T1-Dynamical Systems
Paper-XVII 4T2-Partial Differential Equations
Papers XVIII 4T3-Advanced Numerical Methods

CORE ELECTIVE PAPER XIX (Opt any one of the following)

PAPER XIX - 4T4

-(i) Fluid Dynamics II

(ii) Cosmology
(iii) Algebraic Topology- II
(iv) Non-Linear Programming-II
(v) Advance Algebra

(FONDATION/SUBJECT CETRIC) PAPER XX - 4T5

PAPER XX : FOUNDATION (For Students other than Mathematics )

4T5 MATHEMATICS PAPER-II (Elementary Discrete Mathematics )

PAPER XX : CORE SUBJECT CENTRIC ( Only for Students of Mathematic)

4T5 Operation Research-II

 Detailed Syllabus
M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-I
Paper – I (Code: 1T1)

Algebra -I
Unit 1:
Permutation Group. Group of Symmetry. Dihedral group. Commutator group. Isomorphism
Theorems. Automorphisms. Characteristic subgroup. Conjugacy and G-Sets.

Unit 2:
Normal Series. Solvable groups. Nilpotent groups. Cyclic decomposition of permutation
group. Alternating groups. Simplicity of An.

Unit 3:
Direct product, semi-direct product of groups. Sylows theorems. Groups of order 2 p and pq.

Unit 4:
Ideals and Homomorphisms. Sum and direct sum of ideals. Maximal and prime ideals.
Nilpotent and Nil ideals. Modules. Submodules. Direct sums. R-homomorphisms and
quotient modules. Completely reducible modules. Free modules.

Text Book:
Basic Abstract Algebra :Bhattacharya, Jain, and Nagpal ,Second Edition, Cambridge
University Press.

Reference Books:
1. Topics in Algebra, I. N. Herstein, Second Edition, John Wiley.
2. Abstract Algebra: David S.Dummit and Richard M. Foote, John Wiley.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-I
Paper – II (Code: 1T2)

Real Analysis-I

Unit 1:
Uniform convergence. Uniform convergence and continuity. Uniform convergence and
integration. Uniform convergence and differentiation. Equicontinuous families of functions.
The Stone-Weierstrass theorem.

Unit 2:
Differentiation. The Contraction Principle. The Inverse Function Theorem. The Implicit
Function Theorem. The Rank Theorem. Partitions of unity.

Unit 3:
The space of tangent vectors at a point of Rn. Another definition of Ta (Rn). Vector fields on
open subsets of Rn. Topological manifolds. Differentiable manifolds. Real Projective space.
Grassman manifolds. Differentiable functions and mappings.

Unit 4:
Rank of a mapping. Immersion. Sub manifolds. Lie groups. Examples of Lie groups.

Text Books:
1. Principles of Mathematical Analysis (Third Edition): Walter Rudin Mc GRAW – HILL Book
Company.
2. An Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds and Riemannian Geometry: W. Boothby,
Academic Press, 1975.

Reference Books:
1. Methods of Real Analysis: R.R. Goldberg, John Wiley.
2. Calculus of Several Variables: C Goffman, Harper and Row.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-I
Paper – III (Code: 1T3)

Topology-I
Unit 1:
Countable and Uncountable sets. Examples and related Theorems. Cardinal Numbers and
related Theorems. Topological Spaces and Examples.

Unit 2:
Open sets and limit points. Derived Sets. Closed sets and closure operators. Interior, Exterior
and boundary operators. Neighbourhoods, bases and relative topologies.

Unit 3:
Connected sets and components. Compact and countably compact spaces. Continuous
functions and homeomorphisms.

Unit 4:
To and T1-spaces, T2-spaces and sequences. Axioms of countability. Separability. Regular and
normal spaces.

Text Book:
Foundations of General Topology: W.J. Pervin, Academic press, 1964.

Reference Books:
1. Topology: J.R. Munkres, (second edition), Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
2. Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis: G.F. Simmons, Mc Graw Hill 1963.
3. General Topology: J.L. Kelley, Van Nostrand, 1995.
4. Introduction to general Topology: K.D. Joshi, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 1983
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-I
Paper – IV (Code: 1T4)

Linear Algebra and Differential Equations

Unit 1:
Matrices and operators, Subspaces, Bases and Dimension. Determinants, trace, and Rank.
Direct sum decomposition. Real Eigen Values. Differential equations with Real Distinct Eigen
values. Complex Eigen values.

Unit 2:
Complex vector spaces. Real operators with Complex Eigen values. Application of complex
linear algebra to differential equations. Review of topology in Rn. New norms for old.
Exponential of operators.

Unit 3:.
Homogeneous linear systems. A non-homogeneous equation. Higher order systems. The
primary decomposition. The S+N decomposition. Nilpotent canonical forms.

Unit 4:
Jordan and real canonical forms. Canonical forms and differential equations. Higher order
linear equations on function spaces. Sinks and sources. Hyperbolic flows. Generic properties
of operators. Significance of genericity.

Text Book :
Differential equations, dynamical systems and linear algebra: M.W. Hirsch and S. Smale,
Academic Press, 1975.

Reference Book :
Dynamical systems: V.I. Arnold, Springer Verlag, 1992.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-I
Paper – V (Code: 1T5)

Integral Equations

Unit 1:
Preliminary concepts of integral equations. Some problems which give rise to integral
equations. Conversion of ordinary differential equations into integral equations.
Classification of linear integral equations. Integro-differential equations.

Unit 2:
Fredholm equations. Degenerate kernels. Hermitian and symmetric kernels. The Hilbert-
Schmidt theorem. Hermitization and symmetrization of kernels. Solutions of integral
equations with Green’s function type kernels.

Unit 3:
Types of Voltera equations. Resolvent kernel of Voltera equations, Convolution type kernels.
Some miscellaneous types of Voltera equations. Non-linear Voltera equations. Fourier
integral equations. Laplace integral equations.

Unit 4:
Hilbert transform. Finite Hilbert transforms. Miscellaneous integral transforms. Approximate
methods of solutions for linear integral equations. Approximate evaluation of Eigen values
and Eigen functions.

Text Book:
Integral Equations: A short course: LI. G Chambers: International text book company Ltd,
1976.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-II
Paper – VI (Code: 2T1)

Algebra-II

Unit 1:
Unique factorization domains. Principal Ideal domains. Euclidean domains. Polynomial rings
over unique factorization domains.

Unit 2:
Irreducible polynomials and Eisenstein criterion. Adjunction of roots. Algebraic extensions.
Algebraically closed fields. Splitting fields. Normal extensions. Multiple roots.

Unit 3:
Finite fields. Separable extensions. Automorphism groups, and fixed fields. Fundamental
theorem of Galois theory. Fundamental theorem of algebra.

Unit 4:
Roots of unity and Cyclotomic polynomials. Cyclic extensions. Polynomials solvable by
radicals. Ruler and compass constructions.

Text Book :
Basic Abstract Algebra: Bhattacharya, Jain, Nagpaul; Second Edition, Cambridge
University Press.

Reference Books :
1. Topics in Algebra, I. N. Herstein, Second Edition, John Wiley.
2. Abstract Algebra, David S.Dummit and Richard M.Foote, John Wiley.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-II
Paper – VII (Code: 2T2)

Real Analysis -II

Unit 1:
Outer measure.Measurable sets and Lebesgue measure. Anon-measurable set, Measurable
functions, Littlewood’s three principles.

Unit 2:
The Riemann integral. Lebesgue integral of a bounded function over a set of finite measure.
Integral of a non-negative function. General Lebesgue integral. Convergence in measure.
Differentiation of monotone functions. Functions of bounded variation. Differentiation of an
integral.

Unit 3:
Absolute continuity.Convex functions. Lp-spaces. Holder and Minkowski inequality. Riesz-
Fischer theorem. Approximation in Lp. Bounded linear functionals on Lp-spaces.

Unit 4:
Compact metric spaces. Baire category theorem. Arzela Ascoli theorem. Locally compact
spaces. Sigma compact spaces.

Text Book :
Real Analysis, H.L. Royden, Third edition, Prentice Hall, 1988.

Reference Books :
1. Measure theory and Integration, G. de Barra Wiley Eastern Limited, 1981.
2. An introduction to Measure & Integration, Inder K. Rana, Narosa Publishing House
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-II
Paper – VIII (Code: 2T3)

Topology-II

Unit 1:
Urysohn’s lemma. Tietze extension theorem. Completely regular spaces.Completely normal
spaces. Compactness for metric spaces. Properties of metric spaces.

Unit 2:
Quotient topology. Nets and filters.

Unit3:
Product topology : Finite products, product invariant properties, metric products, Tichonov
topology, Tichonov theorem.

Unit 4:
Locally finite and discrete families in topological spaces. Paracompact spaces, Urysohn’s
metrization theorem.

Text books:
1. Foundations of General Topology: W.J. Pervin, Academic press, 1964.
2. Introduction to general Topology: K.D. Joshi, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 1983.

Reference books:
1. Topology: J.R.. Munkres, second edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
2. Introduction to topology and modern analysis :G.F. Simmons, Mc Graw Hill 1963.
3. General Topology: J.L. Kelley, Van Nostrand, 1995.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-II
Paper – IX (Code: 2T4)

Differential Geometry

Unit 1:
Definition of surface. Curves on a surface. Surfaces of revolution. Helicoids. Metric. Direction
coefficients. Families of curves. Isometric correspondence. Intrinsic properties. Geodesics.
Canonical geodesic equations.

Unit2:
Normal property of geodesics. Existence theorems. Geodesic parallels. Geodesic curvature.
Gauss Bonnet theorem. Gaussian curvature. Surfaces of constant curvature. Conformal
mapping. Geodesic mapping.

Unit 3:
Second fundamental form. Principal curvatures. Lines of curvature. Developable.
Developable associated with space curves. Developable associated with curves on surfaces.
Minimal surfaces and ruled surfaces. Fundamental equations of Surface theory. Parallel
surfaces.

Unit 4: Compact surfaces whose points are umbilics. Hilbert’s lemma. Compact surfaces of
constant Gaussian or mean curvature. Complete surfaces.
Characterisation of complete surfaces. Hilbert’s theorem. Conjugate points on geodesics.
Intrinsically defined surfaces. Triangulation. Two dimensional Riemannian manifolds.
Problem of metrization. Problem of continuation.

Text Book:
An introduction to Differential Geometry: T.J. Wilmore; Oxford University Press

Reference Book:
Geometry of curves and surfaces: do Carmo, Academic Press.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-II
Paper – X (Code: 2T5)

Classical Mechanics

Unit 1:
Variational Principle and Lagrange’s equations; Hamilton’s Principle, some techniques of
calculus of variations, Derivation of Lagrange equations from Hamilton’s principle. Extension
of principle to nonholonomic systems. Conservation theorems and symmetry properties.

Unit 2: Legendre transformations and the Hamilton equations of motion. Cyclic coordinates
and conservation theorems. Routh’s procedure and oscillations about steady motion, The
Hamiltonian formulation of relativistic mechanics, The Principle of least action.

Unit 3:
The equations of canonical transformation. Examples of canonical transformation. The
symplectic approach to canonical transformations. Poisson brackets and other canonical
invariants.

Unit 4:
Equations of motion. Infinitesimal canonical transformations and conservation theorems in
the Poisson bracket formulation, the angular momentum, Poisson bracket relations,
symmetry groups of mechanical systems. Liouville’s theorem.

Text Book:
Classical Mechanics: By H. Goldstein, Second Edition Narosa publishing house, New Delhi.
References:
1. Lectures in Analytic Mechanics: F. Gantmacher, MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1975.
2. Classical Mechanics: Narayan Chandra Rana and Pramod Sharad Chandra Jog,
Tata Mc Graw Hill.
3. Lecture on Advanced Mechanics, Sonu Nilu Publication (2004)
by T M Karade and G S Khadekar
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Paper – XI (Code: 3T1)

Complex Analysis

Unit 1:
Impossibility of ordering Complex numbers. Extended complex plane and
stereographic projection. Elementary properties and examples of analytic Functions:
Power series, analytic functions.

Unit 2:
Analytic functions as mappings, Mobius transformations. Power series
representation of analytic functions, zeros of an analytic function, index of a closed
curve.

Unit 3:
Cauchy’s theorem and integral formula, the homotopic version of cauchy’s theorem
and simple connectivity, counting zeros; the open mapping theorem, Goursat’s
theorem, Classification of singularities, residues, the argument principle.

Unit 4:
The maximum principle. Schwarz’s lemma. convex functions and Hadamards three
circles theorem. Phragmen-Lindelof theorem.

Text Book:
Functions of one complex variable: John B. Conway, Second edition, Springer
international Student Edition.

Reference Book:
Complex Analysis, L.V. Ahlfors. Mc-Graw Hill, 1966.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Paper – XII (Code: 3T2)

Functional Analysis

Unit 1:
Normed spaces, Banach spaces, Further properties of normed spaces. Finite
dimensional normed spaces and subspaces. Compactness and finite dimension.
Bounded and continuous linear operators.

Unit 2:
Linear functionals. Normed spaces of operators. Dual spaces. Inner product space.
Hilbert space. Further properties of inner product spaces. Orthogonal complements
and direct sums. Orthonormal sets and sequences. Total orthonormal sets and
sequences.

Unit 3:
Representation of functionals on Hilbert spaces. Hilbert adjoint operators, self
adjoint, unitary and normal operators. Hahn-Banach Theorem, Hahn-Banach
Theorem for complex vector spaces and normed spaces. Reflexive spaces.

Unit 4:
Category theorem, Uniform boundedness theorem, strong and weak convergence,
Convergence of sequences of operators and functionals. Open mapping theorem,
Closed linear operators and closed graph theorem.

Text Book:
Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications by E. Kreyszig, John Wiley and
Sons.

Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Functional Analysis by A.E. Taylor and D.C. Lay, John Wiley and
Sons.
2. Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis: G.F. Simmons, Mc Graw Hill
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Paper – XIII (Code: 3T3)

Mathematical Methods

Unit 1:
Fourier integral theorem. Fourier transform. Fourier cosine and sine transform. The
convolution integral. Multiple Fourier transform. Solution of partial differential
equation by means of Fourier transform.

Unit 2:
Calculations of the Laplace transform of some elementary functions. Laplace
transform of derivatives. The convolution of two functions. Inverse formula for the
Laplace transform. Solutions of ordinary differential equations by Laplace transform.

Unit 3:
Finite Fourier transform. Finite Sturm-Liouville transforms. Generalized finite Fourier
transform.

Unit 4:
Finite Hankel transform. Finite Legendre transform. Finite Mellin transform.

Text Book:
The use of integral transforms: I N. Sneddon, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company
Ltd.

References Books:
Modern Mathematics For Engineers: Edwin F Beckenbach, Second series, Mc Graw
Hill Book Company.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Core Elective*
Paper – XIV (Code: 3T4)

Fluid Dynamics-I

Unit 1:
Real fluids and ideal fluids. Velocity of a fluid at a point. Stream lines and path lines.
Steady and unsteady flows. Velocity potential. Velocity vector. Local and particle rate
of change. Equation of continuity. Acceleration of a fluid. Condition at a rigid
boundary. General analysis of fluid motion. Euler’s equation of motion. Bernoulli’s
equation. Worked examples. Discussion of the case of steady motion under
conservative body forces. Some further aspects of vortex motion.

Unit 2:
Sources, sinks and doublets. Images in a rigid infinite plane. Images in solid spheres.
Axisymmetric flows. Stokes’ stream function. The complex potential for two-
dimensional irrotational, incompressible flow. Complex velocity potential for
standard two dimensional flow. Uniform stream. Line source and line sink. Line
doublets. Line vortices. Two dimensional image systems. The Milne-Thomson circle
theorem. Circle Theorem. Some applications of circle theorem. Extension of circle
theorem. The theorem of Blasius.

Unit 3:
The equations of state of a substance, the first law of thermodynamics, internal
energy of a gas, functions of state, entropy, Maxwell’s thermodynamic relation,
Isothermal Adiabatic and Isentropic processes. Compressibility effects in real fluids,
the elements of wave motion. One dimensional wave equation, wave equation in
two and three dimensions, spherical waves, progressive and stationary waves.

Unit 4:
The speed of sound in a gas, equation of motion of a gas. Sonic, subsonic, supersonic
flows; isentropic gas flow. Reservoir discharge through a channel of varying section,
investigation of maximum mass flow through a nozzle, shock waves, formation of
shock waves, elementary analysis of normal shock waves.

Text Book:
F. Chorlton, Text book of Fluid Dynamics, CBS Publishers, Delhi 1985.

Reference Books:
1. G.K. Batchelor, An Introduction to fluid Mechanics, Foundation Books, New Delhi
1994.
2. M.D. Raisinghania, fluid Mechanics, S. Chand and Company, Delhi.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Core Elective
Paper – XIV (Code: 3T4)

General Relativity

Unit 1:
Tensor Algebra, Riemannian geometry, Curvature Tensor: Covariant Curvature
tensor, Ricci tensor, Einstein Tensor, The Bianchi identity.

Unit 2:
The principle of covariance, The principle of equivalence, Geodesic principle,
Newton’s equations of motion as an approximation of geodesic equations, Poisson’s
equations as an approximation to Einstein field equations.

Unit 3:
Gravitational field equations in free space, Exterior Schwarzchild’s solution and its
isotropic form, Birkhoff’s theorem, Schwarzchild singularity, planetary orbit, Advance
of Perihelion of a planet, Bending of light rays in the gravitational filed, Gravitational
Red shift in the spectral lines.

Unit 4:
Gravitational field equations for non empty space, Linearization of the field
equations, The Weyl’s solution of linearized Field equations, Interior Schwarzchild’s
solution.

Text Book:
Introduction to General Relativity: Ronald Adler, Maurice Bezin and Manamen
Schiffer, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd.

References Books:
1. Introduction to theory of relativity, Rosser W.G.V., ELBS(1972).
2. Lecture on General Relativity, Sonu Nilu Publication (2004)
by T M Karade, G S Khadekar and Maya S Bendre
3. Relativity Special, General and Cosmology, Rindler W., Pub. Oxford University
Press (2003).
4. The Classical Theory of Fields By Landau I.D. and Lifshitz E.M., Pub. Pergamon
Press (1978).
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Core Elective
Paper – XIV (Code: 3T4)

Algebraic Topology- I

Unit 1:
The Elements of Homotopy theory: Introduction. Homotopic mappings. Essential and
inessential mappings. Homotopically equivalent spaces. Fundamental group. Knots
and related embedding problems. Higher homotopy groups. Covering spaces.

Unit 2:
Polytopes and triangulated spaces: En as a vector space over E1.Barycentric
coordinates. Geometrical complexes and polytopes. Barycentric subdivision.
Simplicial mappings and simplicial approximation theorem.

Unit 3:
Abstract simplicial complexes. Embedding theorem for polytopes. Simplicial
homology theory: Introduction. Oriented complexes. Incidence numbers. Chains,
cycles and groups.

Unit 4:
Decomposition theorem for abelian groups. Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.
Zero dimensional homology groups. Universal coefficients. Euler Poincare formula.
Universal coefficients.

Text Book :
Topology : J.G. Hocking and G.S. Young : Addison Wesley, 1961

Reference Books :
1. Topology : J.R.Munkres, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2000
2. Basic Concepts of Algebraic Topology : Fred H.Croom , Springer Verlag 1978.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Core Elective
Paper – XIV (Code: 3T4)

Non-linear Programming-I

Unit 1 :
The non-linear programming problem and its fundamental ingredients. Linear
inequalities and the theorem of the alternative. The optimality criteria of linear
programming. Tucker’s lemma and existence theorems.

Unit 2:
Theorems of the alternative Convex sets – Separation theorems. Convex and
concave functions - basic properties and some fundamental theorems for convex
functions. Generalised Gordan theorem. Bohnenblust – Karlin – Shapley theorem.
Saddle point optimality criteria without differentiability – The minimization and the
local minimization problems and some basic results.

Unit 3:
Sufficient optimality theorem. Fritz John Saddle point necessary optimality theorem.
Slater’s and Karlin’s constraint qualifications and their equivalence. The strict
constraint qualification. Kuhn – Tucker saddle point optimality theorems.
Differentiable concave and convex functions - Some basic properties. Twice
differentiable convex and concave functions. Theorems in cases of strict convexity
and concavity of functions.

Unit 4:
Optimality criteria with differentiability- Optimality theorems, Fritz John stationary
point necessary optimality theorem. The Arrow – Hurwicz – Uzawa constraint
qualification. Kuhn – Tucker stationary – point necessary optimality theorem.

Text Book :
O.L. Mangasarian, Non- linear programming. Mc Graw Hill, New York.

Reference Book :
Mokhtar S. Bazaraa and C.M.Shetty, Non- linear programming, Theory and
Algorithms, Wiley, New York.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
Core Elective
Paper – XIV (Code: 3T4)

Operator Theory

Unit 1:
Basic concepts about spectrum. Spactral properties of bounded linear operators.
Further properties of resolvent and spectrum. Use of complex analysis in spectral
theory.

Unit 2:
Banach Algebras. Further properties of Banach Algebras. Compact linear operators
on normed spaces. Further properties of Compact linear operators. Spectral
properties of compact linear operators.

Unit 3:
Further spectral properties of Compact linear operators. Operator equations
involving compact linear operators. Further theorems of Fredholm type. Fredholm
alternative.

Unit 4:
Spectral properties of bounded self adjoint linear operators. Further Spectral
properties of bounded self adjoint linear operators. Positive operators. Square roots
of a positive operator. Projection operator. Further properties of projections.
Spectral family. Statement of spectral representation theorem.

Text Book:
Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications by E. Kreyszig, John Wiley and
Sons

Reference Book :
Introduction to Functional Analysis by A.E.Taylor and D.C.Lay, John Wiley and Sons

NOTE*: Candidates can choose any one paper from Core elective.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
PAPER XV : FOUNDATION (For Students other than Mathematics )
Paper – XV (Code: 3T5)
MATHEMATICS-I
Elementary Mathematics

Unit 1:
Differentiation: Derivative of a constant function, derivative of trigonometric
functions, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of = , hyperbolic
function, derivation of parametrically defined functions, logarithmic differentiation.

Unit 2:
Integration: Methods of integration, integration by substitution, three important
forms of integrals, six important integrals, integration by parts, definite integrals,
reduction formulae.

Unit 3:
Matrices & Determinant: Transpose of matrix, orthogonal matrices, unitary
matrices, Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian matrices, idempotent matrix, Involutory
matrix, minors and factors, properties of determinants, determinants-general
treatment, symmetric & Skew-symmetric determinant.

Unit 4:
Complex Number: Definition, conjugate, modulus and argument, Algebra of complex
number (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division), power and square root
of complex number, properties of complex number, Argand diagram, solution of
quadratic equation in complex number system.

Text Books:
1. Differential Calculus by Shanti Narayan (Unit 1 & Unit 2)
2. An Introduction to Matrices by S.C. Gupta (Unit 3 & Unit 4)
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-III
CORE SUBJECT CENTRIC (Only Students of Mathematics )
Paper – XV (Code: 3T5)

Operational Research-I

Unit 1:
Simplex method, Theory of Simplex method, duality, dual simplex method.

Unit 2:
Transportation and Assignment problems.

Unit 3:
Two-person Zero-sum games. Games with mixed strategies, graphical solution,
solution by linear programming.

Unit 4:
Dynamic programming

Text book:
Operations Research: Kanti Swarup P.K. Gupta and Man Mohan: Sultan Chand and
Sons New Delhi.

Reference books :
1. Linear programming: G. Hadley, Narosa Publishing House1995.
2. Introduction to operations Research: F.S. Hillier and G.J.Lieberman (Sixth
Edition), Mc Graw Hill
3. International Edition 1995.
4. Operations Research – In Introduction: H.A Taha, Macmillan publishing company
inc, New York
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Paper – XVI (Code: 4T1)

Dynamical Systems

Unit 1:
Dynamical systems and vector fields. The fundamental theorem. Existence and
uniqueness. Continuity of solutions in initial conditions. On extending solutions.
Global solutions. The flow of a differential equation.

Unit 2:
Nonlinear sinks. Stability. Liapunov function. Gradient systems. Gradients and inner
products.

Unit 3:
Limit sets, local sections and flow boxes, monotone sequences in planar dynamical
systems. The Poincare Bendixson theorem, Applications of Poincare-Bendixson
theorem; one species, predator and prey, competing species.

Unit 4:
Asymptotic stability of closed orbits, discrete dynamical systems. Stability and closed
orbits. Non Autonomous equations and differentiability of flows. Persistence of
equilibria, persistence of closed orbits. Structural stability.

Text Book:
Differential equations, dynamical systems & linear algebra: M.W. Hirsch & S. Smale,
Academic Press, 1975.

Reference Book:
Dynamical systems: V.I. Arnold, Springer Verlag, 1992.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Paper – XVII (Code: 4T2)

Partial Differential Equations

Unit 1:
First order partial differential equations in two independent variables and the Cauchy
problem. Semilinear and quasi linear equations in two independent variables. First
order non linear equations in two independent variables. Complete integral.

Unit 2:
Classification of second order partial differential equations. Potential theory and
elliptic differential equations (sections 2.1-2.5).

Unit 3:
The diffusion equation and parabolic differential equations (sections 3.1-3.4).

Unit 4:
The Wave equation (sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.8, 4.9)

Text Book:
Partial Differential Equations: Phoolan Prasad and Renuka Ravindran; New Age
International (P) Limited.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Paper – XVIII (Code: 4T3)

Advance Numerical Methods

Unit 1:
Simple enclosure methods, Secant method, Newton’s method, general theory for
one point iteration methods. Aitken extrapolation for linearly convergent sequences,
Error tests, Numerical evaluation of multiple roots, roots of polynomials, Mullers
method, Non-linear systems of equations, Newton’s method for non- linear systems.

Unit 2:
Polynomial interpolation theory, Newton’s divided differences, finite difference and
table oriented interpolation formulas. Forward-differences. Hermite interpolation.

Unit 3: The Weierstrass theorem and Taylor’s theorem. The minimax approximation
problem, the least square approximation problem, orthogonal polynomial,
economisation of Taylor series, minimax approximation.

Unit 4:
The trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule, Newton- Cotes integration formulas.

Text book:
An Introduction to Numerical Analysis by K. E. Atkinson, Johan Wiley and sons, Inc.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Core Elective*
Paper – XIX (Code: 4T4)

Fluid Dynamics-II
Unit 1:
Stress components in a real fluid, relation between Cartesian components of stress
translation motion of fluid elements, the rate of strain quadric and principal stresses,
some further properties of the rate of the strain quadric, stress analysis in fluid
motion, relation between stress and rate of strain, the coefficient of viscosity and
laminar flow, the Navier-Stokes equations of motion of a viscous fluid, some solvable
problems in viscous flow, diffusion of vorticity, energy dissipation due to viscosity,
steady flow past a fixed sphere.

Unit 2:
Nature of magneto-hydrodynamics, Maxwell electromagnetic field equations;
Motion at rest, Motion in medium , Equation of motion of conducting fluid, Rate of
flow of charge, Simplification of electromagnetic field equation. Magnetic Reynold
number; Alfven’s theorem, The magnetic body force. Ferraro’s Law of Isorotation.

Unit 3:
Dynamical similarity, Buckingham Theorem. Renold number. Prandtl’s boundary
layer, Boundary layer equation in two dimensions, Blasius solutions, Boundary layer
thickness, Displacement thickness. Karman integral conditions, Separation of
boundary layer flow.

Unit 4:
Turbulence: Definition of turbulence and introductory concepts. Equations of motion
for turbulent flow. Reynolds Stresses Cylindrical coordinates. Equation for the
conservation of a transferable scalar quantity in a turbulent flow. Double
correlations between turbulence-velocity components. Change in double velocity
correlation with time. Introduction to triple velocity correlations. Features of the
double longitudinal and lateral correlations in a homogeneous turbulence. Integral
scale of turbulence.

Text Books:
1. Text book of Fluid Dynamics: F. Chorlton; CBS Publishers, Delhi 1985.
2. Fluid Mechanics: Joseph Spurk; Springer.
nd
3. Turbulence by J.O. Hinze, 2 edition, Mc Graw-Hill, chapter 1 sections 1.1 to 1.7
4. Fluid Mechanics by M.D. Raisinghania, S. Chand and Company, Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. An Introduction to fluid Mechanics: G.K. Batchelor; Foundation Books, New Delhi,
1994.
2. Boundary Layer Theory: H. Schichting; Mc Graw Hill Book Company, New York
1971.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Core Elective
Paper – XIX (Code: 4T4)

Cosmology

Unit 1:
Static cosmological models of Einstein and de Sitter and their derivation and its
Properties: (i) The geometry of the Universe (ii) Density and pressure (iii) Motion of
test particle (iv) Doppler shift (v) comparison with actual universe, Comparison
between Einstein and de-Sitter models.

Unit 2:
Cosmological principle, Hubble law, Weyl’s postulate,Derivation of Robertson Walker
Metric and its properties, Motion of a particle and light rays in FRW model, Red shift,
Deceleration parameter and Hubble’s constant, Matter Dominated era.

Unit 3:
Friedman Model, Fundamental equation of dynamical cosmology, density and
pressure of the present universe, Matter dominated era of the universe, critical
density, flat, closed and open universe, age of the universe.

Unit 4:
Steady state cosmology, Distance measure in cosmology, Comoving distance,
Apparent luminosity and luminosity distance, Angular diameter and Lookback time,
Galaxy count

Text Books:
1. Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology: Richard C. Tolman, Oxford Press
2. Gravitation and Cosmology : Principles and Applications of the General Theory of
Relativity by Steven Weinberg.

References Books:
1. The Classical Theory of Fields, By Landau I.D. and Lifshitz E.M., Pub. Pergamon
Press (1978).
2. Lecture on General Relativity , Sonu Nilu Publication (2004)
by T M Karade, G S Khadekar and Maya S Bendre
3. The Theory of Relativity Moller C, Pub. Oxford University Press (1982).
4. Introduction to theory of relativity, Rosser W.G.V., ELBS (1972).
5. Relativity Special, General and Cosmology, Rindler W., Pub. Oxford University
Press (2003).
6. Relativity: The General Theory, Synge J.L., North Holland Pub. Comp. (1971).
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Core Elective
Paper – XIX (Code: 4T4)

Algebraic Topology- II

Unit 1:
Simplicial mappings. Chain mappings. Barycentric Subdivision. The Brouwer Degree.
The fundamental theorem of algebra.

Unit 2:
No retraction theorem and Brouwer fixed point theorem. Mappings into spheres.
Relative homology groups. The exact homology sequence. Homomorphisms of exact
sequences

Unit 3:
The excision theorem. The Mayer-Vietoris sequence. Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms for
homology theory. Relative homotopy theory. Cohomology groups. Relations
between chain and cochain groups.

Unit 4:
Simplicial and chain mappings. The cohomology product. The cap product. Exact
sequences in cohomology theory. Relations between homology and cohomology
groups.

Text Book:
Topology : J.G. Hocking and G.S. Young : Addison Wesley, 1961

Reference Books :
1. Topology : J.R.Munkres, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2000
2. Basic Concepts of Algebraic Topology : Fred H.Croom , Springer Verlag 1978.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Core Elective
Paper – XIX (Code: 4T4)

Non-linear Programming-II

Unit 1 :
Duality in non-linear programming – Weak duality theorem. Wolfe’s duality
theorem. Strict converse duality theorem. The Hanson – Huard strict converse
duality theorem. Unbounded dual theorem. Duality in quadratic and linear
programming.

Unit 2 :
Quasi convex, strictly quasi convex and strictly quasi concave functions. Karamardian
theorem. Global minimum (maximum ). Pseudo convex and pseudo concave
functions. Relationship between pseudo convex functions and strictly quasi convex
functions. Differentiable convex functions and pseudo convex functions.

Unit 3 :
Optimality and duality for generalized convex and concave functions – Sufficient
optimality theorem. Generalized Kuhn – Tucker sufficient optimality theorem.
Generalized Fritz John stationary point necessary optimality theorem, Kuhn-Tucker
necessary optimality conditions under the weak constraint qualifications.

Unit 4 :
Duality. Optimality and duality in the presence of nonlinear equality constraints –
Sufficient optimality criteria. Minimum principle necessary optimality criteria.
Minimum principle necessary optimality theorem. Fritz John and Kuhn-Tucker
stationary point necessary optimality criteria. Duality with nonlinear equality
constraints.

Text Book :
O.L. Mangasarian, Non- linear programming. Mc Graw Hill, New York.

Reference Book :
Mokhtar S. Bazaraa and C.M.Shetty, Non- linear programming, Theory and
Algorithms, Wiley, New York.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
Core Elective
Paper – XIX (Code: 4T4)

Advanced Algebra

Unit 1:
Tensor product of modules. Exact sequences – Projective, Injective, and Flat
Modules.

Unit 2:
Noetherian Rings and Affine Algebraic sets. Radicals and Affine varieties. Integral
Extensions and Hilbert’s Nullstellensatz. Localisation. The prime spectrum of a ring.

Unit 3:
Artinian Rings . Discrete valuation rings. Dedekind domains. Introduction to
Homological Algebra- Ext and Tor. The Cohomology of Groups. Crossed
homomorphisms and H1(G,A). Group Extensions, Factor Sets and H2(G,A).

Unit 4:
Linear Actions and Modules over Group Rings. Wedderburn’s theorem and some
consequences. Character Theory and orthogonality Relations.

Text Book :
Abstract Algebra: David S. Dummit & Richard M. Foote (Second Edition) John Wiley &
Sons Inc.

NOTE*: Candidates can choose any one paper from Core elective
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
PAPER XX : FOUNDATION (For Students other than Mathematics )
Paper – XX (Code: 4T5)

MATHEMATICS-II

Elementary Discrete Mathematics

Unit 1:
Mathematical Logic: Introduction, Proposition, compound Proposition, Proposition
and truth tables, logical equivalence, algebra of Proposition, conditional Proposition,
converse, contra positive & inverse, bi conditional statement, negation of compound
statements, tautologies & contradictions, normal forms, logic in proof.

Unit 2:
Lattice: Lattice as partially ordered sets, their properties, lattices as algebraic system,
sub lattices, and some special lattices eg. Complete, complemented and distributive
lattices.

Unit 3:
Boolean algebra and Logic Circuits: Boolean algebra, basic operations, Boolean
functions, De-Morgan’s theorem, logic gate, sum of products and product of sum
forms, normal form, expression of Boolean function as a canonical form,
simplification of Boolean expression by algebraic method, Boolean expression form
logic & switching network.

Unit 4:
Graph Theory: Basic terminology, simple graph, multigraph, degree of a vertex,
types of a graph, sub graphs of isomorphic graphs, matrix representation of graphs,
Euler’s theorem on the existence of Eulerian path & circuits, directed graph,
weighted graphs, strong connectivity, chromatic number.
Text Book:
Discrete Mathematical structures with applications to computer science by J.P.
Tremblay and R. Manohar, McGraw-Hill book company,1997.
 M. Sc. Mathematics
Semester-IV
CORE SUBJECT CENTRIC (Only Students of Mathematics )
Paper – XX (Code: 4T5)

Operations Research–II

Unit 1:
Integer programming.

Unit 2:
Queuing theory and sequencing.

Unit 3:
Non- Linear programming- one and multi- Variable unconstrained optimization,
Kuhn-Tucker conditions for constrained optimization.

Unit 4:
Quadratic programming, fraction programming and goal programming.

Text book:
Kanti-Swarup P.K. Gupta and Man Mohan: Operations Research, Sultan Chand and
Sons New Delhi.

Reference books :

1. G. Hadley: Linear programming, Narosa Publishing House 1995.

2. G. J. Lieberman: Introduction to operations Research (Sixth Edition) Mc Graw Hill
International Edition 1995.
3. H.A Taha: Operations Research – In Introduction, Macmillan publishing company
inc, New York