URBANIZATION

AS AN OUTCOME OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS

GROUP 2
 WHAT IS URBANIZATION?
Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the process of
industrializing and urbanizing (NatGeo, 2023). It is the process by which huge numbers of people
permanently gather in compact places to build cities.
 WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS?
Demographic trends or changes refer to shifts or variations in the characteristics of a population
over time. These changes can include alterations in population size, age distribution, gender
composition, ethnic diversity, birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, and other factors that
affect the structure and dynamics of a population.
 WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS?
They affect social services, healthcare, housing, education, economic planning, and many
other aspects of society, demographic changes are important for researchers, corporations,
and lawmakers (Mester, L, 2018). Understanding these patterns helps in strategizing for
present and future needs of society.
URBANIZATION
IN DIFFERENT REGIONS
GROUP 2

DIFFERENT REGIONS
URBANIZATION IN
Europe and the urban population declined in over
half of low- and middle-income

Central Asia countries between 1991 and 2011.

the region is among the most urbanized

The Latin America regions in the world, having reached an
urban majority by 1960 - a milestone
and the Caribbean achieved globally only in 2008.

The region is already 64% urbanized.

Africa is the fastest-growing and
The Middle East and
youngest region in the world. There is
North Africa (MENA) great diversity of demographic trends
among African countries and regions.
GROUP 2

DIFFERENT REGIONS
URBANIZATION IN
a combination of increasing life
expectancy, falling fertility rates, and
In North Asia low old-age dependency ratios has
created the conditions for a “youth
bulge” generation.

region is experiencing rapid urban

The East Asia and growth, second only to Sub-Saharan
Africa. EAP became 50% urban in 2018,
Pacific (EAP) with most urban inhabitants residing in
secondary cities.
GROUP 2

HISTORY CONTEXT
By the 19th century there were
Before the Industrial The technological thousands of industrial workers in
Revolution, most of the explosion that was the Europe, many of them living in
world’s population lived Industrial Revolution led the most miserable conditions.
Attracted by the promise of paid
in rural areas and small to a momentous increase work, immigrants from rural
towns. Urban centers in the process of areas flooded into cities, only to
existed, but they were urbanization. Larger find that they were forced to live
relatively small and served populations in small areas in crowded, polluted slums
awash with refuse, disease, and
as centers of meant that the new rodents. Designed for commerce,
administration, trade, and factories could draw on a the streets of the newer cities
crafts. The majority of big pool of workers and were often arranged in grid
people were engaged in that the larger labour patterns that took little account
of human needs, such as privacy
agriculture, living in force could be ever more and recreation, but did allow
dispersed villages. specialized. these cities to expand
indefinitely.
 URBANIZATION AND MIGRATION
Migration, whether internal or international, has always been one of the forces driving the growth of
urbanization and bringing opportunities and challenges to cities, migrants and governments.
Increasingly, municipal authorities are becoming recognized as key actors in managing migration and
have started including migration in their urban planning and implementation.
HOW THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
FUELED THE GROWTH OF CITIES?
 The period of rapid While U.S. cities like Boston,
technological advancement Philadelphia, New York City
in the United States known and Baltimore certainly
as the Industrial Revolution existed prior to the start of
The rise of mills and
may have taken place during the Industrial Revolution,
factories drew an influx
parts of the 18th and 19th newly established mills,
of people to cities—and
centuries, but its impact factories and other sites of
placed new demand on
resonated for decades and mass production fueled
urban infrastructures.
influenced everything from their growth, as people
food, clothing, travel and flooded urban areas to take
housing—particularly in advantage of job
cities. opportunities.
 INDUSTRIAL CITIES

MANCHESTER BIRMINGHAM GLASGOW

INDUSTRIAL CITIES

PITTSBURGH CHICAGO
 HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING
The demand for housing led to the rapid construction of tenements and slums, often without
adequate planning or infrastructure.
 URBANIZATION BEGINS IN THE PHILIPPINES

How it started: How it happened: Purpose:

Spanish colonizers These urban centers grew as

trading hubs and centers of
Spanish colonial established towns and
governance, attracting people
cities, mainly near coastal
period areas, for administrative,
from rural areas seeking
economic opportunities and
military, and religious protection.
purposes.
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

Water Frame (1769): Developed by Richard Arkwright, it

used water power to drive spinning wheels, leading to the
establishment of large factories.

Power Loom (1785): Invented by Edmund Cartwright, it

mechanized the process of weaving cloth, significantly
boosting textile production.
 STEAM POWER
The development of steam engines, which powered machinery, trains, and ships, revolutionizing
transport and manufacturing.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS
Steam Power

Steam Engine (1775): Perfected by James Watt, the steam

engine became a critical power source for factories, mines,
and transportation.

Steam Locomotives (early 1800s): George Stephenson’s

Rocket (1829) revolutionized rail transport, enabling the
rapid movement of goods and people across long
distances.
 IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION
Innovations in metallurgy allowed for the mass production of iron and steel, essential for building
infrastructure and machinery.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS
Iron and Steel Production

Blast Furnace (1709): Abraham Darby’s use of coke in blast

furnaces increased iron production.
Bessemer Process (1856): Henry Bessemer’s method for
mass-producing steel reduced costs and allowed for large-
scale construction projects, including railways, bridges,
and buildings.
 TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The history of transportation advancements during urbanization, particularly in the context of the
Industrial Revolution, is a narrative of innovation and transformation that profoundly shaped the
growth and development of cities.
 RAILROAD
Expanded rapidly, connecting urban centers and facilitating the
movement of goods and people.

TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
Railroad
George Stephenson's "Rocket" (1829): This steam locomotive
demonstrated the potential for rail transport, leading to the rapid
expansion of railway networks.
Inter-City Railways: Railways connected urban centers, facilitating the
movement of people and goods over long distances.
Urban Commuter Railways: In cities, commuter railways provided
efficient transportation for workers traveling between suburbs and city
centers.
Subways and Elevated Railways: In larger cities, subways and elevated
railways were developed to alleviate congestion and provide rapid
transit.
 CANALS AND ROADS
Enhanced the distribution network, supporting urban markets and
industries.

TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

TRANSPORTATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
Canals and Roads
The construction of canals, such as the Erie Canal (1825), provided
efficient waterways for transporting heavy goods. This waterway
connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River, providing a direct
route from the Midwest to the Atlantic Ocean. It facilitated trade and
contributed to the growth of cities like New York.

Improved road construction, including macadamized roads by John

McAdam, enhanced overland transportation.
Advances in bridge engineering allowed for the construction of
durable bridges, facilitating transportation across rivers and valleys.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
DRIVING URBANIZATION
 POPULATION GROWTH
Explain how population growth, both natural and through migration, impacts urbanization.

People relocate to cities in search of better prospects and lifestyles, which frequently results in
urbanization, especially in developing countries with rapid population increase. Jobs, healthcare,
education, and other facilities are often accessible in urban regions.
 AGE STRUCTURE
Discuss the influence of age distribution on urbanization, including trends such as youth bulges or aging populations.
1.

Urbanization frequently increases in places suffering from youth bulges, which are defined by an
unusually large percentage of young people moving from rural to urban areas in pursuit of
opportunities, jobs, and education (Kararach, G., 2014) .

Urban centers are developing quickly as a result of this young immigrant inflow, which raises the need
for housing, services, and infrastructure (Singer et al., 2009).
 RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION
Highlight the factors driving rural residents to migrate to urban areas

There are several reasons why people from rural regions move to cities. Economic possibilities, such
higher-paying jobs and easier access to a wider range of career alternatives, are sometimes important
pull considerations.

Natural disasters, droughts, or difficulties in agriculture are examples of environmental problems that
might force people from rural areas to seek safety in metropolitan areas (De Haen & Hemrich, 2007).
 TODAY, 55% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION
LIVES IN URBAN AREAS, A PROPORTION THAT IS
EXPECTED TO INCREASE TO 68% BY 2050
 KEY FACTORS
SEEKS FOR HIGHER IMPROVED LIVING
JOB OPPORTUNITY
EDUCATION STANDARD

BETTER INFRASTRUCTURES ENHANCE HEALTHCARE FAMILY AND SOCIAL

AND SERVICES FACILITIES RELATIONS
 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Consider the impact of international migration on urbanization trends, particularly in global cities.

Migration from other nations has a substantial impact on urbanization patterns in global cities by
enhancing economic vitality, fostering cultural diversity, and increasing population growth. But it also
presents difficulties which call for careful governmental interventions and urban planning to guarantee
equal and sustainable growth.

International migration is mainly driven by structural economic and political factors such as labor
market demand, income inequalities, and conflict in origin countries. (Haas et al., 2019).
 IMPACT
INCREASE DEMAND ON
DIVERSITY ECONOMIC IMPACT
HOUSING

INCREASE ON PUBLIC
POPULATION GROWTH GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY
SERVICES
URBANIZATION PATTERNS
 URBAN SPRAWL
The unregulated expansion of urban centers into the surrounding rural
region, resulting in an irregular pattern of development marked by
low-density dwellings, a greater reliance on cars, and the use of a lot of
land.

Urban growth is frequently negatively impacted by these trends in a

variety of ways, such as increased traffic congestion, greater
infrastructure and public service expenses, pollution, and the loss of
natural and agricultural resources (Festus et al., 2020).

Implementing smart growth plans, supporting public transportation,

and encouraging higher-density, mixed-use projects that build more
sustainable and inclusive urban environments are some of the ways
that efforts to reduce the negative consequences of urban sprawl are
being made (Mohammed et al., 2016)
 MEGACITIES
In recent decades, large cities with populations more than 10 million
have come to characterize the worldwide urban environment (Cohen,
2004)

These enormous cities, which include Shanghai, Tokyo, and Delhi, are
not only major centers of population but also important hubs for trade,
innovation in technology, and cultural interaction (Brunn et al., 2003).

Megacities' explosive expansion, however, also brings with it a number

of serious problems, such as strained infrastructure, poor living
conditions, pollution in the environment, and socioeconomic
inequality (.-Ing Theo Kötter, 2004)
 URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES VS. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Global urbanization patterns range greatly from place to place. Asia's
fast industrialization and economic growth fuel urbanization, creating
megacities but also posing problems like pollution and strain on the
infrastructure. Africa has some of the highest rates of urbanization,
which are accompanied by problems with infrastructure and informal
settlements, as well as migration from rural to urban areas.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS

ECONOMIC GROWTH SOCIAL INEQUALITY

INFRASTRUCTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
CHALLENGES
FUTURE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
PROJECTED URBANIZATION TRENDS: FUTURE PROJECTIONS AND POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS

FUTURE PROJECTIONS POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS

POPULATION GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND

MIGRATION AND RURAL-TO-URBAN SHIFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

URBAN GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING

FUTURE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
IN MANAGING URBAN GROWTH

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

ECONOMIC RESILIENCE

SOCIAL EQUITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE

URBAN RESILIENCE

EFFICIENT LAND USE

FUTURE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
ADDRESSING URBAN CHALLENGES: STRATEGIES FOR URBANIZATION ISSUES

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

TRANSPORTATION

HEALTHCARE

URBAN PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
SUMMARY
GROUP 2
GAME TIME!
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
HINT!
TAKE NOTE OF ALL THE LETTERS OF
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ;)
1. It is the process by which huge
numbers of people permanently gather
in compact places to build cities.

A. Urbanization
B. Demographic Trends
C. Industrialization
D. Vulcanizing Shop
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Urbanization
2. These refer to shifts or variations in
the characteristics of a population over
time.

B. Urbanization
T. Demographic Trends
O. Industrialization
NG. Vulcanizing Shop
CORRECT ANSWER:
T. Demographic Trends
3. In these regions, urban population
declined in over half of low- and middle-
income countries between 1991 and
2011.
D. Latin America and the Caribbean
O. The Middle East and North Africa
R. Europe and Central Asia
Y. East Asia and Pacific
 CORRECT ANSWER:
R. Europe and Central Asia
4. Latin America and the Caribbean
regions reached an urban majority by
what year?
P. 1960
U. 2008
T. 1999
A. 2018
CORRECT ANSWER:
P. 1960
5. Perfected by James Watt, this
became a critical power source for
factories, mines, and transportation.
T. Blast Furnace
R. Steam Engine
E. Water Frame
S. Steam Locomotives
CORRECT ANSWER:
R. Steam Engine
6. Invented by Edmund Cartwright, it
mechanized the process of weaving
cloth, significantly boosting textile
production.
S. Power Loom
H. Water Frame
A. Bessemer Process
T. Ugma?
CORRECT ANSWER:
S. Power Loom
7. This steam locomotive demonstrated
the potential for rail transport, leading
to the rapid expansion of railway
networks.
O. James Watt’s “Steam Engine”
T. Abraham Darby’s “Blast Furnace”
E. Richard Arkwright’s “Water Frame”
N. George Stephenson’s “Rocket”
 CORRECT ANSWER:
N. George Stephenson’s “Rocket”
8. Today, what percentage of the
world’s population lives in urban areas?

ñ. 68%
φ. 47.875%
T. 55%
æ. 85.2%
CORRECT ANSWER:
T. 55%
9. The construction of these
infrastructures provided efficient
waterways for transporting heavy
goods.

L. Bridges
I. Airports
G. Railroads
O. Canals
CORRECT ANSWER:
O. Canals
10. Given all the letters of the correct
answers, what 9-letter word can you
come up with that is related to the
program?
CORRECT ANSWER:
TRANSPORT
THANK YOU!
GROUP 2
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SEARCHEE #2
SEARCHEE #3