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Data Analysis Practice & Summary

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Data Analysis Practice & Summary

Uploaded by

Akshat jha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6 Data Analysis Review


Key Vocabulary:
 Sampling Methods: Techniques used to gather data from a subset of a larger population.
 Frequency Tables: A way to organize data by listing the number of times each value appears.
 Correlation vs. Causation: Correlation is a relationship between two variables, while causation implies that one
variable causes a change in another.
Exploring Data Analysis: Sampling Methods and Frequency Tables
Data analysis involves examining, transforming, and modeling data to uncover useful information. When collecting data, it's
essential to use appropriate sampling methods to ensure the results are accurate and representative of the entire population.
There are several sampling methods, including systematic, random, convenience, and stratified sampling.
1. Systematic Sampling: In systematic sampling, every nth item in the population is selected to be included in the sample.
This method is straightforward and ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
2. Random Sampling: Random sampling involves choosing individuals from the population at random, where each member
has an equal chance of being selected. This method helps reduce bias and produce more reliable results.
3. Convenience Sampling: Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are easy to reach or readily available.
While convenient, this method may introduce bias into the sample.
4. Stratified Sampling: Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups based on specific characteristics
and then selecting samples from each subgroup. This method ensures that each subgroup is represented in the sample.
When analyzing data, we often encounter frequency tables, which organize data by showing how often each value occurs.
Frequency tables help us identify patterns and trends in the data, making it easier to draw meaningful conclusions.
It's crucial to understand the difference between correlation and causation when analyzing data. Correlation indicates a
relationship between two variables, but it does not imply causation. Causation means that one variable directly causes a
change in another, which requires further investigation and analysis.
In data analysis, we also look for the line of best fit, which is a straight line that best represents the data points on a scatter
plot. This line helps us make predictions and identify trends in the data.

Data Analysis Practice

1. A tech company is conducting market research to understand smartphone preferences among teenagers. They visit a
prestigious private school in an affluent neighborhood and distribute surveys. The results show that 85% of the students
prefer high-end smartphones. How could this sampling method be bias?
2. Maria wants to understand the preferred study habits of university students during exam season. She sets up a table
outside the campus library during midday breaks and asks passing students about their study preferences. How could this
sampling approach be bias?

3. The two-way frequency table below shows the favorite cardiovascular exercises of the ZCS fit gym programs.

Walking Running Cycling Rowing Total


Middle School 86 215 172 129 602
High School 308 190 154 36 688
Total 394 405 326 165 1290

A) What percentage of students are middle schoolers?

B) What percentage of students preferred rowing?

C) What percentage of high school students preferred walking?

D) What percentage of those that liked walking were high schoolers?

E) What percentage of middle schoolers preferred cycling?

F) What percentage of walking & running were in high school?

4. Identify if each situation relationship is correlation or causation.

Correlation
\ Causation
The more rainfall there is, the more wet the ground gets.

The more umbrellas sold, the higher the chance of rain.

The more one brushes their teeth, the lower their risk is for dental cavities.

The more ingredients a recipe calls for. The longer it takes to prepare.

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