Title: Complex Numbers

Chapter: Complex Numbers

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Geometrical Representation of Fundamental Operations:

(i) Geometrical representation of addition.

If two points P and Q represent complex numbers z1 and z2 respectively in the Argand plane, then the
sum z1 + z2 is represented by the extremity R of the diagonal OR of parallelogram OPRQ having OP and
OQ as two adjacent sides.

(ii) Geometric representation of subtraction.

(iii) Modulus and argument of multiplication of two complex numbers.

Theorem: For any two complex numbers z1, z2 we have |z1 z2| = |z1| |z2| and
arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2).
Proof: z1 = r1 ei1 , z2 = r2 ei2
z1z2 = r1r2 ei( 1 2 )  |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2)
i.e. to multiply two complex numbers, we multiply their absolute values and add their arguments.
Note: (i) P.V. arg (z1z2)  P.V. arg (z1) + P.V. arg (z2)
(ii) |z1 z2 .... zn| = |z1| |z2 | ..... |zn|
(iii) arg (z1z2 .... zn) = arg z1 + arg z2 + ..... + arg zn

(iv) Geometrical representation of multiplication of complex numbers.

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 Let P, Q be represented by z1 = r1 ei1 , z2 = r2 ei2 respectively. To find point R representing
complex number z1z2 , we take a point L on real axis such that OL = 1 and draw triangle OQR similar
to triangle OLP. Therefore

OR OP ˆ =
=  OR = OP.OQ i.e. OR = r1r2 and QOR 1
OQ OL
ˆ = LOP
LOR ˆ + POQ
ˆ ˆ = + – + = +
+ QOR 1 2 1 1 1 2
Hence, R is represented by z1z2 = r1r2 ei( 1 2 )

(v) Modulus and argument of division of two complex numbers.

z1 |z | z 
Theorem: If z1 and z2 (0) are two complex numbers, then = 1 and arg  1  = arg(z1)–arg (z2)
z2 | z2 |  z2 
 z1 
Note: P.V. arg    P.V. arg (z1) – P.V. arg (z2)
 z2 
(vi) Geometrical representation of the division of complex numbers.
Let P, Q be represented by z1 = r1ei1 , z2 = r2ei2 respectively. To find point R representing complex
z1
number , we take a point L on real axis such that OL = 1 and draw a triangle OPR similar to OQL.
z2
OP OR r1 ˆ = LOP
ˆ – ROP
ˆ = –
Therefore =  OR = and LOR 1 2
OQ OL r2

z1 r
Hence, R is represented by = 1 ei( 1 2 )
z2 r2
Conjugate of a complex Number:

Conjugate of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted and defined by z = a – ib.

In a complex number if we replace i by – i, we get conjugate of the complex number. z is the mirror
image of z about real axis on Argand's Plane.

Geometrical representation of conjugate of complex number.

|z| = | z |
arg (z) = – arg (z)
General value of arg (z) = 2n – P.V. arg (z)

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 Properties
zz zz
(i) If z = x + iy, then x = ,y=
2 2i
(ii) z= z  z is purely real
(iii) z+ z =0  z is purely imaginary
(iv) Relation between modulus and conjugate. |z|2 = z z
(v) zz
(vi) (z1  z 2 ) = z1 ± z2
(vii) (z1 z 2 ) = z1 z2 , In general (zn ) = (z)n
 z1  (z1 )
(viii)  = (z2  0)
 z 2  (z2 )
Theorem: Imaginary roots of polynomial equations with real coefficients occur in conjugate pairs

Note: If w = f(z), then w = f( z )

Theorem: |z1 ± z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 ± (z1 z2 + z1 z2) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 ± 2 Re(z1 z2 )
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 ± 2 |z1| |z2| cos (1 – 2)

z 1
Example # 7: If is purely imaginary, then prove that | z | = 1
z 1
 z  1 z  1  z  1
Solution: Re   =0  +  =0
 z  1 z  1  z  1 
z 1 z 1
 + =0  zz –z + z – 1 + zz – z + z – 1 = 0
z 1 z 1
 zz =1  | z |2 = 1  | z | = 1 Hence proved

Example # 8: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and c > 0, then prove that
|z1 + z2|2  (1 + c) |z1 |2 + (1 + c–1) |z2|2
Solution: We have to prove: |z1 + z2|2  (1 + c) |z1 |2 + (1 + c–1) |z2|2
i.e. |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z 1z2  (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 +c–1) |z2|2
1
or z1 z 2 + z 1z2  c|z1|2 + c–1|z2|2 or c|z1|2 + |z2|2 – z1 z 2 – z 1 z2  0
c
2
 1 
(using Re (z1 z 2)  |z1 z 2|) or  c z1  | z2 |   0 which is always true.
 c 
Example # 9: Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that z1  z2 and |z1| = |z2|. If z1 has positive real part
z1  z 2
and z2 has negative imaginary part, then show that is purely imaginary.
z1  z2

 
Solution: z1 = r (cos + i sin ), – <<
2 2
z2 = r (cos + i sin ), –  <  < 0

z1  z 2    3
 = – i cot  , – < <
z1  z2  2  4 2 4

Hence purely imaginary.

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Self Practice Problem
(1) If |z + | > | z  1| and |  | 1, then show that |z| < 1.
(2) If z = x + iy and f(z) = x2 – y2 – 2y + i(2x – 2xy), then show that f(z) = z 2 +2iz

Distance, Triangular Inequality

If z1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2 , then distance between points z1, z2 in argand plane is

|z1 – z2| = (x1  x 2 )2  (y1  y 2 )2
In triangle OAC
OC  OA + AC
OA  AC + OC
AC  OA + OC
using these in equalities we have ||z1| – |z2||  |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2|
Similarly from triangle OAB
we have ||z1| – |z2||  |z1 – z2|  |z1| + |z2|

Note:

(a) ||z1 | – |z2|| = |z1 + z2|, |z1 – z2| = |z1| + |z2| iff origin, z1 and z2 are collinear and origin lies between z1
and z2.

(b) |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, ||z1| – |z2 || = |z1 – z2| iff origin, z1 and z2 are collinear and z1 and z2 lies on the
same side of origin.

Example # 10: If |z – 5 – 7i| = 9, then find the greatest and least values of |z – 2 – 3i|.
Solution: We have 9 = |z – (5 + 7i)| = distance between z and 5 + 7i.
Thus locus of z is the circle of radius 9 and centre at 5 + 7i. For such a z (on the circle), we
have to find its greatest and least distance as from 2 + 3i, which obviously 14 and 4.

Example # 11: Find the minimum value of |z| + |z – 2|

Solution: |z| + |z – 2| |z + 2 – z|
|z| + |z – 2| 2

Example # 12: If i  [/6, /3], i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and z4 cos 1 + z3 cos 2 + z2 cos 3. + z cos 4 + cos5 =

3
2 3, then show that |z| >
4

Solution: Given that cos1 . z4 + cos2 . z3 + cos3 . z2 + cos4 . z + cos5 = 23

or |cos1 . z4 + cos2 . z3 + cos3 . z2 + cos4 . z + cos5| = 23

23  |cos1 . z4 | + |cos2 . z3 | + |cos3 . z2 | + cos4 . z| + |cos5 |

 i  [/6, /3]

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 1 3
  cosi 
2 2

3 4 3 3 3 3
2 3  |z| + |z|3 + |z|2 + |z| +
2 2 2 2 2

3  |z|4 + |z|3 + |z|2 + |z|

Case I : If |z| > 1, then above result is automatically true
Case II: If |z| < 1, then

3 < |z| + |z|2 + |z|3 + |z|4 +|z|5 + .........

|z| 3 3
3<  3 – 3 |z| < |z|  |z| > Hence by both cases, |z|>
1 | z | 4 4

3
Example # 13: z = 2, then find maximum and minimum value of | z |.
z

3 3
Solution: z   z
z z

Let |z| = r
3 3
r 2 –2r– 2
r r

r2 + 2r – 3  0 ........(i) and r2 – 2r – 3  0 ........(ii)

  r  [1, 3]
from (i) and (ii)
|z|max = 3 and |z|min = 1.

Self Practice Problem

(3) |z – 3| < 1 and |z – 4i| > M then find the positive real value of M for which there exist at least
one complex number z satisfying both the equation.
1 1
(4) If z lies on circle |z| = 2, then show that 4 2

z  4z  3 3

Answers: (3) M  (0, 6)

Important results:

(i) arg z =  represnets points (non-zero) on ray

eminating from origin making an angle  with positive direction of real axis

(ii) arg (z – z1) =  represents points (z1) on ray eminating from z1 making an angle

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  with positive direction of real axis

 2
Example # 14: Solve for z, which satisfy Arg (z – 3 – 2i) = and Arg (z – 3 – 4i) = .
6 3
Solution: From the figure, it is clear that there is no z, which satisfy both ray

Example # 15: Sketch the region given by

(i) /2  Arg (z – 1 – i) /3 (ii) |z|  4 & Arg (z – i – 1) >/4
Solution:
/3
m

(i) /3
(ii)

Self Practice Problems

(5) Sketch the region given by

(i) |Arg (z – i – 2)| < /4 (ii) Arg (z + 1 – i) /6

(6) Consider the region |z – 4 – 3i|  3. Find the point in the region which has
(i) max |z| (ii) min |z|
(iii) max arg (z) (iv) min arg (z)

Answers: (14) (i) (ii)

32 24 8 6 28 96
(15) (i) i (ii) i (iii) i (iv) 4 + 0i
5 5 5 5 25 25

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 Exercise I

1. If z = x + iy is a complex number such that z = (a + ib)2 then

(i) find z , z
(ii) show that x2 + y2 = (a2 + b2)2

2. If z1 and z2 are conjugate to each other, then find arg (–z1z2).

z 1
3. If z ( – 1) is a complex number such that is purely imaginary, then find |z|
z 1

4
4. If |z – 2| = 2 |z – 1|, where z is a complex number, prove |z|2 = Re (z) using
3
(i) polar form of z, (ii) z = x + iy, (iii) modulus, conjugate properties

5. For any two complex numbers z1, z2 and any two real numbers a, b show that
|az1 – bz2|2 + |bz1 + az2|2 = (a2 + b2) (|z1|2 + |z2|2)

1  z1z2
6. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| < 1 < |z2| then prove that < 1.
z1  z 2

zw
7. If k > 0, |z| = |w| = k and  = , then find Re().
k 2  zw

zi
8. (i) If w = is purely real then find arg z.
zi
z  4i
(ii) If w = is purely imaginary then find |z + 3i|.
z  2i

9. If a = ei, b = ei, c = ei and cos  + cos  + cos = 0 = sin  + sin  + sin , then prove the following
(i) a+b+c=0 (ii) ab + bc + ca = 0
(iii) 2 2
a +b +c =0 2 (iv)   cos 2 = 0 =  sin 2

10. If |z – 1 + i| + |z + i| = 1 then find range of principle argument of z.

z 1
11. If |z| = 1 and  = (where z  –1), the Re() is
z 1
1 z 1 2
(A) 0 (B)  (C) . (D)
| z  1|2 z  1 | z  1|2 | z  1|2

(1  b  ia)
12. If a2 + b2 = 1, then =
(1  b  ia)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) b + ia (D) a + ib

13. If (2 + i)(2 + 2i) (2 + 3i) ...... (2 + ni) = x + iy, then the value of 5.8.13. .......(4 + n2)
(A) (x2 + y2) 
(B) x 2  y 2  (C) 2(x2 + y2) (D) (x + y)

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14. If z = x + iy satisfies amp (z – 1) = amp (z + 3) then the value of (x – 1) : y is equal to
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 3 (C) – 1 : 3 (D) does not exist

15. If z1 =  3 + 5 i; z2 =  5  3 i and z is a complex number lying on the line segment joining

z1 & z2, then arg(z) can be :
3   5
(A)  (B)  (C) (D)
4 4 6 6

16. If (1 + i)z = (1 – i) z then z is

t t
(A) t(1 – i), t  R (B) t (1 + i), t  R (C) , t  R+ (D) , t  R+
1 i 1 i

17. Let z and  be two non-zero complex numbers such that |z| = || and arg z =  – arg , then z equals
(A) (B) – (C)  (D) – 

z1 3 z1
18. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that = 2 and arg(z1z2) = , then is
z2 2 z2
equal to
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –2i (D) 2i

19. Number of complex numbers z such that |z| = 1 and | z / z  z / z | 1 is (arg(z)  [0, 2])
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) more than 8

20. If |z1| = |z2| and arg (z1/z2) = , then z1 + z2 is equal to

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 2

21. The number of solutions of the system of equations Re (z2) = 0, |z| = 2 is

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

22. If |z2 – 1| = |z2| + 1, then z lies on :

(A) the real axis (B) the imaginary axis (C) a circle (D) an ellipse

23. If |z – 2i| + |z – 2|  ||z| – |z – 2 – 2i||, then locus of z is

(A) circle (B) line segment (C) point (D) complete x-y plane

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 Answer Key
1. (i) (a – ib)2
2.  3. 1 4. |z – 2| = 2|z – 1| 7. 0

8. (i) ± (ii) 1
2
  
10. arg z   ,  
 2 4
11. A 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. D
16. A 17. D 18. D 19. C 20. C
21. A 22. B 23. D

Solution
1. z = x + iy = (a + ib)2 ; z  (a – ib)2  x – iy ; zz  x 2  y 2  (a2  b2 )2

2. z1 and z2 are conjugate to each other, i.e., z2 = z1 . Therefore,

arg (–z1z2) = arg (–z1 z1 ) = arg (–|z2|2) = arg (negative real number) = 
arg (–z1z2) = arg (–z1 z1 )
= arg (–|z2|2)
= arg (negative real number) = 

z –1 1  i
3. = i, real  z=  |z| = 1
z 1 1– i

4. |z – 2| = 2|z – 1|
(i) z = r(cos + i sin)
|r(cosq + i sin) – 2| = 2|r(cos + i sin) – 1|
(r cos – 2)2 + r2 sin2 = 4 [(r cos – 1)2 + r2 sin2]
r2 cos2 + 4 – 4r cos+ r2 sin2 = 4r2cos2 – 8 rcos + 4 + 4r2sin2
4 r cos = 3r2
4
(r cos) = r2
3
4
Re(z) = |z|2
3
(ii) |x + iy – 2| = 2|x + iy – 1|
(x – 2)2 + y2 = 4 [(x – 1)2 + y2)]
4x = 3(x2 + y2)
4
x = x2 + y2
3
4
Re(z) = |z|2
3
(iii) (z – 2) (z – 2)  4(z – 1)(z – 1)
zz  4 – 2[z  z)  4[zz  1– (z  z)]
3zz  2(z  z)
4
| z |2  Re(z)
3

5. |az1 – bz2|2 + |bz1 + az2|2

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 = (az1 – bz2) (az1 – bz2 ) + (bz1 + az2) (bz1  az2 ) ( a, b  R)
= a2 |z1|2 + b2|z2|2 + b2 |z1|2 + a2 |z1|2
= (a2 + b2) (|z1|2 + |z2|2)

1  z1z2
6. Let 1  |1 – z1 z2 | < |z2 – z1|
z1  z2
 (1 – z1 z2 ) (1 – z1z2 ) < (z2 – z1) ( z2  z1 )  1 + |z1|2 |z2|2 – |z1|2 – |z2|2 < 0
 (1 – |z1|2) + (|z1|2 – 1) |z2|2 < 0  (1 – |z1|2) (1 – |z2|2) < 0
which is true because of |z1| < 1 < |z2| .

zw zw
7. = 2
  =
k  zw zw  k 2
But z z = w w = k2. hence
k 2 k2

wz
  = z 2w 2 = = –   + = 0  Re() = 0
k k zw  k 2
k2 
z w

zi zi
8. (i)   zz  z i  iz  1 = zz  i z  iz  1  2i(z + z ) = 0  z + z = 0
z i z i

 z is purely imaginary  arg z = ±
2
z  4i z  4i
(ii)  0  |z|2 + 4 z i – 2iz + 8 + |z|2 – 4iz + 2i z + 8 = 0
z  2i z  2i
  z z + 3i z – 3iz + 8 = 0  (z + 3i)( z – 3i) = 1  |z + 3i| = 1

9. (i) a + b + c = cos + isin + cos + isin+ cos + isin

= (cos + cos + cos) + i (sin + sin + sin) = 0 + i 0 = 0
(ii)  a + b + c = 0  abc= 0
1 1 1
a b  ; c 
a b c
 1 1 1
L.H.S = abc     = abc (a  b  c) = abc (0) = 0
c a b

(iii) Squaring and using

(ii) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca ) = 0
(iv) by (iii)  e2i + e2i + e2i= 0
cos2 + isin2+ cos2 + isin2 + cos2 + isin2 = 0
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 0 and sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 0

  
10. Locus of z is line segment joining (0, –1) and (1, –1)  arg z   ,  
2 4  

(0, –1) (1, –1)

z –1
11. =  z +  = z – 1
z 1

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 1 
 ( – 1)z = – 1 –   z=
1– 
1 
Now | z | = 1  =1
1– 
 | – (– 1)| = | – 1|
  lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining – 1 and 1.
Thus,  lies on the imaginary axis.

1  b  ia 1  b  ia 1  b  ia 
12. Given that a2 + b2 = 1. Therefore, =
1  b  ia 1  b  ia 1  b  ia 
1  b 2  a2  2ia 1  b  = 1  a   2b  b  2ia 1  b = 2b2  2b  2ia 1  b 
2 2

= = b + ia
1  b2  2b  a2 2 1  b  2 1  b 

13. (2 + i) (2 + 2i) (2 + 3i) ..... (2 + ni) = x + iy  5.8.13......... (4 + n2) = (x2 + y2)

 z 1  z 1 
14. Amp   = 0 Im  z  3  = 0 y = 0, Hence (x – 1) : y =  (does not exist)
z3  

15.

1– i
16. z= z  z = – iz  x + iy = – y – ix  x=–y
1 i
So z = x – ix , x  R  x (1 – i) or t(1 – i), t  R.

17. We have, |z| = || and arg z =  – arg  

Let  = rei . Then z = rei( – )
 z = rei e–i= (re–i) (cos  + i sin ) =  (–1) = – 

–i 3
z1 re 1 i
18. = 1 i = 2e ( 1 2 ) i = 2e 2 = 2i
z2 r2 e 2

19. Let z = cos x + i sin x, x  [0, 2]. Then,

z z | z2  z 2 |
1=  = = |cos 2x + i sin 2x + cos 2x – i sin 2x| = 2|cos 2x|
z z | z |2
 cos 2x = ± 1/2
Now,
 5 7 11
cos 2x = 1/2  x1 = , x2 = , x3 = , x4 =
6 6 6 6
 2 4 5
cos 2x = – 1/2  x5 = , x6 = , x7 = , x8 =
3 3 3 3
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  z1 
20. We have, arg   =  arg (z1) – arg(z2) =   arg (z1) = arg(z2) + 
 z2 
 Let arg (z2) = . Then arg (z1) =  + .
z1=|z1| [cos ( + )+ i sin ( + )] = |z1|(–cos  – i sin )
and
z2 = |z2|(cos  + i sin ) = |z1|(cos  + i sin ) ( |z1| = |z2|) = –z1  z1 + z2 = 0

21. Re(z2) = 0
x2 – y2 = 0
x=y

Four solution

22. Given that, |z2 – 1| = |z|2 + 1  |z2 + (–1)| = |z2| + |–1|

It shows that the origin, –1 and z2 lies on a line and z2 and –1 lies on one side of the origin, therefore z2
is a negative number. Hence, z will be purely imaginary. So, we can say that z lies on y-axis.

23. Minimum value of LHS is distance between (0, 2) and (2, 0) which is equal to 2 2
Maximum value of RHS is distance between (0, 0) and (2, 2) which is 2 2
 locus at z is complete x-y plane

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