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Soham Dixit Operating System

This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including contiguous and non-contiguous allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory and challenges like fragmentation. It also provides examples of companies like Facebook facing memory issues and implementing solutions like reducing image sizes and caching optimizations.

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SOHAM DIXIT
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20 views

Soham Dixit Operating System

This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including contiguous and non-contiguous allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory and challenges like fragmentation. It also provides examples of companies like Facebook facing memory issues and implementing solutions like reducing image sizes and caching optimizations.

Uploaded by

SOHAM DIXIT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Case Study – Operating


System
BY : Soham Dixit (22BCS10135)
Memory Management in
Operating Systems
Memory management in operating systems is a critical function that involves
managing and coordinating computer memory. It is responsible for optimizing
the usage of physical memory, ensuring that processes have the required
memory space to execute efficiently and preventing memory leaks. The efficient
use of memory is essential for the overall performance, stability, and security of
an operating system.
Importance of Memory Management in
Operating Systems
Resource Optimization Prevention of System Security Enhancement
Crashes
Proper memory management Secure memory management
ensures that the limited Effective memory techniques help prevent
physical memory resources are management prevents system unauthorized access and
efficiently distributed among crashes due to memory protect sensitive data,
various processes, maximizing exhaustion or conflicts, enhancing the overall security
the system's overall ensuring the stability and posture of the system.
performance. reliability of the operating
system.
Memory Allocation Techniques
1 Contiguous Memory Allocation 2 Non-contiguous Memory
Allocation
This technique assigns contiguous
memory blocks to processes, allowing Utilizes non-contiguous memory
for efficient memory access. However, blocks, providing flexibility but
it can lead to fragmentation issues. requiring complex management to link
and access memory segments.

3 Heap Memory Allocation


Dynamic memory allocation via a heap, allowing processes to request and release
memory as needed, providing greater flexibility.
Paging
Definition Advantages Disadvantages
Paging involves dividing the Efficient use of physical Potential for internal
physical memory into fixed- memory, simplifying fragmentation and a need
sized blocks, known as memory management and for efficient page
pages, and logically dividing providing a faster access replacement algorithms to
processes into blocks of the time by eliminating external optimize overall
same size, known as pages. fragmentation. performance.
Segmentation
Segmentation is a memory management technique that divides the process address
space into variable-sized segments. The CPU generates logical addresses that are
references to these segments.

Advantages
1. No internal fragmentation
2. It is easier to relocate segments than entire address space.

Disadvantages
1. It can have external fragmentation.
2. It is difficult to allocate contiguous memory to variable sized partition.
Virtual Memory
Memory Address Translation
Virtual memory utilizes address translation to map logical addresses to physical
memory, effectively extending the available memory beyond the physical RAM.

Page Fault Handling


Optimizes memory usage by swapping data between RAM and secondary
storage, mitigating the impact of limited physical memory capacity.
Memory Fragmentation

Internal Fragmentation External Fragmentation


Occurs when memory allocated to a process is Results from scattered free memory blocks, making
larger than the requested memory, leading to it challenging to allocate contiguous memory for
wasted space and reduced memory utilization. large processes, ultimately reducing system
performance.
Challenges
One real company that faced memory management problems is Facebook. In the past,
Facebook's mobile app had issues with memory management, causing it to consume
excessive amounts of memory and drain device batteries.

Solution
To solve this, Facebook implemented various optimizations, such as reducing the size of image
files, implementing more efficient caching mechanisms, and optimizing the way data is stored
and retrieved, resulting in improved performance and reduced memory usage.
Conclusion

Memory Management is crucial for optimal system performance. It involves allocating and
deallocating memory preventing, and enabling processes to access the memory they need.
Various techniques like contiguous and non- contiguous allocation, as well as virtual memory,
are used. Challenges include security concerns and balancing performance with resource
consumption. Memory management continues with new techniques and technologies.

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