INDEX

DEBATE GUIDE
Chapter I - A General Introduction to Model United Nations
MUN
AMMUN
The Importance of MUN
Chapter II - Student Roles
The Leadership Team
Student Officers
Delegates
Admin Staff and Security
Chapter III - The forums of AMMUN
Chapter IV - General Rules
Scope
Language
Plagiarism
Note Passing
Clothing
Electronic Devices
Other
Chapter V - General Terms
Quorum
Roll Call
Yielding the floor
Open and Closed Debate
Subtopics
Resolutions
Debate time
Chapter VI - The Days of AMMUN
Chapter VII - Points and Motions
Points
Motions
Chapter VIII - Debate flow
DELEGATE GUIDE
Chapter IX – Structure
Lobbying and Merging
Opening Speeches
Debate in Standard Forums
Debate in Ad-Hoc forums
Chapter X – Debate Key
Amendments
Funding
The Plenary Session
Chapter XI – Preparation
Country Papers
Resolutions
The Heading
The Pre-ambulatory clauses
The Operative clauses
Chapter XII – Resolution Outline Example
DEBATE GUIDE
Chapter I - A General Introduction to Model United Nations:
MUN
Model United Nations (MUN) is an educational simulation of the United Nations. During an MUN conference, students
lobby and debate as representatives of a country or organization. They take on the role of delegates to provide
comprehensive solutions to real world problems in relation to their countries’ domestic and foreign policies. In turn, MUN
teaches students about politics, diplomacy, and international relations.

AMMUN
AMMUN is the Annual Amman Model United Nations conference hosted by the Amman Baccalaureate school in Amman,
Jordan. It is the only THIMUN- affiliated conference in the country. AMMUN is a three-day simulation of the United
Nations for students, which usually takes place at the end of November of each year. AMMUN attracts about 500
participants every year, hailing from local and international schools.

The Importance of MUN

MUN is an admired and effective platform that creates within individuals political and diplomatic consciousness from a
young age. It gives students the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of current world issues and develop the
skill set to analyze and solve such issues, including research, writing and critical thinking skills. MUN also allows students
to practice and enhance their public speaking, debate, teamwork, and leadership skills. By participating in MUN, students
become well-rounded and knowledgeable when it comes to countries, foreign policies, and organizations around the
world.
Chapter II - Student Roles

1. The Leadership Team

The leadership team consists of:

1. Secretary general
2. Deputy secretary generals
3. Heads of Training
4. Head Organizers
5. Rapporteurs

Generally, the secretariat may address any committee or act as Chair at any time. Decisions made by Secretariat members
are final and supersede any other ruling. Any rule may be altered, suspended, or added by any member of the Secretariat,
with the Secretary General’s approval, where appropriate.

2. Student Officers
Each forum is appointed a Chairing Panel, which consists of a President, Deputy president and 2 Chair’s. It is the duty
of these student officers to keep decorum and order in the forum. They are ultimately responsible for all members of the
forum and are placed in this position to facilitate debate flow.

After the Leadership team, the student officers are the final authority figures of each committee. A student officer’s
decisions are final and may only be overruled by members of the Leadership team. No member of the forum may question
the competence of the student officer. Only the Secretary General may remove a member of the Chairing Panel if
necessary.

A Student Officer’s duties include:

• Opening and adjourning each meeting, as well as conducting Roll Call at the beginning of each committee
session and after any relevant recess to determine the exact number of delegates present in the forum, moderate
absences, and keep control of attendance.
• Conducting voting procedures and recording the results.
• Moderating debate by assigning the right to speak, recognizing points and motions, announcing decisions,
introducing amendments, ruling on disputed points, and generally ensuring the observation of AMMUN rules of
procedure.
A Student Officer has the authority to:

• Extend or reduce debate time or speaking time where appropriate.

• Limit the number of points of information that the House can ask a speaker. Overrule points and motions
proposed by delegates.
• Suspend note passing if it disrupts debate proceedings.
• Issue warnings to disruptive delegates and suspend delegates with repeated offenses.
• Call on Delegates to speak.

3. Delegates
Delegates’ Duties:

• Act according to their country/organization’s stance.

• Respect other delegates, student officers, secretariat members, and administration staff.
• Having done research on their country/organization and their forum’s topics.
• Use formal and diplomatic language.
• Speak only when they have the floor and stand when they do so.
• Wear formal clothing, which includes a suit for male delegates, and a skirt or smart pants for female delegates.

Every delegate has the right to vote, submit resolutions, propose amendments, make points or motions, and be recognized
to speak by a student officer.

Delegates must follow a certain chain of command. If they are facing a problem, they must first tell their presiding chair.
If the chair sees it need fit, they will tell the president or deputy president, who will then tell the secretariat.

The Rights of Member States

Except in the ICJ, ICC and AP, each Member State shall be represented by one voting delegate on each committee.
Representatives of Member States have the right to submit resolutions, propose amendments and motions, and be
recognized by the Chair to speak.

The Rights of Observant Nations and Organizations

Representatives of Non-Member States, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and observers shall have the same
rights as representatives of Member States, namely the ability to submit resolutions, propose amendments and motions,
and be recognized by the Chair to speak, and they may also vote on substantive matters, i.e., resolutions and amendments.

4. Admin Staff and Security

Administrative Staff

The administration staff are members of the forum responsible for:

• Regulating and screening note passing between delegates.

• Passing notes or amendments from delegates to chairs.
• Counting votes.
• Escorting delegates outside the forum.
Security
Security is responsible to ensure that the conference runs smoothly with no misbehavior or misconduct.

Chapter III - The forums of AMMUN

AMMUN has 11 forums (also called committees):

• General Assembly (GA), which can be divided into 6 categories:

1. Disarmament & International Security

2. Economic and financial
3. Social, Humanitarian & Cultural
4. Special Political & Decolonization
5. Administrative & Budgetary
6. Legal

• The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

• The Security Council (SC)
• The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• The International Criminal Court (ICC)
• The Human Rights Council (HRC)
• The Advisory Panel (AP)
• The Disarmament Commission (DC)
• The Environment Commission (EC)
• The Arab League (AL)
• The Special Committee (SPC)

*The AMMUN debate guide will apply to all forums listed above except the court forums. For information about court
forums, refer to the Court Guide.
Chapter IV - General Rules
Scope
The AMMUN Rules of Procedure shall apply to all sessions of all committees of the Amman Model United Nations
conference when formal debate commences, unless otherwise stated by the Secretary General. These standard rules of
procedure will vary in the International Courts and the Arab League.

Language
The official language of the Amman Model United Nations Conference is English. Apart from greetings during opening
speeches, all documents and speeches presented during AMMUN must be strictly in formal English. The only exception is
the Arab League, whereas then all documents and speeches presented will be purely in the Arabic Language.

All delegates and chairs must refer to other delegates as “The Delegate” and to members of the chairing panel as “The
President / The Deputy President / The Chair.” This is because the students at an MUN conference do not represent
themselves, rather they are delegates for an entire country.

Plagiarism
“Plagiarism is when you copy an idea, words, or works of someone and present it as your own”. (Oxford dictionary)

At AMMUN, plagiarism is not accepted as delegates are expected to create unique approaches to various topics presented
in their forums. The only exception to that is for common clauses, which are usually placed at the beginning or end of a
resolution such as “Decides to remain actively seized in this matter”. Changing a few words or rephrasing it is still
considered plagiarism as the initial idea was plagiarized. Therefore, chairs must encourage delegates to think out of the
box and warn them that if a delegate is caught plagiarizing, they will be held responsible.

In the case of plagiarism, the chair must contact a member of the leadership team and a further investigation into this
matter will be taken.

Note Passing
Note passing can happen between delegates or between a delegate and the chairing panel. The administrative staff are
responsible for passing the notes with minimal noise.

Delegates are only allowed to pass notes within their forum, and only in English. They should refrain from sending
personal messages in the form of notes, and if note passing is being abused, the chair has the authority to suspend note
passing.

Clothing
Any item of clothing including cultural clothing, pins, and badges that advertise propaganda is prohibited.

Male attire should always include a suit and tie during session, and especially when a delegate takes the podium; such
garments MUST be worn.

Female attire should be appropriate; revealing clothing, short dresses/skirts, backless items of clothing, leggings are all
examples of what should not be worn during the conference.
The chair is never to check for appropriate clothing; a member of the leadership team should be contacted, and
appropriate measures will be taken after that.

Electronic Devices
The use of mobile phone, laptops, tablets, camera (etc.) during debate time is prohibited. Mobile phones should always
be switched off; the only exception is when contacting a supervisor or legal guardian. The use of laptops is not allowed
during debate sessions.

The chair is not allowed to confiscate personal belongings or badges; only a member of the leadership team is allowed to
do so. Therefore, if this is necessary then a leadership team member should be contacted.

Other
- Smoking is absolutely prohibited during the duration of the conference; any person caught smoking will suffer strict
consequences.

- Less economically developed countries should always be referred to as such or as “LEDCs” rather than ‘Third World”
to maintain respect and diplomacy.

- When adjourning debate, always calculate the time wasted when delegates are getting back to their seats and settling
in. Therefore, specify time shorter than would be necessary.

- Singing, joking around, clowning, rapping etc. are all prohibited in AMMUN and should not be tolerated by the team. If
such incidents occur, the chair must call them out of order immediately and ask delegate to maintain order.

- Eating and drinking (anything other than water) is out of order during session.

- Delegates should only raise their placards after the chair has instructed them to do so. Set a clear example from the
beginning as to not become too repetitive and annoying for the delegates.

Chapter V - General Terms

Quorum
For a resolution to be voted on, quorum must be reached.

The president of the forum must wait until two thirds (2/3) of the forum members are present to start debate or to proceed
with prior debate. For the president and the house to take any general decisions, quorum must be reached in the house.
The president or the chairs of the forum should always keep a Roll Call list next to them, to take attendance of the forum
and also to ensure that the delegates are present and if not, they would encourage them to attend and keep track of them.

Roll Call
A Roll Call must be taken by the members of the secretariat present in the forum before the first morning session and after
every coffee break or interval. Absent countries will then be noted off, and the president will pass it on to the DSG who
will contact their supervisors.
When the presiding student officer calls on a delegate in roll call, the delegate can answer either by saying “Present” or
“Present and voting,” which means that they will not be abstaining.

If a delegate is not present, they must let the student officer know once they enter late.

If any delegation were to leave the forum for specific purposes, they should send a note to the chair/president, stating
when and why they’re leaving for the staff to be aware of their absence during roll call.

At the end of each Roll Call, ask if there are any delegate countries that where not read, their names and allocations
should be added to the roll call for future sessions.
Yielding the floor
The floor is the level on the forum of which a member can be the main speaker. It can be yielded from a member to another
under the chair’s discretion, this includes the chair or another delegate. When the floor is yielded to another delegate, it
could only be yielded once consecutively.

The chair should hear to which delegation the floor is being yielded to and then the chair could rule rather than simply
overruling the request. They shouldn’t allow the floor to be yielded to a delegate who has spoken multiple times unless
they are a co/main submitter. If there is a double delegation, the chair shouldn’t allow the floor to be yielded to the co-
delegate.

Open and Closed Debate

Open debate refers to a set duration of time when delegates may speak either in favor of or against an amendment. Closed
debate in favor of an amendment refers to a set duration of time when only delegates wishing to support the amendment
on the resolution at hand may take the floor. Closed debate against a resolution refers to a set duration of time when only
delegates wishing to discourage voting on the amendment at hand may take the floor.

Determination of the type of debate and its duration is left to the Chairing Panel’s discretion.

The only time open or closed debate may happen in regard to the resolution as a whole is the initial speaker/main submitter
of the resolution is called upon, whereas they are required to speak for the resolution (closed debate).

Subtopics
Subtopics will be implemented into specific committees in which the main topics/issues will be split into two subtopics.
These subtopics will tackle and discuss different aspects and perspectives of the issues in a more specific manner. This
will give the delegates the chance to debate new ideas revolving around the topic, making debate flow more exciting.
Delegates have the opportunity to choose which subtopic they would like to work on for each topic, they will be required
to write resolution papers on these subtopics. The committees that have subtopics are:

- Environmental Commission - The Third General Assembly - Disarmament Committee

Resolutions
Resolutions are the main method the UN solves problems. A good resolution addressed the problem in the topic and
suggests solutions for it.

In AMMUN, you spend the first day of the conference (known as Lobbying and Merging) finding your allies and writing
resolutions with them. It is recommended you have a draft resolution prepared beforehand, that way you and your allies
have a foundation to work on.

Debate time
After reading out each resolution, the chair sets debate time. All resolutions have a specific time set for them without
disrupting the time set for other resolutions taking into considerations the amendments, points, and motions.

Chapter VI - The Days of AMMUN

• The first day of AMMUN is an opening dinner in which international students and ABS students are invited to.
The dinner is a chance for students to get to know each other before the conference and enjoy themselves before
debate.
• The second day of AMMUN is an excursion to a famous Jordanian historical or cultural location, such as Petra,
Wadi Rum, or Jerash.
• The third day of AMMUN is for Lobbying and Merging. Here delegates merge with their allies to write the
resolutions they’ll be using for the rest of the conference.
• The fourth and fifth day of AMMUN are the debate days, where the topics are debated and voted on.

Chapter VII - Points and Motions

AMMUN contains what are called points and motions. A delegate who doesn’t have the floor can only speak if he made a
point or motion. Delegates are expected to stand up when making a point or motion, and cannot interrupt a speaker with
one, except if it’s a point of personal privilege due to audibility.
Points
A point is a statement or question offered by the delegates addressing a certain topic. Points can be offered in the form of
a question of statement depending on the type of point. The type of point also determines who the point is directed to.

All points entertained at AMMUN may not interrupt a speaker except a point of personal privilege. All the other points
will be entertained at times that are not seen as disruptive to the flow of debate such as during the time that the floor is
being yielded by a delegate to the chair/or to another delegate.

All points cannot be seconded or objected to and can only be entertained at the chair’s discretion.

Delegates should wait for the chair to recognize and entertain their point in front of the whole forum rather than
immediately stating their points.

Point of Personal Privilege:

• A request that has something that has to do with the delegate personally. It may not refer to statements made or
debate content.
• May only interrupt the speaker if it is due to audibility.
• May not refer to statements made or discussion content.

Example: “It is cold, can the chair close the window?”

Point of Order:

• Refers to parliamentary errors that the chair made.

• May only refer to a recent error, otherwise can be overruled by the Chair.
• If the delegate uses this point to disrupt debate flow, the chair may rule it out of order. - Delegates must remain
standing while their point is entertained.

Example: “The chair did not ask the speaker if they wish to entertain points of information.”

Point of Information to the Speaker:

• A question or point directed to the speaker.

• Should be stated in the form of a question.
• It may only be addressed to the speaker on the floor after they have agreed to entertain such points.
• Follow-ups will be entertained in AMMUN.

Example: “Could the delegate elaborate on the third clause, please?”

Point of Information to the Chair:

• A question directed to the chair.

• Should not be used as a point of information to the chair.
• Can be directed to any member of the chairing panel.
• The chair should provide a brief reply and ensure it does not hinder debate flow.

Example: “Could the chair list all parties involved in the United States’ war against terror?”
Point of Parliamentary Enquiry:

• It is a point of information directed to the chair revolving around rules of procedure.

• It may not interrupt a speaker.
• Delegates are required to remain standing while their point is being entertained.

Example: “Could the chair please explain to the house what is meant by open debate?”

Delegates aren’t allowed to create their own points, and if they have a request that is not part of the main points, then
they should send it in the note paper through the Admin Staff, and the chair will deal with it accordingly.

Delegates often word points slightly differently, and in this case the chair should not overrule the point but should clarify
its correct term and then entertain it.

If the delegate refers to a public opinion, then public excuses/apologies will not be entertained. As an example, “Country
X is a dictatorship.”

Delegates that directly insult the person representing a delegation must apologize. Even If the point a delegate makes is
not a direct insult, the chair should ask the delegate to maintain a parliamentary tone while on the podium.

Only delegates who insult other delegates personally should apologize. The apology should not be done publicly on the
podium as it might cause unwanted commotion in the house. Instead, the chair should talk to the delegates privately or
ask that the delegate send a written apology.
Motions
A motion is a proposal for a specific purpose relating to debate. The proposal can be offered by any delegate in the forum
for a specific purpose. Motions are not allowed to interrupt a speaker. Depending on the type of motion, seconds and
objections are required. A second correlates to the fact the delegate calling the second agrees with the motion. An
objection correlates to the fact that the delegate objecting disagrees with the motion.

Motion to move to the previous question:

• Calls for the house to commence with vote procedure regarding the resolution or amendment at hand.
• May not interrupt a speaker.
• Maybe overruled or entertained by the chair.
• Maybe overruled by the chair due to time constraints.
• It requires a second, though the chair is required to ask for objections and entertain a justification of the
objection from the delegate.

Motion to adjourn debate:

• Calls for the temporary tabling of a resolution.

• The submitter of this motion will be required to justify, making a speech on why they would like to put aside the
resolution.
• The chair will entertain two speakers in favor of the motion followed by two against, though it is under the
discretion of the chair to limit the number of speakers.
• The forum will put the motion to vote, majority passes the motion and tied results mean that the motion has
failed.
• If the forum passes the motion, debate on the resolution will come to an immediate end though can be restarted
by any member of the forum as long as a 2/3rd majority of the forum support it.
• It can be re discussed only after debate on all other resolutions has ceased.
• If motion fails debate will continue.

Motion to Reconsider a Resolution:

• Calls for the re debate and re vote of a resolution that has been previously discussed.
• This will be entertained after all the other resolutions have been debated and voted on.
• Requires a 2/3 majority.
• Only necessary if no other resolution on the topic is present.
• Not debatable.

Motion to Withdraw a Resolution:

• Can be called at any time prior to voting.

• Can only commence if all submitters and co submitters have come to a mutual unanimous agreement.
• Can be questioned or objected to by any member of the forum.

Motion to extend debate time:

• Entertained at the discretion of the chair, it is not debatable.

 • Requires a second, if proposed by any member of the forum.
• Requires simple majority to be entertained unless automatically overruled by the chair.

Motion to extend points of information:

• Entertained at the discretion of the chair and can be overruled if the chair sees it will affect the flow of debate
or due to time constraints.
• Seconds and objections will also be entertained to the motion.
• Motion cannot interrupt a speaker.

Right to Reply (ONLY ENTERTAINED IN THE SECURITY COUNCIL):

• Only in order and entertained after speeches.

• Cannot interrupt a speaker.
• Only can be used when a delegation is directly mentioned in a speech.
• After a delegate concludes their speech, the reply can be entertained.
• Can be used to clarify statistics or facts related to your delegation.
• Is used to make a statement on your delegation’s behalf regarding foreign policies or any misconceptions made
in another delegation’s speech.
• There is no right to reply to the second degree; delegations cannot raise a right to reply on the original reply.
• Does not call for active debate and cannot lead to wars in the security council.
• Does not require a second or objection and is entertained at the chair’s discretion.
Chapter VIII - Debate Flow
DELEGATE GUIDE
Chapter IX – Structure
Lobbying and Merging
On the first day of AMMUN, the forum allows delegates to hold informal meetings between themselves. During this time,
delegates are expected to:

- Form groups with allied delegates or delegates with a similar stance.

- Merge previously written resolution drafts.
- Decide on a main submitter to read the resolution.
- Discuss any disagreements in the resolution before submitting them.
- -Ensure that all delegates are involved in the making of the resolution.

As for chairs, they get to gain respect from delegates for the following conference days. In order to enjoy productive
debate during lobbying, a chair must:

- Be attentive to everything going on in the different lobbying groups.

- Answer all questions by delegates.
- Help delegates in whatever way possible.
- Check for plagiarism.
- Ensure that delegates are following the correct structure to writing their resolutions.
- Acting as mediators between the delegates.
- Prioritize between strong and weak clauses/resolutions.
- Propose better wording for clauses.
- Read every circulating resolution and suggest improvements.
- Make sure that any abbreviation written at first is in full, (e.g., “United Nations” or “Higher Commissioner for
Refugees” at first, then “UNHCR”)
- Make sure there are enough co-submitters signed onto the resolution before
- Passing it on to the approval panel. The number of co-submitters is based on the chair’s discretion.
- Take the time to sit with delegates and groups individually.

*The chair is never allowed to tell the delegates all of the information he/she has, as that would be considered cheating
in the eyes of other delegates. The chair should only be suggesting ideas and improvements to the delegates rather than
doing the work for them*

Opening Speeches
On the second day of the conference, before debate starts, each delegate will make an opening speech, which is a short
one to two-minute speech where the delegates introduce themselves, their stance, and what they hope to achieve by the
end of the conference.

Debate in Standard Forums

- At the start of the session, the chairing panel will state the agenda. Each topic will have an expert chair, who
will be moderating the debate for the session.
- Each debate must start with the chairing panel calling on the main submitter of a resolution to read it out.
- After the main submitter reads it out, the chairing panel designates time for debate, and opens the floor to the
main submitter.
 - The main submitter makes a short speech where they urge the other delegates to vote for their resolution.
- When the main submitter finishes, the presiding student officer asks if he/she is open to any points of information.
- If the main submitter is open to points of information, the chair will then ask if there are any points in the house,
and delegates may raise their plaque cards if they have points to raise.
- The student officer will then create an asking order for the delegates, and one by one each delegate may ask
their point.
- When points of information are over, a delegate can either make a motion to extend points of information, or
the main submitter can yield the floor back to the chair or to another delegate.
- If there is still time remaining, the presiding student officer may ask if there are any delegates wishing to make
a speech for or against the resolution. If there are, this process is repeated.

Voting Procedure in standard forums (known as previous question)

- In standard forums, every delegate has one vote on resolutions, amendments, and motions.
- In voting procedure, note passing is suspended, and no delegates are allowed to enter or exit the room.
- First, the student officer will ask for votes with, then votes against, then abstentions if they are in order.
- If the resolution passes, clapping is in order, and if it fails, clapping is not in order.

Voting Procedure in the Security Council

- The security council contains 5 nations known as the permanent five (P5). They are China, France, Russia, the
UK, and the USA. The P5 countries are in every security council forum, regardless of the topic.
- P5 countries have the right to veto any resolution, which means if a resolution passed by simple majority, a P5
nation can choose to automatically fail it.
- Due to the destructiveness of the veto, a veto is usually only entertained at the chair’s discretion.

Debate in Ad-Hoc forums

Debate in the Advisory Panel will follow the ‘Ad Hoc’ format. Ad Hoc is impromptu debate. Delegates in the
Advisory Panel do not discuss resolutions on a variety of topics, as they do in most other forums.

Instead, they build up a single comprehensive Action Plan that tackles one specific topic. An Action Plan is a
much more detailed document than a resolution, providing practical solutions to a problem rather than simple
general recommendations.

The Action Plan is written from scratch during the actual debate as follows:

- Delegates wishing to contribute points to the action plan should write them out and submit them to the chair.
- The chair asks if any speakers are willing to take the floor, and delegates who have submitted ideas raise their
placards.
- The chair chooses a speaker. The speaker reads out his/her proposal and the other delegates write it down. The
chair sets a time limit for debate on the proposal. All debate in the advisory panel is open debate.
- Debate on the proposal now commences, following the same structure as debate on amendments in the general
assemblies, ECOSOC or the security council. Once set debate time on the point elapses, normal voting procedure
takes place. This process continues over the course of 3 days, because an action plan is obviously much longer
and so requiring much more time than a resolution.
- Once the president feels that the action plan covers the topic adequately, it is printed out and handed to the
delegates.
- A short length of time is allocated to debating the action plan as a whole. Delegates may amend parts of it or
strike out certain aspects.
 - No voting takes place on action plans. The aim of the advisory panel is to produce one unified coherent action
plan by the end of the conference rather than debating and producing several resolutions. The finished action
plan will be presented to the security council who will in turn decide whether to pass or fail it.

On the last day of the conference, the advisory panel will present its finished action plan before the members of the security
council. The delegates of the security council will in turn review the action plans and cast a vote to either pass or fail
them. The verdict will be announced during closing ceremonies.
Chapter X – Debate Key
Amendments
An amendment of the first degree is a proposed change to a resolution. It can be to edit a clause, add a clause, or even
remove a clause entirely. An amendment is usually proposed if a delegate believes a resolution is good but needs a small
change before they can confidently vote for it. Once an amendment passes, it cannot be amended again.

During the debate for an amendment, a delegate can also submit an amendment of the second degree. This means the
delegate wants to change the amendment slightly in the same way an amendment changes a resolution. Amendments of
the third degree are not entertained in AMMUN.

Funding
Funding usually creates confusion between delegates; therefore, delegates should assume that the UN and other parties
have unlimited funding and will find necessary amounts to fund what the resolution calls for.

No resolution should include the amount of funding needed, nor the names of where such resources will come from. (e.g.:
“Asks the IMF to fund afore mentioned call for action” or “Asks the IMF to fund $12,457,328 out of developing nations
fund...”)

Emphasis on funding should be evident only in ECOSOC, where the economic aspect should be taken into consideration
when tackling a topic. However, specifics and unending debate on funding should be immediately stopped by the chair in
any other forum.

The Plenary Session

The plenary session is a meeting of the General Assembly, where proposals passed in each of the subordinate General
Assembly committees are discussed and put to a vote. The plenary session is run by the President of the General Assembly,
who will declare a meeting open and permit the debate to proceed when at least one third of the members of the General
Assembly are present. The presence of a two third majority of the members shall be required for any decision to be taken.
The President of the General Assembly shall run proceedings according to the conferences standard Rules of Procedure.

During the plenary session, amendments to the suggested proposal shall not be permitted and each member of the General
Assembly shall be permitted only one vote: for, against or in abstention to the proposal at hand.

The General Assembly shall not, unless it decides otherwise, make a final decision upon any item on the agenda until it
has received the report of a committee on that item.

Chairs of the subordinate General Assembly committees are to direct their respective committees to the General Assembly
at the beginning of the session and shall assist the President of the General Assembly handle all administrative duties.

Chapter XI – Preparation
In general, it is recommended for delegates to study the UN and the countries that form it before the conference, however
there are a few common mistakes that delegates face throughout this process, but there are a few suggested guidelines
that can make it much simpler, and allow them to avoid said mistakes, which can be seen in the following table.

Focus On Avoid
Knowing your country’s view on the problem Using redundant or irrelevant information
 Identifying your allies Focusing only on your country and not your allies
Knowing the history of the topic Memorizing dates and names

Pinpointing the root causes of the issue Using inaccurate information

Incorporating previous UN resolutions Plagiarizing

Familiarizing yourself with official UN documents Using the same sources
Overviewing all aspects of the topic Being too specific
Confusing peaceful and violent powers, such as
Identifying your country’s weapons and power
nuclear generators VS. weapons

Country Papers
A country paper is a document where a delegate can fill out all the basic information for their country, including
geographic, political, and economic facts that may be useful in the conference.

In general, a delegates country paper should have: -

- Basic Information: The capital, location, languages, and demonyms, etc.
- Political Information: The form of government, the head of state, the ruling parties, etc.
- Geographic Information: The neighbors, land area, bodies of water, etc.
- Social Information: Poverty and literacy rates major religions, major ethnic groups, etc.
- Economic Information: GDP, exports, and imports, HDI, unemployment, etc.
- Military Information: nuclear weapons, recent wars, alliances, etc.
- UN-related Information: The year you joined, and forums you’re permanent in, etc.
- Topic-related information: Your country’s stance, any major involvement, etc.

Resolutions
Resolutions are divided into 3 parts, the heading, the pre-ambulatory clauses, and the operative clauses.

The Heading

The heading is where the basic information of the resolution is, it should contain the forum (the full name, not the
abbreviation), the topic, the main submitter, and the co-submitters.

What separates the main submitter from the co-submitters is that although they both wrote the resolution, the main
submitter is the delegate who will stand up, take the floor, and read the resolution out loud, then make a speech defending
it.

The information should be formatted this way:

FORUM:

QUESTION OF:

MAIN SUBMITTER:
CO-SUBMITTERS:

(THE FORUM NAME AGAIN),

The Pre-ambulatory clauses

The pre-ambulatory clauses (shortened to pre-amp) describe what the issue is and give facts towards the issue at hand.
They explain what the past and current situation is and state facts about the issue. You'll find during the Lobbying stage,
that for delegates who haven't researched that specific issue as their focused one, they are more likely to sign onto your
topic if you've addressed and explained the situation of that issue well and have accurate facts about it.

Every pre-ambulatory clause should start with a pre-ambulatory phrase, which is a strong verb in the present tense, from
the perspective of the delegate. The phrases should be underlined and then followed by the rest of the pre-amp.

Recognizing the need for action...

Expressing concern of how…

Noting with concern how countries have…

The Operative clauses

The operative clauses form the main part of the resolution and is where delegates propose the solution to the issue at
hand. The operative clauses are the most essential part of a resolution. Strong operative clauses lead to more delegates
voting in favor of your resolution.

Please note that successful and strong operative clauses not only explain what can be done, but give possible sub-clauses
on how it could be achieved, such as including (How? When? Where? Who?)

Every operative clause should start with an operative phrase, which is a strong verb that tells the UN and the other
delegates what to do if the resolution passes. The phrases should be underlined and then followed by the rest of the
operative clause.

1. Urges the use of...

2. Calls for the nations to...
3. Invites the leader of...
4. Requests the making of

The operative clauses should be a general solution to the problem. If the delegate wants to go into more detail, they can
make a sub-clause. To go from a clause to a subclause, use the colon (:). To go from a subclause to another subclause,
use the comma (,). To go from a subclause back to a clause, use the semicolon (;).
Chapter XII – Short Resolution Example

FORUM: The Human Rights Council

QUESTION OF: The Impact of the Russian Ukrainian Crisis On the Ukrainian Citizens’ Human Rights

MAIN SUBMITTER: United States

CO-SUBMITTERS: France, Germany, Croatia

The Human Rights Council,

Acknowledging that as of early 2023, more than 2,700 schools and other education institutions have been damaged,

Bearing in mind that over 14 million Ukrainians have been forced to flee their homes,

1. Suggests holding talks where:

a. Commodities being sanctioned against Russia can be agreed upon, such as but not limited to:
i. Arsenal and Weaponry,
ii. Crude oil,
b. All members of the alliance ensure the lifting of the embargo and notify the republic of the lapsed time
of the embargo;
2. Calls for the implementation of new laws and conditions.

Notes:

- A full stop is only used for the last sentence in the last clause of the resolution. Full stops are NOT used during
the resolution.
- Delegates should have:
o An ii. if they have an i.
o A b) if they have an a)
o A 2. if they have a 1.