iRIC Software

Changing River Science

Mflow_02
Solver Manual

Produced by Mineyuki Gamou

Last Update:2014.07.07
Release Date: 2014.07.10
Copyright 2011 iRIC Project All Right Reserved.
Contents

Ⅰ．Introduction ................................................................................................. 3

Ⅰ.1 What is Mflow_02? ............................................................................................................ 3

Ⅰ.2 Characteristics of flow field calculation model ................................................................ 4
Ⅰ.3 Characteristics of the model which calculates sediment transport and riverbed
variation .............................................................................................................................. 4
Ⅰ.4 Other characteristics ......................................................................................................... 5

Ⅱ．Basic knowledge of finite element mesh ..................................................... 5

Ⅱ.1 Triangular linear element ................................................................................................ 5

Ⅱ.2 Examples to create finite element meshes ...................................................................... 6

Ⅲ．Basic equation ............................................................................................. 7

Ⅲ．1 Basic equations of flow ................................................................................................... 7

Ⅲ．2 Discretization of basic equations ................................................................................... 8
Ⅲ．3 Calculation of turbulence field ..................................................................................... 10
Ⅲ．3.1 Direct input of kinematic eddy viscosity .............................................................. 10
Ⅲ．3.2 Zero equation model ................................................................................................ 10
Ⅲ．3.3 Simple k-ε model ......................................................................................................11
Ⅲ．4 Calculation of bottom friction .......................................................................................11
Ⅲ．5 Calculation of vegetation resistance ........................................................................... 12
Ⅲ．6 Calculation of wind effect on water surface ................................................................ 12
Ⅲ．7 Basic equations of sediment transport.......................................................................... 12
Ⅲ．7.1 Dimensionless shear stress .................................................................................. 13
Ⅲ．7.2 Bed load ................................................................................................................. 13
Ⅲ．7.3 Calculation of flow velocity near riverbed ........................................................... 14
Ⅲ．7.4 Calculation of velocity of buoyancy of suspended sediment ............................... 15
Ⅲ．7.5 Calculation of referential concentration of suspended sediment ....................... 15
Ⅲ．7.6 Transport equations of suspended sediment ......................................................... 16
Ⅲ．7.7 Continuity equation of sediment transport ......................................................... 16
Ⅲ．8 Mixed grain diameter model ........................................................................................ 17

Ⅳ．How to create grids and set up ground elevation ..................................... 19

Ⅳ.1 How to create grid data .................................................................................................. 19

Ⅳ.1.1 How to create grids by grid generation function of iRIC ....................................... 19
Ⅳ.1.2 How to import created grid data into iRIC ............................................................ 32
Ⅳ.2 Setting up of ground elevation ....................................................................................... 35
Ⅳ.2.1 Using of ground elevation data file ......................................................................... 35
Ⅳ.2.2 Inserting of ground elevation from river survey data ........................................... 38

Ⅴ．Calculation condition .................................................................................. 43

Ⅴ.1 Setting up of data name and calculation condition ....................................................... 43

Ⅴ.2 Time ................................................................................................................................. 44

1
 Ⅴ.3 Setting up of turbulence model ...................................................................................... 45
Ⅴ.4 Setting up of initial conditions ....................................................................................... 46
Ⅴ.4.1 How to load data from file ....................................................................................... 47
Ⅴ.4.2 How to set up from river survey data ..................................................................... 49
Ⅴ.5 Setting up of file control ................................................................................................. 51
Ⅴ.5.1 Example of output external file .............................................................................. 55
Ⅴ.5.2 Example and format of output external dump file ................................................ 56
Ⅴ.6 Setting up of vegetation and wind ................................................................................. 59
Ⅴ.7 Setting up of dike breach condition(restart only) ......................................................... 61
Ⅴ.8 Setting up riverbed variation calculation ...................................................................... 62
Ⅴ.9 Setting up of grain size distribution .............................................................................. 65
Ⅴ.9.1 How to set up grain distribution ............................................................................. 67
Ⅴ.9.2 How to set up the percentage of passing for sediment and grain diameter
distribution ................................................................................................................. 67
Ⅴ.9.3 Tips for setting of grain size distribution ............................................................... 70

Ⅵ．Geographical information ......................................................................... 71

Ⅵ.1 How to set up geographical information ........................................................................ 71

Ⅵ.1.1 How to load from file ................................................................................................ 71
Ⅵ.1.2 How to specify polygon area .................................................................................... 72
Ⅵ.2 How to describe and setup each item of geographic information ................................. 73
Ⅵ.2.1 How to describe and setup each item of geographic information ......................... 73
Ⅵ.2.2 Image of geographical information ......................................................................... 77

Ⅶ．Boundary conditions ................................................................................. 78

Ⅶ.1 Notice to set up boundary conditions ............................................................................. 78

Ⅶ.2 Boundary conditions available for setup ....................................................................... 80
Ⅶ.2.1 Boundary conditions of flow calculation ................................................................. 81
Ⅶ.2.2 Boundary condition of bed load ............................................................................... 86
Ⅶ.2.3 Boundary condition of suspended sediment ........................................................... 87
Ⅶ.3 How to set up boundary conditions ................................................................................ 89

Ⅷ．Remarks .................................................................................................... 91

Ⅸ．In the end .................................................................................................. 92

2
Ⅰ．Introduction

Ⅰ.1 What is Mflow_02?

Mflow_02 is an analysis solver to calculate two-dimensional plane unsteady flow and

riverbed variation by unstructured meshes of finite element method in orthogonal
coordinate system (Cartesian coordinate system). The original version of Mflow_02
was based on program1) developed in late 1980s by G. Tomitokoro of Shinshu
University. Thereafter, M. Gamou (former staff of Pacific Consultants Co. Ltd, current
Gamou Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd. (G.I.T.)), K. Hamaguchi and M.
Ichiyama(Pacific Consultants Co. Ltd) led the core work to expand and develop the
model, firstly added some functions like moving boundary model and riverbed
variation calculation, etc.. It has been registered as a calculation solver for iRIC
Version2.3 in (July) 2014.

By applying the characteristic of unstructionedl meshes, this model can calculate

unsteady flow in the area including structures like pier, weir, etc., or to calculate
flooding of complicated area, like floodplain area and the river channel network with
many distributaries and confluences,. In addition, it’s possible to reproduce the
calculation of riverbed variation and the appearance, development and movement of
sandbar. There are a number of practical applications, like the application for impact
assessment of piers, etc., impact assessment of vegetation and trees, flooding
calculation and estuary sandbar flush.

1) Goro Tomidokoro, Masao Araki and Hiroshi Yoshida : Three-Dimensional Analysis of Open Cha
nnel Flows, Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol.29,pp. 727-732,1985.

3
Ⅰ.2 Characteristics of flow field calculation model

① The coordinate system is orthogonal coordinate system (Cartesian coordinate

system)
② The model can reproduce exactly the structure shape of complicated landform,
pier and training wall etc. as well as estuary area, distributaries, confluences and
flooding area by application of unstructured meshes (linear triangular element).
③ It’s possible to model and integrally calculate the fields which include not only
the river area containing distributaries and confluences, but also sea area and
inundation area.
④ It applies Galerkin finite element method, which is a kind of weighted residual
method to discretize continuity equation and motion equation.
⑤ It’s possible to choose the turbulence model from zero equation model, simple k-ε
model and direct input of kinematic eddy viscosity.
⑥ Regarding open boundary conditions (upstream and downstream boundary, etc.),
it’s possible to set up various of conditions, such as: time series of water level, time
series of flow discharge, water level-discharge corresponding formula (HQ) and
tidal cycle, etc.
⑦ The initial water surface profile and initial water level can be set by the slope
due to constant or polygonal line from each open boundary where outflow is
specified.
⑧ The bottom friction is to set up using Manning roughness coefficient. The
Manning roughness coefficient can set for each element (cell), consequently to
provide spatial distribution.
⑨ Regarding the impact of vegetation to flow, you can select from the methods to
specify plant overgrowth area ratio, permeability coefficient of plant, and to
specify vegetation height. Moreover, in each method, it’s possible to set for each
element (cell) and to provide spatial distribution.
⑩ It is available to consider effect of wind on water surface.

Ⅰ.3 Characteristics of the model which calculates sediment transport and

riverbed variation

① It’s possible to select only calculation of flow regime, as well as calculation of

riverbed variation in conjunction with flow regime calculation.
② Two sorts of sediment load can be selected: only bed load, and bed load plus
suspended sediment.
③ Riverbed material can be selected from uniform grain diameter and mixed grain
diameter. If mixed grain diameter is selected, the variation of grain distribution
can be assumed for deeper direction and multi layers.
④ The scour limit of riverbed can be set by scour depth and scour height.

4
 Ⅰ.4 Other characteristics

① Hot start (calculation continues from the final step of previous run outputs) is
available.
② Result of calculation can be output to editable text file, unedited result can be
output to dump file.

Ⅱ．Basic knowledge of finite element mesh

This is an instruction about mesh data used in finite element method, to users who are
not familiar with finite element method. In finite element method, mesh is called as
element, vertex is called as node. Finite element method uses triangle or quadrilateral
element mainly. In addition, there are various element shapes such as a method of
providing a node in the middle of the side. The combination of different shape, like
triangle and quadrilateral, is also available. However, solver programs also become
more complicated as element shapes become complicated. From the purpose to
reproduce the complicated geographical feature and structures, Mflow_02 adopts the
most basic triangular linear element with an emphasis on diversity of element shapes.

Ⅱ.1 Triangular linear element

Triangular linear element is shown in Figure II-1 and Figure II-2 (spatial triangular
prism finite element). Values of coordinate are specified according to nodes. For the
elements, number of nodes (i, j, k in Figure Ⅱ-1) which forms element are set up in
counterclockwise rotation. The finite element mesh data format which is available to
be imported in iRIC is described in chapter “IV. How to create meshes and set up
ground elevation”.

z y
element i,j,j are
k in x,y plane
k
i
j
x

h
i j

Figure Ⅱ-1 Triangular linear element Figure Ⅱ-2 Triangular prism finite element

5
Ⅱ.2 Examples to create finite element meshes

FigureⅡ-3 shows the example to create mesh data using triangular linear element.
This case is a project to replace bridge piers. The detailed shape of current piers and
temporary piers can be reproduced. This case can be said a big advantage of
unstructured mesh.

Figure Ⅱ-3 Example of mesh data creation

6
Ⅲ ． Basic equations

Ⅲ．1 Basic equations of flow

Continuity equation and momentum equations of the flow are shown as
below:

・ Continuity equation

0 1

・momentum equations

τ τ τ
2 ν ν ν 2
ρ ρ ρ

τ τ τ
ν ν 2 ν 3
ρ ρ ρ

where,
τｘ τ
C C 4
ρ ρ
τｘ τ
C C 5
ρ ρ

Here are,
： Time
, ： Flow velocity component of , direction
： Gravity acceleration
： Depth
： Water level (depth+ground elevation: h + z0)
： Coriolis parameter
ν ,ν ,ν , ν ： Kinematic eddy viscosity
τ ,τ ： Bottom shear stress component of , direction
τ ,τ ： Vegetation shear stress component of , direction
τ ： shear stress on water surface
C ： riverbed friction coefficient
C ： coefficient of vegetation resistance
ρ ： water density

7
Ⅲ．2 Discretization of basic equations

The basic equations (1) ～ (3) are discretized in space variable due to
Galerkin finite element method, a kind of weighted residual method. The
definition is shown as below, using linear triangular prism element as shape
1)
function.

(6)

Here, i, j, k are the vertexes of triangular element, は

(7)

/2 i ,j ,k 1 ,2 ,3 (8)

/2

（ s is the area of triangular ijk ）

By substituting the shape function defined in equation (6) into equations (1)~(3),
multiply as weight function, and integrate in the definition domain of weight
function.

0 9

8
 2ν ν ν

2ν ν ν

τ τ τ
10
ρ ρ ρ

ν ν 2ν

ν ν 2ν

τ τ τ
11
ρ ρ ρ

i i ,j ,k j i ,j ,k k i ,j ,k l i ,j ,k
： The edge length of triangle element,
, ： , components of unit normal vector which
create the boundary of triangular element

9
 It’s better to consider the boundaries only, in order to cancel all the terms, in
cluding , inside triangular elements.
In addition, each factor can be easily calculated by the formula as below.

! ! !
2 12
2 !

! !
2 13
1 !

Ⅲ．3 Calculation of turbulence field

Turbulence is the flow with large and small eddies. In Mflow_02, "zero equation
model", "simple k-ε model" and "direct input kinematic eddy viscosity" can be chosen
as calculation method of turbulence field.

Ⅲ ． 3.1 Direct input of kinematic eddy viscosity

The kinematic eddy viscosity ν is a kind of apparent kinematic viscosity

coefficient in turbulence. The values of ν , ν , ν in equations (2) and
(3) are directly specified if kinematic eddy viscosity is directly input. It’s
also possible to change each element (cell) in specified space.

Ⅲ．3.2 Zero equation model

The kinematic eddy viscosity ν can be expressed by the product of representative

velocity ν and representative length of turbulence in general.

ν ν 14

In the flow field where water depth and roughness change gradually in the
river-cross sectional direction, the kinematic eddy viscosity in horizontal and vertical
direction is assumed to be in the same order; mainly considering the momentum
transport stipulated by bottom friction velocity u∗ and water depth, kinematic eddy
viscosity ν can be expressed as below:

⁄ ⁄
∗ n g 15

ν a ∗ h a ： proportional constant 16

10
 2) 3)
According to the test of Fisher and Webel・ Schatzmann , because the
value related to vertical momentum transport is around 0.07, the kinematic
eddy viscosity is expressed using von Kármán coefficient 0.41 as below:

ν ∗ h 17
6
This modeling is called zero equation model for turbulence statistic
without transport equation.

Ⅲ．3.3 Simple k-ε model

The kinematic eddy viscosity of standard model is shown as below:

ν C 18
C ： constant（ 0 . 0 9 ）
： turbulent energy
： energy dissipation rate

Here is the empirical rule of turbulent energy κ , proposed by Nezu

＆ Nakagawa 4) ,

4.78 2 19
∗

It can be evaluated in the following equation which can be calculated by

water depth integration.

2.07 ∗ 20

Energy dissipation rate can be evaluated in the equation below 5) :

/
C C : constant 0.17 21

Thus, the kinematic eddy viscosity ν can be calculated without solving the
transport equation of energy dissipation rate and turbulent energy .

Ⅲ．4 Calculation of bottom friction

In Mflow_02, the bottom friction can be set using Manning’s roughness coefficient ｎ.
The following equation expresses the riverbed friction coefficient in equation (4).

C ⁄
22

The Manning’s roughness coefficient ｎ is possible to be changed in the space

specified by each element (cell).

11
Ⅲ．5 Calculation of vegetation resistance

In Mflow_02, it’s possible to select vegetation resistance from two methods: one
method uses Ct of equation (5), drag coefficient Cd and vegetation density λ; the other
method uses vegetation permeability coefficient K and vegetation height h . It’s also
possible to change in the space specified by each element (cell).

6)
① The method uses drag coefficient and vegetation density :
1
C C λh 23
2
② The method uses vegetation permeability coefficient and vegetation height:7)
1
C g h h max water depth, vegetation height） 24

Ⅲ．6 Calculation of wind effect on water surface

The shear stress of wind on water surface can be evaluated by following

equation empirically based on the wind speed at approx.10m above water
surface.
ρ
τ C | 25
ρ
ρ ： air density
C ： drag coefficient of wind
| ： wind speed at 10m above water surface

Moreover, as for the drag coefficient C, it’s set as follows separately by wind speed.
1.5 ∗ 10
1.0 ≧ |
|
1.0 | 15.0 | ∗ 0.6 ∗ 10 26
| ≧ 15.0 3.12 ∗ 10

Ⅲ．7 Basic equations of sediment transport

In Mflow_02, 2 kinds of sediment can be selected to calculate riverbed variation: “only

bed load” and “bed load + suspended sediment”. Moreover, “uniform grain diameter”
and “mixed grain diameter” can be selected as for riverbed material.

12
Ⅲ．7.1 Dimensionless shear stress

Dimensionless shear stress can be defined in the following equation, by

non-dimensional riverbed shear stress which is used in the calculation of
sediment discharge.
∗
∗ 27
： submerged specific gravity of sediment
： grain diameter of river bed material

Ⅲ．7.2 Bed load

The total bed load of depth-averaged flow velocity qb can be calculated from
8)
Meyer-Perer-Muller formula, Ashida-Michiue formula and Engrlund-Hansen
formula.

① Meyer-Peter-Muller formula

⁄
q 8 1 ∗ ∗ 28

： grain diameter
： water density
： gravel density
∗ ： non-dimensional tractive force
9)
∗ ： Critical tractive force (calculated by Iwagaki formula )
∗ ： Calculated by Kishi and Kuroki in the formula below:
： Vertical average flow velocity in the flow direction

⁄ ⁄
∗
7.66 500
2 ∗ 2
⁄
29
u∗ ⁄
∗
11.59 ≧ 500
2 ∗ 2

② Ashida-Michiue formula

⁄ ∗ ∗
q 17 1 ∗ 1 1 30
∗ ∗

∗ ： critical shear velocity

③ Engrlund - Hansen formula

∗
f 2.0 31
⁄
∗
q 0.1 1 32

13
 Total sediment discharge set by the formulas above converts to normal direction
(n) and tangential direction (s) of streamline, in consideration for the effect of
secondary flow and riverbed slope which is caused by streamline curvature of
depth-averaged flow velocity.10),11)

∗
q 33
∗

∗
q 34
∗

： (s) direction component of sediment discharge

near riverbed
： (n) direction component of sediment discharge
near riverbed
：absolute value of velocity near riverbed
： (s) direction component of flow velocity
near riverbed
： (n) direction component of flow velocity
near riverbed
： static friction factor
： kinetic friction factor
： height of riverbed

Ⅲ．7.3 Calculation of flow velocity near riverbed

The flow velocity near riverbed can be calculated by streamline curvature

of depth-averaged flow velocity as below.

8.5 ∗ ‐ N 35
1 1
⁄
36

N ： constant（ = 7 Engelund12) ）
： curvature radius of streamline

14
Ⅱ．7.4 Calculation of velocity of buoyancy of suspended sediment

The velocity of buoyancy of suspended sediment Es can be calculated by Itak

ura-Kishi formula 13), Garcia-Parker formula14), and Einstein formula 15)

① Itakura-Kishi formula
1 ∗
K ∗ 1.0 37
∗
= 14.0 ∗ - 0.9
： constant (0.008)
K
∗ ： constant (0.14)
： sedimentation speed（ calculated by Rubey formula）
② Garcia-Parker formula
∗
38
1.0 ∗
0.3
∗
∗ R ⁄ 1 ⁄

： constant ( 1.37 * 10-7 )

： kinematic viscosity coefficient of water (0.01 cm2/s)
③ Einstein formula
39
11.6 ∗ ∗ 2.0 ∗

Ⅲ．7.5 Calculation of referential concentration of suspended sediment

Concentration of suspended sediment at referential level can be calculated by

Rouse formula16) and Lane-Kalinske formula17).

① Rouse formula

40

∗
： von Kármán coefficient
： concentration of suspended sediment on z
： referential height（ = 0.05 h ）

② Lane-Kalinske formula
exp 6 41
∗

15
Ⅲ．7.6 Transport equations of suspended sediment

Following equation shows the law of conservation of mass for depth-averaged

concentration of suspended sediment:

D D 42
D ,D ： diffusion coefficient of suspended sediment

Formula (42) is same as basic equation of flow, it discretizes the spatial

variables by Galerkin finite element which is a kind of weighted residual
method. Please see “Ⅲ .2 discretization of basic equation”.

Ⅲ．7.7 Continuity equation of sediment transport

The continuity equation of sediment transport in horizontal two-dimension

is shown as below:

1
0 43
1
cos sin
sin cos
θ tan ⁄
, ̅ ： (x,y) direction component
of depth-averaged flow velocity

In the case to calculate bed load only, hoisting speed of suspended sediment Es and
benchmark concentration Ca is zero.

16
Ⅲ．8 Mixed grain diameter model

Mixed grain diameter shapes riverbed by grain distribution. In order to numerically

deal with this grain distribution, accumulation curve of riverbed grain is divided to n
hierarchies, representative grain diameter dk indicates the existence possibility pk of
representative grain. Moreover, central grain diameter dm is defined in the following
equation:

44

In addition, it’s necessary to consider the shelter effect when calculating the
non-dimensional critical tractive force of each grain diameter. Ashida-Michiue
formula 18) is applied as modification of Egiazaroff 19) formula.
0.85 ≦ 0.4
45
log 19
0.4
log 19 ⁄
： non-dimensional critical tractive force
of each grain diameter
： non-dimensional critical tractive force
of central grain diameter

The formula below shows the conservation of volume for all sediments of entire grain
diameter:

1 0

46
： thickness of exchange layer
, ： ( , ) direction component of sediment discharge of each
grain diameter
: hoisting speed of each grain diameter
: concentration of suspended sediment at referential level
of each grain diameter
： sedimentation speed of each grain diameter

17
＜References＞
1) J.J.Connor and C.A.Brebbia：Finite Element for Fluid Flow、Newnes-Buttweworths、
1976.
2) Fisher,H.B.：Longitudinal Dispersion and Turbulent Mixing in Opne-Channel Flow、
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 5 , pp.59-78、1973.
3) Webel, G., Schatzmann, M.：Transverse Mixing in Open Channel Flow、Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 4, pp. 423-435、1984.
4) Nezu, I. and Nakagawa, H.：Turbulence in Open-Channel Flow、IAHR Monograph,
Belkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands、1993.
5) Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics ,The Japan Society of Mechanical En
gineers , CORONA PUBLISHING CO., LTD, 1988, In Japan.
6) Hiroji Nakagawa, Tetsuro Tsujimoto, Tadanori Kitamura, Yasutsugu Fujii :
Flow Resistance on Flexible Vegitation-Covered Bed in Open Channels. Annual
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 39, pp. 465-470, 1995.
7) 福岡捷二：洪水の水理と河道の設計法、森北出版、2005, In Japan.
8) Kazuo Ashida and Masanori Michiue, Basic Study on Resistance by Moving Bed
Flows and Sediment Discharge, Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol.
206, pp. 59-69, 1972.
9) Yuichi Iwagaki, Hydrodynamical Study on Critical Tractive Force, Journal of
Japan Society of Civil Engineering, Vol. 41, pp. 1-21, 1956.
10) Akihide Watanabe, Shoji Fukuoka, Yu Yasutake and Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Method
for Arranging Vegetation Groins at Bends for Control of Bed Variation,
Collection of Papers on River Engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 285-290, 2001.
11) Kazuyoshi Hasegawa, Hydraulic Study on Alluvial Meandering Channel Planes
and Bedform Topography-affected Flows, Doctoral paper, Hokkaido University,
pp. 1-184, 1984.
12) Engelund, F.：Flow and Bed Topography in Channel Bend、Proc. of ASCE, Journal of
Hydraulic Division, Vol.100. HY11, pp.1631-1648、1974.
13) Itakura, T. and Kishi, T.：Open channel flow with suspended sedimnts、Proc. Of
ASCE, HY8, pp.1325-1343、1980.
14) Garcia, M. H. and Parker, G : Entrainment of bed sediment into suspension,
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol.144, No.4, 414-435, 1991.
15) Einstein, H. A. : The bed-load function for sediment transportation in open
channel flows, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Technical Bulletin, No.1026,
1-71, 1950.
16) Rouse, H. : Modern conception of the mechanics of turbulence, Trans. ASCE,
Vol.102, 463-543, 1937
17) Lane, E. W. and Kalinske, A. A. : Engineering calculations of suspended
sediment, Trans. AGU, Vol.22, 307-603, 1941.
18) Kazuo Ashida, Michiue Masanori : STUDIES ON BED LOAD TRANSPORTATION FOR
NONUNIFORM SEDIMENT AND RIVER BED VARIATION, Annuals of Disaster Prevention
Research Institute, Kyoto University, No. 14-B, pp. 259-273, 1971.
19) Egiazaroff, I.V.：Calculation of Nonuniform Sediment Concentration、Proc. Of
ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Division, Vol.91, HY4, 225-246、1965.

18
Ⅳ．How to create grids and set up ground elevation

This chapter introduces how to create solver grid data (finite elements) by Mflow_02
and how to set up ground elevation shown by iRIC dialog. Mflow_02 adopts
unstructured grids; it is quite different from other methods for grid creation, ground
elevation setup and solvers which adopted structural grids. The setting method and
procedure will be introduced as below.

Ⅳ.1 How to create grid data

There are 2 methods to create grid data: by the grid generation function of iRIC, and
to import grid data created by other tool into iRIC. The methods are described as
below:

Ⅳ.1.1 How to create grids by grid generation function of iRIC

River survey data or background images must be loaded in advance when creating
grids by grid generation function of iRIC. Here is the description of an example to
create grids of distributary using river survey data. The procedure is almost the
same in the case to crease grids after preloading background images.
Please see "6.1. river surveying files (*. riv)" of iRIC Software User's Manual for the
file format of river survey data.

19
① Importing of river survey data
It’s necessary to import river survey data by each river only when treating the
river basin with distributaries and confluences. Please select “Import” -
“Geographic data” - “Elevation” from menu bar.

Figure IV-1 Loading river survey data

Please move the river survey data to a store folder (here is “River_survey”), and
then load the river survey data
“River_survey1.riv”,”River_survey2.riv”,”River_survey3.riv”. Although Japanese
folder name is possible here, please set up in alpha-numeral only.
The present version of Mflow_02 is able to read 10 sets of river survey data at
most.

Figure IV-2 Example: dialog of river survey data file

20
 Figure IV-3 shows how to load survey data of 3 rivers.

River_survey3.riv

River_survey3.riv
Cross-section added
に追加した断面
in River_survey3.riv

main stream

River_survey2.riv
River_survey1.riv

Figure IV-3 Loaded river survey data

＜Tips＞
1. “River_survey1.riv” and “River_survey2.riv” refer to the same river, but the
survey data is separated to 2 files. In the same river, if the riverbed slope
changes significantly, it’s better to separate survey data to make the setting of
initial water level (depth) smooth in “V.4 set up of initial condition”. This will
be explained later in detail.
2. A cross section data at 5.2k of the main stream has been added into the
survey data of tributes and distributes “River_survey3.riv”. In normal
circumstances it is up to 3.0k~4.0k, but it’s better to add one cross-section of
the main stream at the end of the surveying cross-section in order to smooth
the connection with the part of main stream. In this condition, preprocessor of
iRIC automatically sorts the value of distance mark in ascending order in the
step of loading. Therefore, please change the station number of insertion
section larger than the number of initial upstream of distribution (4.0k in this
case). (It’s OK if you don’t change.)

21
 In addition, for the first insertion in confluence, the station number (here is
3.0k) of insertion section should be changed to “negative value” as Figure IV-4,
and then insert in the beginning.

insertion section
distance mark

Figure IV-4 Indication of distance mark in the case of confluence

22
② How to select grid creation
On the “Grid Creating condition” item of object browser, please right-click and
then “select algorithm to create grid” will display.

Figure IV-5 select gird algorism

Dialog "Select Grid Creating algorithm" as in Figure Ⅳ-6 will display when you
click the " Select Grid Creating algorithm ". For unstructured grid, because only
"Create grid from polygon shape" is available, please click “OK”.

Figure IV-6 Create grid from polygon shape

23
 ③ Set up the coverage to create grids
By mouse click in a line along the river survey data and then double-click in the
end, set up of grid creation coverage is completed as in Figure Ⅳ-7.

Open Boundary

Figure IV-7 set up the coverage of grids

＜Tips＞
Because river survey data and the line can’t match with perfectly, it doesn’t
matter if it enters inside or protrudes out of the boundary a little. However, please
don’t protrude out of the open boundary. (as in Figure IV-7, main stream 4.0k, 7.0k,
distribute 3.0k)

24
④ Create grids
By moving mouse upon the grid creation range and then right-click, the sub
menu of grid creation conditions is shown as in Figure Ⅳ-8.

Figure IV-8 Submenu of grid creation conditions

Dialog of “Create Grid” appears if you click "Create Grid" at the bottom. It’s
available to input “Specify minimum angle of cell vertices” and “Specify maximum
area for cell ” then click “OK”. Thereafter it’s possible to click “yes” at the
“Confirmation dialog” of mapping for the grid attributes of geographic
information.

Figure IV-9 Dialog of grid creation

Figure IV-10 Confirmation dialog

25
Then grids are created as shown in Figure IV-11.

Figure IV-11 creation of unstructured grids from polygon shape

26
⑤ Refinement of grids
It’s possible to set up the Refinement area inside the grid area if you want to
create small grids only in specified area such like distributaries and confluences.
Right-click again, “submenu of grid creating conditions” displays, then click “add
Refinement Region”. You can set the Refinement Region by continuing mouse
click.

Figure IV-12 Set up Refinement Region

“Maximum area in Refinement region” displays, you can specify smaller area
than former.

Figure IV-13 “Refinement maximum area” dialog

27
 Right-click again to display "submenu of grid creating condition", then click
"Create Grid" at the bottom, a warning dialog as Figure Ⅳ-14 appears. If you
click "Yes", the “dialog of grid creation” as Figure Ⅳ-9 will display again. Then if
you click “OK” and thereafter click “yes” in the next “confirmation dialog”, the
grids as in Figure IV-15 will be created.

Figure IV-14 warning dialog of subdivision

Figure IV-15 Create Refinement grids

28
⑥ Add a break line
At the place where ground elevation changes significantly, grids must be created
in the shape in accordance with the variation. Therefore, break line can be
applied.
Place of break line

Figure IV-16 Place to set up break line

Right-click again when “submenu of grid creating conditions” appears, then

please click “add break line”. Break line can be drawn up by continuous mouse
click.

break line

Figure IV-17 Example of break line

29
 Right-click again when “submenu of grid creating conditions” appears, if you
click “create grid”, the warning dialog in Figure IV-14 appears again as in ”⑤
refinement of grids”. By clicking “yes”, the “grid creation dialog” appears again as
in Figure IV-9. If you click “yes” and then still click “yes” again in the
“confirmation dialog”, Grids will be generated as shown in Figure IV-18.
It’s able to confirm creation of grids along the break line.

break line

Figure IV-18 Examples to create grids using the break line

About the method to generate and modify unstructured grids from polygon,
please see detailed instruction in “4.5.1.8 Generate from polygon shape” of iRIC
Software User’s Manual.

30
＜Tips＞
To modify shape of grids, please avoid long and thin grids in transverse direction
as shown in Figure IV-19.

Please avoid long and thin grids

in transverse direction

Figure IV-19 Bad grid shape

31
Ⅳ.1.2 How to import created grid data into iRIC

① Format of imported file

In order to import grid data created by other tools into iRIC, it’s better to
prepare the node data file and element data file to 2 files with same name and
different extension to fit iRIC format. (e.g. Meshdata.node, Meshdata.ele). Figure
IV-20,-21 show the file format.

Total number of nodes Parameter for iRIC

Node code
= 0： internal nodes
Node number x, y coordinate
= 1： boundary nodes

Figure IV-20 Format of node data file

Total number of elements Parameter for iRIC

Element number Number of 3 nodes that create element

Figure IV-21 Format of element data file

32
② Importing of file
Click “import” →“grid” in the menu bar.

Figure IV-22 Setup screen of file import

Dialog "select file to import" will appear, after the import files are moved to the
store folder, please right-click the “▼” mark of file format at the right bottom, and
select “TRIANGLE node files”. Then only node data files (here is Meshdata.node)
appear.
.

Figure IV-23 Example: import file dialog

Grid data will be imported by double-clicking the node data file (here is
Meshdata.node ).

33
 Figure IV-24 Example of imported Grids

＜Tips＞Tips
Only node data files appear in the dialog of file import, but it doesn’t mean the
element data files are unnecessary. If no element data file exists, error message
dialog “no (*.ele) file” will appear.

34
Ⅳ.2 Setting up of ground elevation

There are two methods to set up ground elevation by created grid data: the method to
use ground elevation data file such like LP data etc., and the method to interpolate
from river survey data. The instruction of each method is as below:

Ⅳ.2.1 Using of ground elevation data file

① Load ground elevation data file

Please select “import” by right-clicking “geographic Data” → “Elevation” in
object browser.

Figure IV-25 Read ground elevation data

35
 “Select file to import” dialog appears; after you move the import file to store
folder, please select “ground elevation file” (here is Elevation.tpo *1）) to import.

Figure IV-26 Sample of ground elevation file dialog

*1) Please see “6.2 topographical data file(*.tpo , *.anc)” of iRIC Software User’s Manual.

36
② Mapping of grid data
Ground elevation is reflected by clicking “grid” → “Attributes Mapping” →
“execute” in menu bar.

Figure IV-27 Mapping of ground elevation

Contour figure of ground elevation displays as Fig. IV-28 by checking “grid” →

“Node attributes” → “Elevation” in object browser.

Figure IV-28 Sample of ground elevation

37
Ⅳ.2.2 Inserting of ground elevation from river survey data

① Limit of pre-processor
Mapping of river survey data”River_survey1.riv”, “River_survey2.riv” and
“River_survey3.riv” loaded in by “IV 1.1 To create grids by grid generation
function of iRIC” is almost the same as “IV 2.1 How to use ground elevation data
file”. Then it is understandable to build a levee at the distributary shown in
Figure IV-29. In this case, about data (river survey data) applied in the ground
elevation of iRIC, priority is given to the data displayed on top. That means the
river survey data 1 “River_survey1.riv” is prior.

Data displayed on the top takes priority

River_survey3.riv

Possible for levee

River_survey1.riv

Figure IV-29 Sample of ground elevation (River_survey1.riv is prior)

38
 So let’s replace river survey data 1 and 3. By moving and right-clicking mouse at
the position of river survey data, as shown in Figure IV-30, data can be replaced
by “move up”, “move down”.
And ground data is set with priority of river survey data 3 (“River_survey3.riv”),
levees are possible to dam up water in the main stream.

River_survey3.riv

River_survey1.riv
Possible for levee

Figure IV-30 Sample of ground elevation (“River_survey3.riv” is prior)

39
② Area code
The parameter “Area code” in Mflow_02 can be applied to solve problems. “Area
code” is a control parameter to set up ground elevation that is available for all
areas and river survey data.
In object browser “Geographical Data” → right-click “Area code”, select “add”
→ select “polygon” to set up. At this time, it’s easy to imagine the results of both
ground elevation setting by area codes in Figure IV-31 and Figure IV-29 “Sample
of ground elevation (River_survey1.riv is prior)” lead to the same result.

Area code = 3

Area code = 1 Area code = 2

Figure IV-31 Example to set area code (negative)

40
 So it’s better to set “area code” as Figure IV-32 shows, along the line of
distribution basin and low-water channel.

Data displayed on the top takes priority

Area code = 3

Area code = 1 Area code = 2

Figure IV-32 Example to set up area code

41
 ③ How to set up ground elevation
We can just map directly like “IV 2.1 Method of using ground elevation data file”
to set the "area code" as in Figure IV-32, but it’s not available to set up the ground
elevation considering “area code” in the preprocessor of iRIC.
Therefore, Mflow_02 also has the function to set ground elevation from solver. To
set ground elevation in this way, please confirm the calculation result in "Initial
Elevation" after all settings, which will be explained in “V. Calculation condition”,
“VI. Geographical information” and “VII. Boundary condition” and after running
one step of Mflow_02. Figure IV-33 shows the ground elevation setting considering
area code.

Figure IV-33 Set ground elevation by area code

If ground elevation (“Initial Elevation” in the calculation result) hasn’t been set
up appropriately, or “area code” should be corrected, although it takes time, you
have to return to iRIC preprocessor screen and repeat the steps until now, then
set up the appropriate ground elevation.

＜Tips＞
If you just want to calculate for ground elevation setting only, please select flow
regime calculation in “V-8 How to setup of riverbed variation calculation” and simply
specify the “VII. Boundary condition” then run 1 step of Mflow_02. If there are not
exceptionally irrelevant numbers, the calculation won’t diverge in 1~2 steps.

42
Ⅴ．Calculation condition

Ⅴ.1 Setting up of data name and calculation condition

This chapter explains how to set up data name and calculation condition.

Figure V-1 Setting up Menu of data name and calculation condition

Table V-1 Explanation of data name and calculation condition setting

＃ Item Method Notice
1 Case How to set up data name is set to see 256 alphanumerics at
calculation object, name of area, most.
calculation condition, calculation
time, etc.

43
 Ⅴ.2 Time
To set up calculation time and time step, etc.

Figure V-2 Setting up Menu of calculation time

Table V-2 Explanation to setup time

＃ Items Method Notice
1 Start time(s) Set up start time of calculation. Usually it is “0”; in the case of
hot start, it equals the time of
restart file. *2)
Unit: second
2 Computation time Set up time interval of calculation Unit: second
step(s) steps.
3 End time(s) Set up finish time of calculation. Unit: second

*2) If calculation start time and time of restart file (please refer to V.5 setup file control) doesn’t
equal, calculation will stop with the error message as below:
「 WARNNING --- START TIME AT ***** SEC ,
BUT RESTART FILE TIME AT ***** SEC」

44
 Ⅴ.3 Setting up of turbulence model

Turbulence model can be set as follow:

Figure V-3 Setting up Menu of turbulence model

Table V-3 Explanation to set up turbulence model

＃ Items Method Notice
1 Turbulence “Direct input of kinematic
model eddy viscosity”, “zero equation
model” and “k-ε model (simple)”
can be selected to set up
turbulence model.
2 Eddy viscosity Directly input of kinematic Input is only possible when
coefficient eddy viscosity. “direct input of kinematic
(direct input) eddy viscosity” is selected.

45
Ⅴ.4 Setting up of initial conditions

It’s not possible to calculate mesh data in Mflow_02 without water, so that initial
condition of water level (water depth) must be set up. In the case of distributions and
confluences, please set initial condition for each river.
There are two methods: “Load from preprocessor of iRIC”, “Setting up of water depth
from river survey” and “Setting up of water depth and grand elevation from river
survey”.

Figure V-4 Setting up Menu of initial conditions

46
 Table V-4 Explanation to set up initial conditions
＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Data source Select from “Load from All setting methods will be
preprocessor of iRIC” , “Setting introduced as below:
up of water depth from river
survey” and “Setting up of water
depth and grand elevation from
river survey”.
2 Number of river See “② How to set up from It’s only possible to input
survey river survey data”. when “Setting up of water
depth from river survey data”
or “Setting up of water depth
and grand elevation from
river survey data” is selected.
3 River survey Please see “V 4.2 How to set It’s only possible to input
file name 1-10 from river survey data” for the when “Setting up of water
name of river survey data. depth from river survey data”
or “Setting up of water depth
and grand elevation from
river survey data” is selected.
Japanese character is invalid
for file name and folder
name. Only alphanumeral is
valid.
4 Initial Please see “V 4.2 How to set up It’s only possible to input
water-surface from river survey data” to input when “Setting up of water
at downstream downstream boundary. depth from river survey data”
1-10 or “Setting up of water depth
and grand elevation from
river survey data” is selected.
5 Initial water- Enter the value of denominator It’s only possible to input
surface slope of initial water surface (average when “Setting up of water
1～10 riverbed) slope from downstream depth from river survey data”
boundary. or “Setting up of water depth
For example, please enter "1000" and grand elevation from
if the slope is "1/1000". Please river survey data” is selected.
see “V 4.2 how to set up from
river survey data.”

47
Ⅴ.4.1 How to load data from preprocessor of iRIC

Initial water depth can be set from loading the file of initial water depth data (*.tpo,
*.anc)*3) which has already been prepared before. The method to load file is same as
“IV 2.1 Using of ground elevation data file”.
Please right-click “geographical information” → “ground elevation” and select
“import”, “select import file” dialog appears. After saving the import file into store folder,
please select “initial water depth data file” to import.
Thereafter, please click “mesh” → “mapping attributes” → “run” to reflect initial
water depth.

Figure V-5 Load Menu of initial water depth

*3) About file format, please see “6.2 Topography data file (*.tpo, *.anc)” of iRIC Software User’s
Manual.

48
Ⅴ.4.2 How to set up from river survey data

Initial condition (water depth) and grand elevation can be set up from river survey
data and area code which was set in “IV. 2. 2 Inserting of ground elevation from river
survey data ② Area code”. Area code is a parameter that is available to every area
and every river survey data for controlling initial condition setup. The area code is
common for ground elevation setup and initial condition setup.
When “Setting up of water depth from river survey data” is selected in “1.Data
source”, only water depth can be set up. Ground elevation uses the value set up in the
preprocessor of iRIC.

① Number of river survey data sets to be loaded

Please enter the same number as the number of files imported in “IV 1.1 How to
create grids by grid generation function of iRIC ① Importing of river survey data”.
At most 10 sets are available in the current version of Mflow_02.

② Specify river survey data file

River survey data file imported in “IV. 1.1 How to create grids by grid generation
function of iRIC ① Importing of river survey data” will be specified again. Please
specify the same file in the same order although it takes time.
In addition, Japanese character is invalid for file name and folder name here, only
alphanumeric is valid.

49
 ③ Specify water level at downstream boundary and initial water surface slope
Water level at downstream boundary and initial water surface slope of each river
can be set as Figure V-6.
In this case, average riverbed slope obviously changes to 5.2k (the left edge of
green area). So the river survey data will be divided to 2 parts, it’s possible to
separately set up downstream boundary water level and initial water surface
slope, as well as to set up smooth initial water surface.

River survey data 3

Area code 3
Downstream boundary water level 3
Initial water surface slope 3

Initial water-elevation at
downstream 2
Initial water surface slope 2

River survey data 1 River survey data 2

Initial water-elevation at Area code 1 Area code 2
downstream 1
Initial water surface slope 1

Elevation
Water level setting

Water level setting which can’t

be divided
Average riverbed
slope
Distance

Figure V-6 Schematic diagram of initial condition setting from river survey data

50
Ⅴ.5 Setting up of file control

To specify file for hot start function (continuous calculating from the last output data
of former calculation result), calculation result output for iRIC, calculation result
which can be edited in text file, output file name of unedited dump files, and control
data.
In addition, please set up all the file names and folder names only in alphanumeric.

Figure V-7 Set up Menu of file control

51
 Table V-5 Explanations to set up initial conditions
＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Computation Select from “Initial (time Please set up time record of restart file
from initial or 0)” and “Restart”. same as the calculation start time of “V2
restart file. time”. *4） (see Figure. V-8)
2 Input restart file Select from loaded Only possible to set when “Restart from
name (for input). “restart file”. loaded restart file” is selected at
“calculation start”. (see Figure V-8)
3 Output of last Select “yes” to use hot (See Figure V-8)
step to restart start (restart) function.
file.
4 Output restart Select the “restart file” to Only possible if “yes” is selected at “save
file name. save the last step. last step in restart tile”
Please set file name in full path. (see
Figure V-8)
5 Start time of Enter start time to Please set the unit as second, and
output to iRIC(s) output calculation result consider the time of run-up calculation.
in iRIC file In the case of restart, if input time is
(post-processor). earlier than restart (calculation start)
time, restart (calculation start) time will
be set up automatically.
6 T time interval to Enter the output time It’s better to set short time interval if the
iRIC file(s). interval for calculation unit is second and you want to make
result in iRIC file (post video with smooth time.
processor).
7 Output to Select “yes” to edit and
external text file output calculation result
(see Figure V-9). to external file (text file).
8 Name of external Select the file to edit and Only possible if “yes” is selected at
text file. output calculation result. “output calculation result to external file
(text file)”.
Please set file name in full path.
9 Start time of Enter the start time to Please set the unit as second, and
output to output calculation result consider the time of run-up calculation.
external text file to an external file (text In the case of restart, if input time is
file). earlier than restart (calculation start)
time, restart (calculation start) time will
be set upautomatically.
10 Time interval to Enter the time interval Because time unit is second and the file is
external text file. to output calculation just for saving calculation result, you
result to an external file don’t have to output too many steps.
(text file). Important point, such like hydro-peak,
requires sufficient output.

52
11 Output to Select “yes” to output
external dump unedited calculation
file (text file). result to external file
(see Figure V-10) (text file).
It’s necessary if you want
to use other graphic tool
out of iRIC.
12 Name of external Select the dump file to Only possible if “yes” is selected at
dump file. output calculation result “output to external dump file (text file)”.
without edit. Please set file name in full path.
13 Start time of Enter the start time to Please set the unit as second, and
output to output calculation result consider the time of run-up calculation.
external dump to external dump file In the case of restart, if input time is
file (text file). earlier than restart (calculation start)
time, restart (calculation start) time will
be set automatically.
14 Time interval to Enter the time interval Although it’s better to set short time
external dump to output calculation interval if the unit is second and you
file result to external file want to make smooth time video, please
(text file). notice that short time interval usually
makes text file huge.

53
 <Advice>
In the case to use hot start function (to continue calculating from the final output
data of previous calculation result), as Figure V-8 shows, by setting hydro-data to
small divisions, outputting to restart file, and calculating again from loaded restart
file, you can shorten the rework if calculation diverged in the middle. It’s especially
efficient for long time hydro-data calculation.

Flow Restart file ① Restart file ② Restart file ③

discharge

Output Input

Time
t1 t2 t3
Run-up calculation by
regime flow

*4) Output time is recorded in restart file (t1, t2, t3… in this figure). Please set
this time as same as the start time in “V.2 Time”.
If time is different, error message appears and calculation stops.

Figure V-8 How to use restart file

54
Ⅴ.5.1 Example of output external file

Figure V-9 shows the example to output edited calculation result to external file.

・
・
・

Figure V-9 Example of output file

55
Ⅴ.5.2 Example and format of output external dump file

Figure V-10 shows the example to output unedited calculation result to dump file.
The input program also indicates file format when loading the dump file.

・
・
・

Figure V-10 Example of outputting external dump file

56
Program Code to load dump file

C ===================================================================
C ================ Start to load dump file ===================
C ===================================================================
C
READ ( IDR,6000 ) ITITL
C
C ********* MAXELE：element number、MAXNOD：node number***********
C
READ ( IDR,6100 ) MODE , MAXELE , MAXNOD , NMLN , MLAN ,
* NMON , MOPN
C
C ********* X coordinate、Y coordinate、Initial riverbed height、Initial water depth ***********
READ ( IDR,6110 ) ( K , XN(I) , YN(I) , ZZZN(I) , DEPTH(I) ,
* IPAT(I) , I = 1,MAXNOD )
C
C ********* Nodes of triangle elements、roughness coefficient ***********
C
READ ( IDR,6120 ) ( K , ILE(I,1) , ILE(I,2) , ILE(I,3) ,
* SODO(I) , DUM1 , DUM2 , I = 1,MAXELE )
C
C ********* Land border line（Disregarded in ＩＲＩＣ） ***********
C
IF ( NMLN .GE. 1 ) THEN
C
READ ( IDR,6200 ) ( LLAN(I) , I = 1,NMLN )
DO 2000 I = 1,NMLN
READ ( IDR,6200 ) ( IDUM , J = 1,LLAN(I) )
2000 CONTINUE
C
END IF
C
ISTP = 0
C
IF ( ISTRTM .GE. 2 ) THEN
DO 2100 J = 1,ISTRTM-1
READ ( IDR , 6300 , END = 9888 ) DUMMY
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY1 , DUMMY2 , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
2100 CONTINUE
END IF

57
C
DO 2200 J = 1 , IENDTM-ISTRTM+1 , INTTIM
ISTP = ISTP + 1
READ ( IDR , 6300 , END = 9999 ) P(ISTP) Time step
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( SDU(I,ISTP) , I = 1,MAXNOD ) Flow velocity（U comp）
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( SDV(I,ISTP) , I = 1,MAXNOD ) Flow velocity（V comp）
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( SDE(I,ISTP) , I = 1,MAXNOD ) Water depth
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( ZN(I,ISTP) , I = 1,MAXNOD ) Ground elevation
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( BX(I,ISTP) , BY(I,ISTP) , I = 1,MAXNOD ) Sediment discharge
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD ) （X,Y component）
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
C
IF ( INTTIM .GE. 2 ) THEN
DO 2300 K = 1,INTTIM-1
READ ( IDR , 6300 , END=9988 ) DUMMY
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY1 , DUMMY2 , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
READ ( IDR , 6310 ) ( DUMMY , I = 1,MAXNOD )
2300 CONTINUE
END IF
C
2200 CONTINUE
C
GO TO 9000
9999 CONTINUE
ISTP = ISTP - 1
C
9988 CONTINUE
C
6000 FORMAT ( A256 )
6100 FORMAT ( 14I5 )
6110 FORMAT ( I5 , 4F10.0 , I5 )
6120 FORMAT ( 4I5 , 3F10.0 )
6200 FORMAT ( 14I5 )
6300 FORMAT ( F10.0 )
6310 FORMAT ( 10( 1PE12.3 )

58
 Ⅴ.6 Setting up of vegetation and wind

Here explanes how to set up resistance coefficient of vegetation and wind on water
surface. Please specify the value of vegetation permeability coefficient as direct real
value by cell unit. “VI. Geographical information” explains how to set up.

Figure V-11 Set up Menu of vegetation and wind

Table V-6 Explanation of how to setup vegetation and wind

＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Vegetation Resistance coefficient of vegetation can The detailed value of
be selected from “Vegetation density” “Vegetation density” and
and “Vegetation permeability “Vegetation permeability
coefficient”. If you want to ignore effect coefficient” can be
of vegetation, please select “No”. specified as direct real
value by cell unit.
2 Wind stress Please select “No” to ignore wind effect
over water surface otherwise select “Yes”
to consider.

59
3 Wind magnitude Please enter average wind velocity at Unit: (m/s)
at 10m above 10m above ground.
ground
4 Wind direction Please enter average wind direction at To give the angle of
10m above ground. passing sweep, by
turning counterclockwise
at y-axis direction. Unit:
degree
(see Figure V-12)

Specify this angle（°）

Wind direction

Figure V-12 Specify wind direction

60
Ⅴ.７ Setting up of dike breach condition(restart only)

The conditions for dike breach in flood simulation shall be set up. The method on
how to set up the location of dike breach and the ground elevation after the dike
breach is explained in the section of “VI. 2.1 How to describe and setup each item of
geographic information”
This option shall be set up at the time of beginning of restart simulation. It cannot
be set up for the beginning of the simulation such as time step “zero” for initial
stability calculation period.

Figure V-13 Set up Menu for Dike breach

Table V-7 Explanation of Dike Breach Conditions

＃ Item Configuration Remarks
1 Dike Breach Select “Invalid” for not set up If “invalid” is selected, the
(restart only) dike breach and select “valid” for configuration of the
set up dike breach location of dike breach and
the ground elevation after
the dike breach is ignored.

61
 Ⅴ.8 Setting up riverbed variation calculation

Here explanes how to set up conditions related to riverbed variation calculation.

Figure V-14 Set up Menu of riverbed variation calculation

Table V-8 Explanation to setup initial conditions

＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Moved bed Select from “Flow only” and If “Flow only” is selected,
computation “Moved bed computation”. you don’t’ have to set up
data 2-12.
2 Moved bed Specify the time to start riverbed Unit: second
computation variation calculation. In the case of restart, if
start time (s) Under initial condition, the input time is earlier than
water is standing. Thus, we restart (calculation start)
should calculate flow regime and time, restart (calculation
make a steady flow field to some start) time will be specified
extent and then calculate automatically.
riverbed variation.

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3 Moved bed To specify the finish time of Unit: second
computation end riverbed variation calculation. In the case of restart, if
time (s) input time is earlier than
restart (calculation start)
time, calculation of riverbed
can’t start.
4 Bed load Formula of bed load discharge
transport can be selected from
equation “Meyer-Peter-Muller formula”,
“Ashida-Michiue formula” and
“Engelund-Hansen formula”.
5 Limit of scouring Select “Yes limit” if you want to Detailed value of scour
set scour limit. limit can be specified as
direct value by cell unit.
6 Secondary flow Set the coefficient of secondary Large value usually trends
coefficient flow strength at the value of to the hydraulic condition of
5-11. high sand bar.
7 Relative weight Enter the relative weight of bed
of bed material material.
Usually around 1.65.
8 Void ratio of bed Enter the void ratio of bed Unit: %
material (%) material.
Usually around 30%.
9 Suspended load Select “Bed and suspended load”
to calculate suspended sediment,
“Bed load only” for bed load.
10 Non-dimensional Formula of non-dimensional Only possible to specify
velocity of velocity of buoyancy can be when “Bed and suspended
buoyancy selected from “Garcia-Parker load” is selected for
formula”, “Itakura-Kishi suspended load.
formula” and “Einstein formula”.
11 Reference Formula of reference Only possible to specify
concentration of concentration of suspended when “Bed and suspended
suspended sediment can be selected from load” is selected for
sediment “Rouse formula” and suspended load.
“Land-Kalinske formula”.

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12 Diffusion Enter the diffusion coefficient of Only possible to specify
coefficient of suspended sediment. when “Yes” is selected for
suspended suspended sediment
sediment calculation.
When the value is “0”
(default), the same value of
kinematic eddy viscosity
will be set up. Please enter
diffusion coefficient if you
want to set up separately.

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Ⅴ.9 Setting up of grain size distribution

Ⅴ.9.1 How to set up grain size distribution

Here is how to set up grain distribution (uniform grain size or mixed grain size)
of riverbed material.
If mixed grain size distribution is selected, different distribution patterns can be
set up for different areas (the maximum number of pattern is 10). Such
configuration can be done in the “VI. 2.1 How to describe and setup each item of
geographic information ⑪ Grain size distribution code”.

Figure V-15 Set up Menu of grain distribution

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 Table V-9 Explanation to set up grain distribution
＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Bed material Riverbed material can be selected
distribution from “uniform grain diameter” and
“mixed grain diameter”.
2 Grain Input the average grain diameter of Unit: (mm)
diameter sediment. Only possible to input
(mm) when riverbed material is
specified as “uniform
grain diameter”
3 Grain size You can set up the initial data of Specify the spatial
distribution grain diameter distribution. Grain location by grain diameter
pattern 1-10 distribution can be input by distribution code in “VI.
percentage of passing (%). Geographical
(see Figure V-15) information”.
Data can be loaded from file as well
as to input directly. In addition, the
spatial model of calculation can be
divided to 10 areas at most, for grain
diameter distribution.
4 Exchange Enter the thickness of exchange Unit: m
layer layer. It’s the maximum grain Time and spatial
thickness(m) diameter of rocky riverbed, or the distribution of exchange
maximum sedimentation height of layer can be ignored.
sandy riverbed. Moreover, the thickness of
the lower layer under the
exchange layer is same as
exchange layer.

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Ⅴ.9.2 How to set up the percentage of passing for sediment and grain diameter
distribution

In the sieving test of sediment, stacked sand was poured above coarse sieves in
turn, then the ratio of sediment quantity passing through each mesh indicates
percentage of passing; the vertical axis indicates percentage of passing, the
horizontal axis indicates logarithmic scale of grain diameter, the plot graphic
indicates accumulation curve of grain diameter. Typical size of grain diameter
classifies riverbed material (see Figure V-16 ●), the percentage of passing is
shown in “3. Grain diameter distribution pattern 1-10”.

Percentage of passing

Grain diameter

Figure V-16 Accumulation curve of grain diameter

Next is the Explanation to input grain diameter distribution pattern. Select

“mixed grain diameter” at “1. Riverbed material”, the “edit” icon becomes active
only with the number of “grain diameter pattern”. Click “edit” icon, the dialog to
set up grain diameter appears as Figure V-17. Please select “Add” icon to directly
enter grain diameter and percentage of passing or select “import” icon to load from
file. Figure V-18 shows how to import from file, Figure V-19 shows the file to be
imported.
In addition, it’s possible to import (*. csv) and (*. txt) files.

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Figure V-17 Set up Menu of grain diameter distribution pattern

Figure V-18 Example of grain diameter distribution pattern

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 Grain diameter (mm) Percentage of passing(%)

Blank or comma appears if there are

more than 1 column.

*5) Grain diameter is sorted in ascending order at the time of import.

Figure V-19 Example of imported file for grain diameter

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Ⅴ.9.3 Tips for setting of grain size distribution

If you set up multiple patterns of mixed grain size distribution, the category of
grain size (incremental condition) shall be same among the mixed grain size
distribution pattern and the percentage of passing can be varied. Figure V-20(1)
and (2) show the right configuration and the wrong configuration, respectively. In
the case of wrong configuration, the data cannot be read properly and the
simulation may cause diversion.

Only percentage of passing can be varied.

Pattern 1 Pattern 2
Figure V-20(1) Right Configuration of Grain Size Distribution

Incremental conditions of grain size are different.

Pattern 1 Pattern 2
Figure V-20(2) Wrong Configuration of Grain Size Distribution

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Ⅵ． Geographical information

This chapter explains topographical information which can be set in Mflow_02 by

“Object browser” of iRIC. According to the Explanation in “IV.2 Setting up of ground
elevation” and “V.4 Setting up initial condition”, setting method of all items includes
the method to load topographical information data file (*.tpo, *.anc) *6）prepared in
advance, and the method to set value after specifying the polygon area.

Ⅵ.1 How to set up geographical information

Ⅵ.1.1 How to load from file

Move the cursor to the item you want to set in “geographical information” of
object browser. Right-click and select “import”, “select import file” dialog appears,
and then move to the store folder of import files, select the data file to import.
Then click “meshes” → “mapping of attributes” → “run”, imported value will
be reflected by mesh data.

Figure VI-1 Import Menu of file

*6) About file format, please see “6.2 topographical data file (*.tpo , *.anc)” of iRIC
Software User’s Manual.

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 Figure VI-2 Example of file import dialog

Ⅵ.1.2 How to specify polygon area

Move the cursor to the item you want to set in “geographical information” of
object browser. Right-click, then select “add” → “polygon” to set up. Please
surround the area by continuous mouse click to set the value, and then
double-click to complete confining of the area to set up value as Figure VI-3. Then
dialog appears to enter each value.

Figure VI-3 Specify polygon area

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Ⅵ.2 How to describe and setup each item of geographic information

Ⅵ.2.１ How to describe and setup each item of geographic information

① Ground elevation
See “IV.2 How to set up ground elevation”.

② Initial depth
See “V.4 Set up initial conditions”.

③ Area code
See “IV 2.2 How to insert ground elevation from river survey data ② Area
code”

④ Manning roughness
Manning roughness coefficient can be set as direct real number in the dialog
below. The value must be above “0” in the whole area.

Figure VI-4 Set up Menu for Manning roughness

⑤ Vegetation density and vegetation permeability coefficient

It is only necessary to set up if you select “vegetation density” or “' vegetation
permeability coefficient” in “1.vegetation” of “V.6 Setting up vegetation and
wind”. It’s not necessary when you select “invalid”.
Please set up direct real number in the dialog below only for the area to set up
vegetation resistance (vegetation exists). Mflow_02 recognizes the area without
vegetation setting as non-vegetation area (normal area).
In addition, in“1. vegetation” of “V.6 Setting up vegetation and wind”, please
enter vegetation density if“vegetation density” is selected and enter resistance
coefficient if “vegetation permeability coefficient” is selected.

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 Figure VI-5 Set up Menu for vegetation density and
vegetation permeability coefficient

⑥ Vegetation height
Only necessary to set when “vegetation permeability coefficient” is selected
in“1. Vegetation” of “V.6 Setting vegetation and wind”. In other conditions it’s
not compulsory.
Height of vegetation can be set as direct real number in the dialog below,
same as “⑤ Vegetation density and vegetation permeability coefficient”.

Figure VI-6 Set up Menu for vegetation height

⑦ Kinematic eddy viscosity (specific value)

Please set up direct real number in the dialog below if “1.Turbulence model”
of “V.3 Setting up turbulence model” is selected. All values must be above “0”.
In other conditions it’s not compulsory to set.

Figure VI-7 Set up Menu for kinematic eddy viscosity (specific value)

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⑧ Fixed or movable bed
If “calculate riverbed information” of “riverbed variation calculation” in “V.8
Setting up riverbed variation calculation” is selected, please set up as the
dialog below. Please enter “1” if you want to set up the range of fixed riverbed.
Mflow_02 recognizes the range which is not specified as movable bed.

Figure VI-8 Set up Menu for fixed or movable bed

⑨ Scour depth control

If “yes” is selected in “5. Limit of scouring” of “V.8 Setting up riverbed
variation calculation”, please set up as the dialog below.
For example, you can enter “-3” if 3m under riverbed is available to be
scoured. Sedimentation is in prescribed as “+” and scouring is “－” in Mflow_02,
so the value must be minus. Please enter the value you want to set up as scour
depth control. Mflow_02 recognizes the range which is not set up as “no” scour
limit.
In addition, if the fixed riverbed overlaps polygon range, “⑧ fixed or movable
bed” recognizes that fixed riverbed takes priority.

Figure VI-9 Set up Menu for scour depth control

⑩ Scour elevation control

If “yes” is selected in “5. Limit of scouring” of “V.8 Setting up riverbed
variation calculation”, please set up as the dialog below.
For example, ground elevation is 97m, structures (e.g. ground sill) are
specified at 95m, then please enter “95”. Please enter the value for the

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 “elevation” of scour elevation control only. Mflow_02 recognizes the range
which is not set up as “no” scour limit.
In addition, if the fixed riverbed overlaps polygon range, “⑧ fixed or movable
bed” recognizes that fixed riverbed takes priority.

Figure VI-10 Set up Menu for scour elevation control

⑪ Grain size distribution code

Set up as the dialog below if “Non-uniform” of “V9. Setting up grain size
distribution” is selected.
As the same image as “③ Area code”, grain size distribution code is the
parameter that controls appropriate calculation of riverbed variation for
certain pattern of grain diameter distribution. The area must be set in
accordance with “3. Grain diameter distribution pattern 1-10” of “V.9 Setting
up grain size distribution”, and exclude the range which has been set as fixed
riverbed in “⑧ Fixed or movable bed”.
In addition, in the area which was set as fixed riverbed in “⑧ Fixed or
movable bed”, all grain diameter distribution becomes 0%.

Figure VI-11 Set up Menu for grain size distribution code

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 ⑫ Elevation after dike breach
Only case of “Enable” selected in “V.7 Setting up of dike breach condition
(restart only)”, the ground elevation after the dike breach (m) shall be set up as
follows,

Figure VI-12 Set up Menu for elevation after dike breach

Ⅵ.2.2 Image of geographical information

Figure VI-12 shows the schematization of “⑤ Vegetation density and

transmission coefficient”, “⑧ Fixed or movable bed”, “⑨ Scour depth control”, “⑩
Scour elevation control” of geographical information.

Flood plain Water channel Flood plain

(scour not allowed) (scour allowed) (scour not allowed)

Only available for

sedimentation
Scour available
area

Scour limit (bedrock, etc.)

Figure VI-13 Schematization of geographical information.

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Ⅶ．Boundary conditions
This chapter explains boundary conditions which can be set in Mflow_02 for flow,
bed load and suspended sediment by “Boundary Condition” in “Object browser” of
iRIC.

Ⅶ.1 Notice to set up boundary conditions

In Mflow_02, calculation model with multiple open boundaries as distributaries

and confluences is created. Therefore, it’s necessary to specify each open boundary
and set up condition one by one. At that time as Figure VII-1 shows, the boundary
conditions of flow, bed load and suspended bed must be set up in correct order. This
is compulsory.
If the boundary conditions are set in different order of Figure VII-2, the
calculation of Mflow_02 will be divergent.

Boundary condition of flow ①

Boundary condition of
bed load ①
Boundary condition of flow ③ Boundary condition of
Boundary condition of suspended bed ①
bed load ③
Boundary condition of
suspended bed ③

Boundary condition of flow ②

Boundary condition of bed load ②
Boundary condition of suspended bed ②

Figure VII-1 Set up boundary conditions (right order)

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Boundary condition of flow ③
Boundary condition of
bed load ①
Boundary condition of Boundary condition of flow ①
suspended bed ② Boundary condition of
bed load ②
Boundary condition of
suspended bed ①

Boundary condition of flow ②

Boundary condition of
bed load ③
Boundary condition of
suspended bed ③

Figure VII-2 Set up boundary conditions (wrong order)

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Ⅶ.2 Boundary conditions available for setup

Boundary condition setup dialog of iRIC indicates how to set up boundary

conditions in Mflow_02.
Right-click “Boundary condition setting” in object browser, boundary condition
dialog appears, and then select the boundary condition to set up.

Figure VII-3 Dialog to select boundary condition

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Ⅶ.2.1 Boundary conditions of flow calculation

Boundary condition setup dialog of iRIC indicates how to set up boundary

conditions of flow calculation.
A series of conditions at some time can be directly input and loaded from file.
The method is same as how to input grain diameter distribution in “V.9.2 How to
set up the percentage of passing for sediment and grain diameter distribution”.

Figure VII-4 Set up Menu of boundary condition of flow

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 Table VII-1 Explanation to set up boundary condition of flow
＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Name Input name of boundary condition. Only alpha-numeral is
possible. Japanese is
invalid.
2 Type of boundary “Tidal condition”, “Time varying
condition elevation (for outflow)”, “Time
varying discharge”, “H-Q
distribution(restart only)”, “Time
varying elevation and discharge”
and “Time varying elevation (for
inflow)” can be selected.
3 Tide period (s) Input tide cycle. Unit: second
Only possible to input if
“tide condition” is
selected.
4 Amplitude (m) Input tide amplitude. Unit: m
Only possible to input if
“tide condition” is
selected.
5 Phase of starting Input the tide phase at start point. Unit: second
point(s) Open boundary line is considered Only possible to input if
to start and finish in the left of “tide condition” is
calculation area. selected.
(see Figure VII-5)
6 Phase of ending Input the tide phase at terminal Unit: second
point(s) point. Only possible to input if
The open boundary line is “tide condition” is
considered to start and finish in selected.
the left of calculation area. (see
Figure VII-5)
7 Average tide level Input the average tide level of tide Unit: m
cycle. Only possible to input if
“tide condition” is
selected.

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8 Time varying Input the water elevation Mflow_02 assumes
elevation(outflow) fluctuation of time-series water time-series fluctuating
level. conditions together with
water level and flow
discharge. To set up
certain condition, please
see Figure VII-6.
9 Time varying Input the time-series flow Ditto.
discharge fluctuation (hydro).
10 H-Q parameter [A] Please input parameter [A] of H-Q Setup is possible only at
of curve. restart.
(Q=A*(H+B)**2)
11 H-Q parameter [B] Please input parameter [B] of H-Q Ditto.
of curve.
(Q=A*(H+B)**2)
12 Time varying Set up time-series water level and It’s efficient to set up the
elevation and time-series flow fluctuation upstream conditions of
discharge (hydro) at the same time. rapid stream.
Sample file that is
possible to input is
shown as Figure VII-8.
13 Time varying Input time-series water level Although same condition
elevation(inflow) fluctuation. can be set for inflow, in
Mflow_02 calculation
please set up notably if
you don’t want to
reverse flow at open
boundary (especially
upstream) to be
admitted.

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Starting point of open boundary Terminal point of open boundary
(Specified in the left of calculation area) (Specified in the left of calculation area)

Figure VII-5 Starting point and terminal point of open boundary

Figure VII-6 How to set up certain condition of water elevation

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Flow
discharge Restart Restart Restart
file ① file ② file ③

Output Input

t1 t2 t3 Time

Run-up calculation runs together with water level and flow discharge in
certain condition. Then you can set up the condition of flow discharge hydro
and H-Q curve then run restart calculation.

Figure VII-7 Idea to set up H-Q curve condition

Time (Sec.) Water level (m) Flow discharge (m3/s)

*7） Imported time is sorted in ascend order.

Figure VII-8 Example to import file of time-series water level and flow discharge hydro.

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Ⅶ.2.2 Boundary condition of bed load

Setup dialog iRIC indicates how to set up boundary conditions of bed load.

Figure VII-9 Set up menu of boundary condition of bed load

Table VII-2 Explanation to set up boundary condition of bed load

＃ Items Methods Notice
1 Name Input name of boundary Only alpha-numeral is
condition. possible. Japanese character
is invalid.
2 Type of boundary Select from “Equilibrium
condition sediment discharge” and “Ratio
of sediment discharge”.
3 Ratio of sediment The equilibrium sediment Unit: %
discharge (%) feeding amount is 100, then Only possible to input if this
you can input the percentage of item is selected.
increase or decrease.
In the case of mixed grain
diameter, the ratio for all grain
diameters is same.

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Ⅶ.2.3 Boundary condition of suspended sediment

Setup dialog of iRIC indicates how to set up boundary conditions of suspended

sediment.
“Concentration of each grain diameter” can be directly input or loaded from file.
The input method is same as the grain diameter pattern described in “V9.2 How
to set up the percentage of passing for sediment and grain diameter distribution”
.

Figure VII-10 Set up Menu of boundary condition of suspended sediment

Table VII-3 Explanation to set boundary conditions of suspended sediment

＃ Items Methods Notice

1 Name Input name of boundary Only alpha-numeral is

condition. possible. Japanese is
invalid.
2 Type of boundary Select from “Equilibrium
condition sediment discharge”, “Fixed
concentration”,
“Discharge-suspended load
distribution”, “Periodic
boundary condition”

87
3 Fixed concentration of Input concentration of Only possible to input if
each diameter suspended sediments. “fixed concentration” is
In the case of mixed grain selected.
diameter, all grain diameters In the case of inflow,
should be input separately. suspended sedimentation
in input concentration
flows in.
In the case of outflow,
suspended sedimentation
flows out in the
concentration which is
calculated at the open
boundary line.
4 Discharge coefficient Please input the flow Only possible to input if
(QP:QP*10**IQ*Q**2) discharge coefficient [QP] of “curve of flow discharge
flow discharge and suspended and suspended sediment”
sedimentation curve. is selected.
5 Power coefficient Please input the power Only possible to input if
(IP:QP*10**IQ*Q**2) method coefficient [IP] of flow “curve of flow discharge
discharge and suspended and suspended sediment”
sedimentation curve. is selected.
6 Appointed outflow You can input the number of Only possible when
boundary of periodic open boundary which specifies “cyclic boundary
boundary condition periodic boundary condition. condition” is selected.
As in Figure VII-1, please It’s the effective
select “periodic boundary condition for calculation
condition” in open boundary of simple river without
①, and then input “3” for the distributaries and
object change to open confluences.
boundary ③.
7 Ratio of appointed The concentration of outflow Unit: %
outflow boundary of suspended sediment is 100, Only possible to input if
periodic boundary and then input the increase or “periodic boundary
condition decrease percentage. condition” is selected.
In the case of mixed grain
diameter, the ratio for all
grain diameters is same.

88
Ⅶ.3 How to set up boundary conditions

This section explains how to set input boundary conditions to certain kind of open
boundary.
By right click of “Boundary Condition” in the Object browser, select either of “Add
boundary condition of flow” or “Add boundary condition of bed load” or ” Add
boundary condition of suspended sediment”. Next drawing of polyline over nodes
along the open boundary which was explained before and double click at the end.
Then the dialog box for each boundary condition is opened and click “OK” after you
configure the boundary conditions.
In this time, if you enlarge or rotate the grid data and show the open boundary
line in horizontal or vertical direction as shown in Figure VII-11, it is easier to set
up. Also please make sure if you do not include nodes outside of the open boundary
which you are going to configure.

Figure VII-11 Specify open boundary line

89
 After setting all boundary conditions , click “meshes” → “mapping of attributes”
→ “execute”, the boundary conditions will be set .

Figure VII-12 Display Image of Boundary Condition after configured

90
Ⅷ．Remarks

Mflow_02 limits the number of node points and elements data for calculation usage
regarding memory consumption.
In the current version, the elements are specified as below:
Number of node points: 75,000
Number of elements: 150,000
Area code : 10
Grain diameter distribution pattern: 15partitions, 10 patterns
Grain diameter distribution code: 10

Model is invalid if node points and elements data exceed the number above.

91
Ⅸ．In the end

Special thanks to the great advises from Dr. Yasuyuki Shimizu( the Professor of
Hokkaido University) and Kazutake Asahi(River Center of Hokkaido) and other
many members of “iRIC Project” for the uploading of Mflow_02 to iRIC. I had
Kazunori Inoue(Oriental Consultants Co. Ltd) cooperate by the English translation
of this manual,. I express the will of here.

2014.05.08
Mineyuki Gamou

92
To Reader
● Please indicate that using the iRIC software, if you publish a paper with
the results using the iRIC software.

● The datasets provided at the Web site are sample data. Therefore you can use
it for a test computation.

● Let us know your suggestions, comments and concerns at http://i-ric.org.

iRIC Software
Mflow_02 Solver Manual

Edited by Mineyuki Gamou (Gamou Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd. (G.I.T.))

Collaborator RIVER CENTER of HOKKAIDO

Pacific Consultants Co. Ltd

93