DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Secunderabad
NACHARAM/ MAHENDRA HILLS

SUBJECT: PHYSICS NOTES CLASS –IX

CHAPTER – 1. MOTION
PHYSICS: It is the study of laws of nature.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES: Measurable quantities. Eg: time, density, distance
UNITS: Units are used to measure physical quantities. Eg: second, metre, kg/m3
SCALAR QUANTITY: A quantity which has only magnitude but not direction Eg: mass, time,
temperature.
VECTOR QUANTITY: A quantity which has both magnitude and direction. Eg:velocity,
acceleration,
BODY AT REST: A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to a
fixed point in its surroundings and time.
BODY IN MOTION: A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position continuously with
respect to a fixed point in its surroundings and time.
NOTE: Rest and motion are relative terms.
Eg: a) A car driver is at rest with respect to a person sitting beside him, but is in motion with
respect to a person on the road.
b) A man on the earth is at rest with respect to the earth, but is in motion with respect to the
moon.
TERMS RELATED TO BODY IN MOTION:
Distance:
The total path covered by a moving body from the initial position to the final position.
SI unit is meter (m)
CGS unit centimeter (cm)
It is denoted by ‘S’
It is a scalar quantity.
It can never be zero.
Displacement:
The shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object.
SI unit is meter (m)
CGS unit is centimeter (cm)
It is a vector quantity.
It can be zero, positive (+) and negative (-).
CO-RELATION BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Case -1 – distance > displacement 4m
Distance = 7m ; displacement = √ 9+16 = √ 25 = 5m . 3m
Case -2 – distance = displacement (in straight path)

______________________________
O A
Initial point Final point
A body travels from O to A along a straight line.
Distance = OA
Displacement = OA
Case 3 – displacement = 0.
A body moving in a circular path completing one round or any number of rounds.
Distance = 2πr
Displacement = 0
Numerical:
*Find the distance and displacement for the following track:
25km 70km 35km
E___________________________________________________W

O A B C

OB Distance = 95 km
Displacement = 95 km west

O to A through C
Distance = 235 km
Displacement = 25km

A to O through B
Distance = 165 km
Displacement = - 25km

A to A through C
Distance: 105 + 105 = 210 km
Displacement = 0
HOME WORK
1. Anil started from home and travelled 40 km towards east and 20 km towards north.
Find the distance and displacement.
2. Hari cycled from point ‘P’ to ‘Q’ in a circular cricket ground, along the boundary
which is half of the ground. What is the distance and displacement?
Numerical:
*An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement?
Ans: Yes, when a body is thrown vertically upwards from level A on the ground after some time
it returns to the same ground.
Distance = 2h displacement = 0
*Arun was jogging on a cricket ground of radius 490 m. Find the distance and
displacement after (i) 3 rounds (ii) 2 and half rounds
Solution: (i) 3 rounds
Distance for 3 rounds = 3 x 2πr = 3 x 2πx490 = 2940π m.
Displacement at the end of 3 rounds = 0 as the initial and the final points are the same.
(ii) 2 ½ rounds
Distance covered in 2 ½ rounds
= 5/2 x 2π(490)
= 2450πm.
Displacement at the end of 5/2 rounds is the diameter = 980 m.
*A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will be
the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 min 20 s from his initial
position?
Solution: B 10 m C
Total time = 2 min 20 s. = 140 s.
Given 40m in 40s 10 m 10m
So, in 140 s = ? m
In 140 s, no. of rounds = 3.5 rounds A 10 m D
At the end of 3.5 rounds, the farmer reaches C.

i.e. AC = √ AD 2 +CD 2

= √ 100+100 = √ 200 = √ 2 X 100 = √ 2 x 10 m = 14.143 m.

Therefore, the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 min 20 s is 14.143 m.

HW: NCERT, Pg 112, Qn 1 and Qn 2

HW: A body is moving along a circular path of radius ‘r’. What is the distance and
displacement of the body when it completes : (i) one full revolution (ii) ¼ th of the path
(iii) half of the circular path (iv) 3/4th of the path.
SPEED: Distance travelled by a body in unit time.
distance
Speed =
time
s
v = t
It is a scalar quantity.
SI unit is m/s or ms-1
Bigger unit -km/h
CGS unit - cm/s (or) cms-1
It can never be negative or zero.

5
Note: 1km/h = m/s
18
18
1m/s = km/h
5
VELOCITY: The displacement of a body per unit time.
displacment
Velocity =
time
It is a vector quantity.
SI unit is m/s or ms-1
CGS unit - cm/s (or) cms-1
It can be +ve, -ve or zero
UNIFORM MOTION
If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to be in uniform
motion.
NON-UNIFORM MOTION
If a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time or vice versa, the body is said to
have non-uniform motion.
AVERAGE SPEED
It is the ratio of total distance travelled to the total time taken.
Total distance
Avg speed =
Total time
SI unit is m/s or ms-1
CGS unit - cm/s (or) cms-1
AVERAGE VELOCITY
It is the ratio of total displacement to the total time
Total displacement
Avg velocity =
Total time
SI unit is m/s or ms-1
CGS unit - cm/s (or) cms-1
NOTE: If the velocity of the object changes at uniform rate, then
u+v
Avg velocity =
2
u  initial velocity
v final velocity
HOME WORK: NCERT Page 102 Blue box questions
NCERT Page 101 Ex:8.1
Differentiate between speed and velocity
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED:
It is the distance travelled by a body per unit time at a particular point of time.
NUMERICALS
*A train travels at 60 km/h for 0.52 h, 30 km/h for the next 0.24 h, and then 70 km/h for the
next 0.71 h. What is the average speed of the train?
Solution:
Given A_______B_______C____________D___
0.52h 0.24h 0.71h
60km/h 30km/h 70km/h
Distance AB = 60 km/h x 0.52 h = 31.2 km
Distance BD = 30 km/h x 0.24 h = 7.2 km
Distance CD = 70 km/h x 0.71 h = 49.7 km
So, total distance = 88.1 km
Total distance
Avg speed =
Total time
= 88.1/14.7 = 59.9 km/h
*Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in 1 min by swimming from one end to
the other end and back to the same point. Find the average speed and average velocity.
Solution:
Total distance 180
Avg speed = = = 3 m/s ________90m____________
Total time 60
Total displacement
Avg velocity = =0 A 60s B
Total time

*During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in 5 min.
What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels at the
speed of the light ( 3 x 108 m/s)
Solution:
Given t = 5 min = 300 s
V = 3 x 108 m/s
V = S /t ; S = v x t = 3 x 108 x 300 = 9 x 10 10m.
HOME WORK
1.A car moving on a straight road covers a distance of 1.5 km due east in 150 s. What is the
speed and velocity of the car?
2. NCERT Pg 102, Qns 2,3,4 ; Ex:8.2
NUMERICALS
*Ahmed is moving in his car with a speed of 45 km/hr. How much distance will he cover in
a) one minute b) one sec.
Solution:
Given
a) v= 45 km/hr ; t = 1 min = 1/60 hr
S = v x t = 45 x 1/60 = 0.75 km or 750 m.
b) v = 45 km/hr; t = 1 s = 1/3600 hr
S = v x t = 45 x 1/3600 = 0.0125 km or 12.5 m.
*ACCELERATION:
The rate of change of velocity of a moving body .
v−u
It is denoted by a =
t
Where, u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a= acceleration
It is a vector quantity.
S I unit - ms̄ 2 CGS unit - cm s̄ 2
It can be +ve, -ve or zero.
*RETARDATION (negative acceleration or Deceleration)
i.e. r = - a
*UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Positive ‘a’ : If the final velocity of a moving body is greater than the initial velocity.
(velocity increases) Ex: A body falling towards the Earth.
Negative ‘a’ : If the final velocity of a moving body is less the initial velocity.
(velocity decreases) Ex: A ball thrown up vertically.
*NUMERICALS
A car is travelling at 36 km/hr. After 10 s, the velocity becomes 54 km/hr. Assuming the
velocity change took place at uniform rate, find the acceleration.
u = 36 km/hr ; v = 54 km/hr ; t = 10 s.
= 36 x 5/18 = 10 ms̄ 1 ; v = 54 x 5/18 = 15 ms̄ 1
v−u 15−10 5
a= = =
t 10 10
= 0.5 ms̄ 2
*A car moving with a speed of 54 km/hr is brought to rest within 10 s by applying brakes.
Find the retardation due to brakes.
u = 54 km/hr ; v = 0
u = 54 x 5/18 = 15 m/s
t = 10 s.
v−u
a= = - 1.5 ms̄ 2
t
Retardation = - acceleration = 1.5 ms̄ 2
HOME WORK
Page 103, Ex:8.4, Qns 1,2 and 3
*NUMERICALS
Starting from rest Nikita paddles her bicycle to attain a velocity of 5 ms̄ 1 in 25 s. Then she
applies brakes so that the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4 ms̄ 1 in the next 5 s.
Calculate the ‘a’ of the bicycle in both the cases.
Solution:
Case (i) : u = 0 ; v = 5 ms̄ 1 t = 25 s
v−u 5
a= = = 0.2 ms̄ 2
t 25
Case (ii) : u = 5 ms̄ 1 v = 4 ms̄ 1 t = 5 s
v−u 4−5 −1
a= = = = - 0.2 ms̄ 2
t 5 5
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
*Distance – time graphs ( S –t graphs)
(a)Body at rest
 time(s) Distance(m)
0 5
5 5
10 5
15 5
20 5

The graph is a straight line and parallel to x –axis

(b)Body with uniform motion

time(s) Distance(m)
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8

The graph is a straight line making an angle with x – axis

© Body with non – uniform motion

time(s) Distance(m)
0 0
5 5
10 15
15 20
20 30
25 32

The graph of a body moving with a non – uniform speed is a curve,

VELOCITY – TIME GRAPHS ( v –t )
a) Zero acceleration
 time(s) Velocity
v(m/s)
2 2
4 2
6 2
8 2
10 2

The graph shows a straight line parallel to x – axis

Therefore, the acceleration of a body moving with a constant velocity is zero
b) Uniform acceleration
time(s) Velocity v
(m/s)
2 5
4 10
6 15
8 20
10 25

The graph shows a straight line sloping upwards and passing through the origin.

c)A body having initial velocity and moving with uniform

time(s) Velocity v
acceleration.
(m/s)
0 3
3 6
6 9
9 12
12 15

The graph shows a straight line sloping upwards, having some initial velocity.

d)Deceleration
 time(s) Velocity v
(m/s)
0 40
10 30
20 20
30 10
40 0
The graph shows a straight line sloping downwards i.e. uniform retardation.

HOME WORK

Page 107, Qns 1,2,3 and 4

*Draw v-t graphs of the following:

* A train moving on a straight path along a particular direction.

v (m/s)

t(s)

*A motor bike running at uniform velocity is brought to rest by uniform retarding force of brakes

v (m/s)

t(s)

*A ball projected vertically upwards returns to the thrower

v m/s

t(s)

*A freely falling stone under the action of gravity

v m/s
 t(s)

HOME WORK

Draw a graph for the following cases:

1.A train starting from a station, picking up velocity, then moving with uniform velocity and finally
coming to rest at the next station.

2.A school bus parked under a tree ( d-t graph)

3.A motorist on a crowded road, made to increase or decrease the speed of the vehicle in a particular
direction had to stop at signal and move again in a direction.

*GRAPH BASED NUMERICALS

The graph below shows the position of a body at different times. Calculate the speed of the body as it
moves from A to B, B to C and C to D.

Solution

d
Speed from A to B: s = = 3/3 = 1 ms̄ 1
t
d
Speed from B to C: s = = 0/2 = 0 ms̄ 1
t
d
Speed from C to D: s = = 5/3 = 1.6 ms̄ 1
t
*The following table gives the data of motion of a car:
 Time (hrs) 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00
Distance 0 20 30 65 100
(km)
Plot the graph and find

(i)Speed of the car between 12:00 and 12:30 hrs.

(ii)Average speed of the car
(iii)Is the car’s motion an example of uniform motion? Justify
Solution:
35
(i)s = d/t = = 70 km/h
1/2
Total distance
(ii)Average speed = = 100/2 = 50 km/h
Total time
(iii)no, as the car covered equal distances in equal intervals of time.
*The v-t graph of an ascending passenger lift is shown in the fig. below. What is the
acceleration of the lift

(i)during the first two seconds

(ii)between 2nd and 10th second
(iii)during last two seconds
Solution:
(i)during the first two seconds:
v−u 4−0
a= = = 2 ms ̄ 2
t 2
(ii)between 2nd and 10th second
v−u 4.6−4 0.6
a= = = = 0.075 ms ̄ 2
t 8 8
(iii)during last two seconds
v−u 0−4.6 −4.6
a= = = = -2.3 ms ̄ 2
t 2 2
*The v-t graph for a car is shown:

Find a) What type of motion is represented by AB, BD and DE

b)The acceleration in the first 2 hrs, in the next 2 hrs and in the last 2 hrs.
c)The total distance travelled by the car
d)the average speed of the car.
Solution:
a) AB represents uniform ‘a’, BD represents constant velocity (or) zero acceleration and DE
represents uniform deceleration.
b)First two hrs
 v−u 40−0
a= = = 20 km/hr2
t 2
v−u 40−40
next two hrs = a = = = 0 km/hr2
t 2
v−u 0−40
last two hrs = a = = = - 20 km/hr2
t 2
c)Total distance travelled = Area under ABDE
=Area of trapezium
1
= h (A + B)
2
1
= 40 (4+8)
2
= 20 x12 = 240 km
Total distance
d)Average speed = = 240/8 = 30 km/hr2
Total time

HOME WORK
1)A body is moving uniformly in a straight line with a velocity of 5 m/s. Find the distance
covered by it in 5 s.
2)NCERT Pg 112 Qns :5, 6, 8
Numerical
*A body moves with a velocity of 2 m/s for 5 s, then its velocity increases to 10 m/s in next 5
s. Thereafter its velocity begins to decrease at a uniform rate until it comes to rest after 5 s.
*Plot a v-t graph for the motion of the body.
*From the graph, find the total distance covered by the body in 2 s and 12 s.
Solution:
Distance covered in 2 s = OAB’C’ = 2 X 2 =4 m.
Distance covered in 12 s = Area covered in 12 s.
= Area of OAED + Area of BEF + Area of DHGI + Area of
FHG
= (2 x 10 )+ (1/2 x 5 x8) +( 2 x 6) + (½ x 2 x4)

= 20 + 20 + 12 + 4 = 56m.

EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

1.VELOCITY – TIME RELATIONSHIP ( v = u + at)

OA = CD = u
OD = AC = t
BD = V
BC = v- u
 BD = v

From the given graph, the acceleration of the object is given by,
change∈ velocity BC BC
a= = =
time AC OD
We know OD = t
BC
Therefore, a =
t
BC = at
v – u = at (or)
v = u + at
Hence derived.
2.POSITION – TIME RELATIONSHIP ( S = ut + ½ at2 )

Let us consider that the object has travelled a distance ‘S’

in time ‘t’ under uniform acceleration ‘a’. The distance
travelled by the object (S) is given by,
S = Area under OABC
S = Area of OACD + Area of ABC
S=lxb+½bxh
S = ( OA x OD) + ½ (AC x BC)
S = ( u x t) + ½ t (v – u)
S = ut + ½ t (v – u)
S = ut + ½ t (at)
S = ut + ½ at2
Hence derived.
3.POSITION – VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP ( v2 - u2 = 2as)
 Let the distance travelled ‘S’ by the object in time t,
moving under uniform acceleration a is given by the area
enclosed within the graph.
i.e. S = area of shape OABD
S = ½ h ( A + B)
S = ½ OD ( OA + BD)
S = ½ t ( u + v)
( v−u)
S=½( ) (v + u)
a
2aS = (v -u) ( v+u)
v2 – u2 = 2aS
Hence derived.
NOTE:
When a body starts from rest, u = 0
When a body comes to rest, v = 0
When a body moves with uniform motion ( 0r) constant velocity, a = 0
NUMERICALS
*A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 5 ms -2. What distance will it cover in 20 s after
starting from rest?
Solution:
a = 5 ms -2, t = 20 s, u = 0, S = ?
S = ut + ½ at2
S = 0 + ½ x 5 x 20 x20
S = 1000 m = 1 km
*Brakes applied to a car produce a uniform retardation of 0.9 m/s2. If the car was
travelling with a velocity of 27 m/s, what distance will it cover before coming to rest?
Solution:
v = 0; a = - 0.9 m/s2 ; u = 27 m/s; S = ?
v2 – u2 = 2aS
= 0 – 27 x 27 = 2 x (-0.9) S
−27 X 27
S= = 405 m
−2 X 0.9
*A bus starting from rest moves with uniform acceleration of 0.1 m/s2 for two minutes.
Find a) speed acquired b)the distance travelled in the given period of time.
Solution
a)Given: u = 0; a = 0.1 m/s; t = 2 min = 120 s.
v= u + at
= 0 + 0.1 x 120
= 12 m/s
b)v2 – u2 = 2aS
12 x 12 – 0 = 2 x 0.1 x S
12 X 12
S= = 144/0.2 = 720 m
2 X 0.1
*A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 m/s. If the ‘a’ of the
stone during its motion is 10m/s2 in the downward direction, what will be the height
attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there?
Solution:
Given, u = 5 m/s; v = 0 ; a = -10 m/s2; S =? ; t = ?
Using v = u + at
0 = 5 – 10 x t
−5
t= = 0.5 s
−10
Now using v2 – u2 = 2aS
0 – 25 = 2 (-10) S
 −25
S= = 5/4 = 1.25 m
−20
*A motor boat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of
3 m/s2 for 8s. How far does the boat travel during this time?
Solution
Given, u = 0m/s; a= 3 m/s2; t = 8s, S =?
v = u + at
v = 0 + (3x8)
v = 24 m/s
Using v2 – u2 = 2aS
24 x 24 = 2 x 3 x S
24 X 24
S= = 96 m
6
*A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20m. If its velocity increases uniformly at a rate
of 10ms-2, with what velocity will it strike the ground? After what time will it strike?
Solution:
Given, S = 20 m; a = 10ms-2; u = 0 ms-1; v=?
v2 – u2 = 2aS
v2 = 2 x 20 x 10 + 0
v2 = 400
v = √ 400 = 20 ms-1
v = u + gt
20 = 0 + 10t
t = 20/10 = 2 s
*A bullet is fired on a wall with a velocity of 100 m/s. If the bullet stops at a depth of 10 cm
inside the wall, then find the retardation produced by the wall?
Solution:
Given, u = 100 ms-1; S = 10/100 m = 0.1 m; v = 0 ms-1
v2 – u2 = 2aS
0 – 100 x 100 = 2 a ( 0.1)
−(100 X 100)
a= = - 50,000 ms-2
2 X 0.1
*A driver of a car travelling at 52 km/h applies brakes and decelerates uniformly. The car
stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 34 km/hr applies brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On
the same graph paper, plot the speed versus time graph for the two cars. Which of the two
cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied?
Solution:

For the first car:

Given v= 0 m/s; u = 52 km/hr = 52 x 5/18 = 14.4 m/s
t=5s
For the second car:
u = 34 km/hr = 34 x 5/18 = 9.4 m/s
v= 0; t = 10 s

u v t
I car 14.4 m/s 0 5s
II car 9.4 m/s 0 10s
Distance travelled by the first car = Area of OAB
 = ½ x OB x OA
=1/2 x 5 x 14.4 = 36m
Distance travelled by the second car = Area of OCD
= ½ x ODX OC
=1/2 x 10 x 9.4 = 47 m
So, Second car travels faster.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
When an object is moving on a circular path with a constant speed, the motion of the object is
said to be in uniform circular motion
d 2π r
In circular path, v = =
t t
NOTE
When a body is moving in a circular path, the direction of the velocity constantly changes. The
direction of the velocity is along the tangent to the circle at any point in its motion.

Numerical:
*An artificial satellite is constantly moving in a circular orbit of radius 42,250 km.
Calculate the speed if it takes 24 hrs to revolve around the earth. ( calculate speed in km/s )
Solution:
r = 42,250 km
distance = 2πr = 2 x 22/7 x 42,250
t = 24 h = 24 x 60 x60
distance 2 X 3.14 X 42250
speed = = = 3.07 km/s
time 24 X 60 X 60
HOME WORK:
A circular cycle track has a circumference of 314 m with AB as one of its diameters. A
cyclist travels from A to B along the circular path with a velocity of constant magnitude 5.7
m/s. Find:
a) The distance moved by the cyclist
b) The displacement of the cyclist if AB represents N-S direction
c) The average velocity of the cyclist
d) The acceleration of the cyclist.

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