ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title 13: Website Design & Development

Submission date 23/10/2023 Date Received 1st submission

Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission

Student Name Nguyen Nam Truong Student ID IT0603

Class IT0603 Assessor name Luong Thi Minh Hue

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature Truong

Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 D1
Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Signature & Date:

Table of Content
A. Introduction
B. Content
I. Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including
explanations on how domain names are organised and
managed.(P1)
II. Explain the purpose and relationships between
communication protocols, server hardware, operating
systems and web server (P2)
III. Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end
and back-end website technologies (P3)
IV. Discuss the differences between online website creation
tools and custom-built sites with regards to design
flexibility, performance, functionality, User Experience
(UX) and User Interface (UI). (P4)
C. Conclution
D. Reference
Introduction
In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, where information is readily accessible and
communication transcends boundaries, it's paramount for our team to stay at the forefront of
technological advances. Today, I am delighted to introduce a two-part presentation designed to
empower our staff members with the essential knowledge and insights they need to navigate
the intricacies of web technologies.
In the first part of our presentation, we will be guiding our junior staff through the fundamental
concepts of web technologies, encompassing hosting, website management, and server
technologies. Our goal is not just to instill basic knowledge but to emphasize the profound
impact these technologies have on website design, functionality, management, and
performance. Understanding these foundational elements will equip our junior team members
with a solid footing in the web development domain, ensuring that they can contribute
effectively to our projects and assist in providing top-notch web services to our clients.
Dentify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how domain
names are organised and managed.(P1)
Definiton of Websites: A complete website must include:
A website is a fundamental construct in the realm of + Website: A website consists of many individual web
the digital age, representing a virtual space pages, each accessible through a unique URL (Uniform
comprising a collection of interconnected web pages Resource Locator). These pages are linked together to
and diverse digital content. These web pages are create a cohesive structure.
made accessible through specific web addresses + Content: Websites can contain various content, such as
known as Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and text, images, multimedia (audio and video), and interactive
are hosted on web servers, which serve as the elements such as forms and buttons.
foundational infrastructure for the World Wide Web. + Navigation: Websites include navigation menus or links
A website functions as a central hub for a multitude that help users move between different web pages and
of information, services, and interactive features, access content they are interested in.
serving as a pivotal entity in the vast and + Domain name: Every website is associated with a
interconnected online ecosystem. domain name, which is the web address that users enter
Websites are highly adaptable and are crafted to into their browser to access the website. Domain names are
fulfill a myriad of purposes, offering an extensive usually registered and unique.
array of content types, including text, images, videos, + Hosting: Websites are hosted on web servers, which store
links, and a wide range of multimedia elements. [3] web files and make them accessible to users over the
internet.[2]
How the Website works?
A website works by following a series of steps that involve both the client side
(what the user sees and interacts with) and the server side (where the data and
functionality of the website is stored and processed). ). Here's a simple
overview of how a website works [2].
Step 1: User Input: The procedure begins when the user inputs the URL of
the website into their web browser's address bar or clicks on a link linking
to the website.
+ Step 2: Domain name resolution: The browser must determine the IP
address associated with the website's domain name (URL). To obtain this
information, it sends a DNS (Domain Name System) request to the DNS
server.
+ Step 3 ;Web Server Request: After obtaining an IP address, the browser
sends an HTTP request to the web server associated with that IP address. Step 5: Server response: The web server returns the HTTP response to the user's
Step 4: Handle the web server: The web server receives the request and browser. The response contains HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other materials
processes it. If the website uses server-side scripting (e.g. PHP, Python), the required to render the web page.
server executes the script to generate dynamic content or retrieve data from + Step 6: Client rendering: The browser receives the answer and begins
the database. The server can also handle user authentication and rendering the web page. It parses HTML to produce a Document Object Model
authorization (DOM) and formats the page using CSS styling
. + Step 7: Run the JavaScript: The JavaScript code included in the page is run,
increasing interaction and introducing dynamic behavior. JavaScript can retrieve
more data or resources from the server, resulting in a more dynamic user
experience. [3]
 2. Domain Name System
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a key component of the internet that
functions as a distributed name system. Its principal function is to convert
human-readable domain names, such as "www.example.com," into numerical
IP (Internet Protocol) addresses that computers and servers may use to locate
resources on the internet. DNS streamlines internet navigation by allowing
users to access websites and online services via domain names rather as
cumbersome IP addresses. [4]

A domain name's main components are as follows:

TLD( Top-Level domain: This is the rightmost portion of the domain name and usually indicates the type or purpose of
the website. TLDs that are often used include.com,.org,.net,.gov,.edu,.io, and many others. Country code TLDs (ccTLDs)
include.uk for the United Kingdom and.de for Germany.
SLD (second-level domain): The SLD is the portion of the domain name that comes after the TLD. It usually represents
the domain owner's specific name. For example, "example" in "example.com" is SLD.
A subdomain is a domain that is a subset of a bigger domain. It comes before the primary domain name and is separated
by a period. [4]
A complete domain name combines the SLD, subdomains (if applicable), and TLD, for example, "www.abc.com" or
"blog.mywebsite.io". Domain names are used to identify and locate specific websites or resources on the internet.
Domain names play an important role in making the Internet user-friendly because they are easier to remember and type
than numeric IP addresses, which are actual numerical addresses used by computers to identify hosts. web.
3. How the domain name is organised
Domain names are stored in special databases. These databases are a component of the global
domain name registration system. DNS (Domain Name System) is used to map related IP
addresses to human-readable host names. A domain name is made up of a second-level and a top-
level domain. The second-level domain is the domain's human-readable hostname. Other sorts of
top-level domains are divided into three categories: gTLD, ccTLD, and nTLD.
Domain names are arranged in a hierarchical framework, with each levels of the hierarchy
governed by a separate set of rules and authorities. This hierarchy allows domain names to be
distinctive while also organizing them in a way that makes management and registration easier
[4]. Domain names are grouped as follows:

The Root Zone: is at the top of the hierarchy, denoted by the dot (.) and administered by a centralized body known as the Internet Assigned Numbers body
(IANA). The Root Zone holds information on top-level domains (TLDs) and the authoritative name servers that are associated with them.
TLDs (Top-Level Domains): TLDs are found underneath the Root Zone. TLDs are further classified into two types:
Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs): These TLDs are not particular to any country or area. Examples include ".com," ".org," ".net," ".info," and ".biz,"
as well as newer gTLDs such as ".app," ".blog," and ".guru."
TLDs connected with certain nations or territories are known as country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Each ccTLD is associated with a certain country
or region, for as ".uk" for the United Kingdom.
Subdomains: are optional and can be used to further arrange the structure of a domain name. Subdomains can represent certain areas or functionalities
inside a website and appear to the left of the SLD. In "blog.example.com," for example, "blog" is a subdomain of "example.com."
Domain Name Extensions: Some domain names have additional extensions that convey information about the website's nature or purpose. These
extensions can include ".edu" for educational institutions, ".gov" for government websites, ".org" for non-profit organizations, and industry-specific
extensions such as ".museum."
4. How the domain name is managed
The management of domain names involves overseeing the registration, assignment, and maintenance of
domain names within the Domain Name System (DNS). It encompasses a variety of tasks and
responsibilities to ensure the proper functioning and organization of domain names on the internet.[4]
Here's a definition of how domain name management works:
Domain Name Management:
Domain name management refers to the processes and practices involved in the administration,
registration, assignment, and maintenance of domain names on the internet. It ensures the efficient and
systematic allocation of domain names, allowing users and organizations to use human-readable
addresses to access online resources.
Registration: Domain names are registered with accredited domain registrars or registries. These organizations are in charge of taking registration
requests from people, businesses, or organizations and updating the central domain name databases with the required information.
Assignment: Once a domain name is registered, it is assigned to the registrant. This assignment involves associating the domain name with specific
DNS records, such as IP addresses and mail server information, to make the domain accessible online.
Renewal: Domain names have expiration dates and are normally renewed annually to maintain ownership. To prevent their domain names from
becoming available for registration by others, registrants must ensure regular renewals.
Transfer: Domain name management enables the transfer of domain name ownership or management from one registrant to another or from one
registrar to another. This procedure must follow certain criteria and frequently requires authorization from the current registrant.
DNS Configuration: Domain name administration entails configuring DNS records to provide the IP addresses of web servers, mail servers, and other
domain services. This setting guarantees that the domain name resolves to the correct web destination.
WHOIS Data: Maintaining the accuracy of WHOIS data, which includes contact information for domain registrants, administrative contacts, and
technical contacts, is another aspect of domain name management. WHOIS data accuracy is critical for communication and conflict resolution.
 5. Purpose of DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) performs several key functions in the operation of the internet. Its principal
function is to convert human-readable domain names into numerical IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, hence
enabling access to online resources. The following are the primary goals of DNS:
Domain Name to IP Address Mapping: DNS's principal function is to map domain names (for example,
www.example.com) to their corresponding IP addresses (for example, 192.0.2.1). This translation enables
users to access websites and online services by typing in simple domain names rather than long numerical
addresses. [5]
Internet Navigation Simplified: DNS makes internet navigation easier by delivering user-friendly, human-
readable domain names. Instead of remembering numerical IP addresses, users can access websites, emails,
and other internet services by typing familiar domain names into web browsers.
Load Balancing: DNS can divide network traffic over many servers by responding to DNS queries with
distinct IP addresses. By minimizing overloading on a single server, this load balancing strategy improves the
performance and dependability of online services.
Redundancy and Failover: DNS allows for the creation of multiple DNS records for a single domain,
providing redundancy. In the event of a server or network failure, DNS can redirect traffic to backup servers
or alternate IP addresses, ensuring service continuity.
Dynamic IP Address Assignment: DNS can accommodate dynamic IP address changes, which is crucial for
internet service providers (ISPs) and businesses with dynamic IP addresses. Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
automatically updates DNS records when a device's IP address changes. [5]
6. Type of DNS
Within the DNS infrastructure, there are numerous types of DNS servers and services that perform diverse duties. Here are some
examples of common DNS:
DNS Recursive Server: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or network operators often supply these servers. Their major job is to
answer DNS queries for end users. When you type a domain name into your web browser, the recursive DNS server consults
other DNS servers to determine the IP address associated with that domain.
Authoritative DNS Servers: These servers are in charge of storing official DNS records for specified domains. When a domain
is requested, they return information such as IP addresses, mail server settings, and other DNS data. Typically, organizations run
their own authoritative DNS servers.
Root DNS: servers are at the top of the DNS hierarchy and store information about top-level domains (TLDs). They are critical in
directing DNS queries to the correct TLD DNS servers.
TLD DNS Server: These servers are in charge of handling and maintaining the DNS records for certain TLDs. They supply
information about domain names registered under their respective TLDs.
Caching DNS Server: Caching DNS servers store DNS records temporarily in order to speed up subsequent requests. By
sending cached responses to frequently visited domain names, these servers help to minimize the pressure on authoritative DNS
servers.
Reverse DNS Server: A reverse DNS server maps IP addresses to domain names. They are especially important for security,
email authentication, and other reasons that require the source of an IP address to be identified.
 7. How does Dns works.
Step 1: The user inputs the URL or domain name into the browser.
+ Step 2: The browser sends a message to the network known as a recursive DNS
query in order to determine the IP or network address to which the domain name
matches.
+ Step 3: The query is sent to a recursive DNS server, also known as a recursive
Resolver, which is typically controlled by an internet service provider (ISP). If the
address is found, the recursive resolver returns it to the user, and the web page
loads.
+ Step 4: If the recursive DNS server does not receive an answer, it will ask the
following servers in the following order: There is authority in the DNS root name
server, top-level domain (TLD) name server, and name server.
Step 5: The three types of servers work together to divert traffic until they find the
DNS record holding the requested IP address. It recursively sends this information
to the DNS server and loads the page the user is seeking for. DNS root name
servers and TLD servers mostly redirect inquiries and rarely give standalone
solutions.
+ Step 6: The server stores the A record for the domain name containing the IP
address recursively. When it receives a request for that domain in the future, it can
respond directly to the user rather than searching other servers.
+ Step 7: An error message is returned if the query is sent to the authoritative
server and no information is discovered.
Explain the purpose and relationships between communication protocols, server
hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to designing,
publishing and accessing a website. (P2)
1.Web comunication protocols
The majority of the time, people use a web browser to access the internet. A web
browser is a software tool used to retrieve, display, and navigate information resources
on the World Wide Web. A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) identifies an
information resource, which can be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
material.[6]
A web browser allows your computer to communicate with web servers all over the
world, providing you with the information you need with only a few clicks. Different
web browsers retrieve information in different ways, but one thing they all have in
common is online communication protocols.
Web communication protocols are a type of technology that is used to convey data
across the internet. A web browser, for example, employs these protocols to request
information from servers.[6]
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP is the backbone of web-based data
2. WEB COMMUNICATION transfer. It enables communication and information exchange between web
PROTOCOLS USED: 01 browsers and servers. It employs a request-response model in which a client
(often a web browser) submits an HTTP request to a web server, which
answers with data, which is frequently in the form of web pages or resources.

HTTPS is similar to HTTP, but it differs in that it uses a security protocol

called SSL/TLS to offer secure client-server communications over insecure

02 networks like the internet. HTTPS protocols are most commonly used on
ecommerce websites that request personal financial information such as credit
card details. When you see "https://" in the web address shown in your
browser's Address field, you know a website is employing HTTPS protocols.

IP Security Protocols (IPSec) encrypt data packets and transport them

between two computers that share the same cryptographic keys. In other
words, the IPSec protocol is analogous to a corridor with no doors

03 connecting two rooms. The data can only travel between the two rooms.
IPSec protocols are used in Virtual Private Networks, which enable
employees to connect to their company's secure network via a public network
(for example, from home or a coffee shop).
 3. WEB COMUNICATION PROTOCOL’S
PURPOSE
Web communication protocols serve several important purposes in the
context of the World Wide Web and internet communication:
• Data Transfer: The primary purpose of web communication protocols like HTTP
and HTTPS is to facilitate the transfer of data between clients (e.g., web browsers)
and servers. This includes web pages, images, videos, scripts, and other resources
required to display web content.
• Resource Retrieval: Web communication protocols allow clients to request and
retrieve resources hosted on web servers. These resources can be static (e.g., HTML
files, images) or dynamic (e.g., database-driven content generated by web
applications).
• Standardization: Protocols provide a standardized way for clients and servers to
communicate, ensuring that web content can be accessed and displayed consistently
across different devices, operating systems, and browsers.
• Security: Some protocols, like HTTPS (an extension of HTTP), are designed to
enhance security. They provide encryption and data integrity mechanisms to protect
sensitive information from eavesdropping, tampering, and unauthorized access.
 4. Sever hardware

A server is a computer system that distributes data, information, and other resources
to other computer systems or network devices. Server hardware is the physical
component of a server system that allows for data processing, management, and
storage.
A server system consists of the computer chassis, power supply, motherboard, CPU,
memory, storage devices, and network interface cards. It is intended to support
essential corporate applications, services, and processes by providing high
processing power, dependability, and security.
Server hardware differs from ordinary computer hardware in that it is designed to
accommodate numerous users, programs, and processes at the same time.
A server system often has more processing power, more memory capacity, and more
storage devices to meet the demands of several users accessing the system at the
same time. [2]
 COMPONENTS IN
SEVER HARDWARE.
• Processor (CPU): The central processing unit (CPU) is the "brain" of the server, responsible for
executing instructions and performing computations. Servers often use multi-core processors for
increased performance and multitasking capabilities.
• Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is crucial for server performance. Servers typically
have a larger amount of RAM compared to desktop computers to accommodate multiple users and data-
intensive applications simultaneously.
• Storage Devices: Servers use various storage devices, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state
drives (SSDs), and in some cases, enterprise-grade storage solutions like SAN (Storage Area Network)
or NAS (Network Attached Storage) for data storage and redundancy.
• RAID Controllers: Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) controllers are used to manage
multiple hard drives for data redundancy and performance improvement. They can be integrated into the
server's hardware or added as separate expansion cards.
• Network Interfaces: Servers have multiple network interfaces (NICs) to provide network connectivity.
Dual or multiple NICs offer redundancy and load balancing for network traffic.
• Motherboard: The server's motherboard houses the CPU, RAM, and other critical components. It also
provides expansion slots for additional hardware, such as RAID controllers or network adapters.
• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Servers often have redundant power supplies to ensure continuous operation.
If one power supply fails, the server can continue running on the backup power supply.
5. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SERVER HARDWARE?

Durability - Granted not everyone has an identical experience but server grade
equipment seems to last a bit longer than their desktop counterparts. But even for
prolonged (and stressful) usage, server hardware tends to hold up to the demands
under the specifications provided by the manufacturer.

Stability/Reliability/Longer support - Usually better driver support for the

appropriate OS. Desktop equipment may or may not have solid drivers but server
hardware wouldn't sell without some serious attention to detail. Driver support is
critical as well as serious testing of equipment. I find that once I pay for the server
hardware, I worry less about this issue. If an issue does arise, manufacturers usually
update the drivers/firmware/software/etc.

Scalable - The majority of most core server hardware (motherboards, CPU, RAM)
anticipate upgrades to one degree or another. Most desktops do not anticipate a
larger quantity of resources. This is usually a function of the motherboard chipset
more than anything, but server chipsets are significantly different from desktops.
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
The operating system is a type of system software. It essentially manages
all of the computer's resources. An operating system serves as a bridge
between software and various computer components or hardware. The
operating system is constructed in such a way that it can handle the
computer's overall resources and functions.
The operating system is a completely integrated group of specialized
applications that handles all computer functions. It manages and monitors
the execution of all other programs that reside on the computer, including
application programs and other computer system software. Windows,
Linux, and Mac OS are examples of operating systems.
An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages
computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer
programs. The operating system is the most important type of system
software in a computer system.[8]
SOME OPERATING SYSTEM

1.Windows: Developed by Microsoft, Windows is one of the most widely used

operating systems for personal computers. Versions include Windows 10,
Windows 11, and various Windows Server editions.
2.macOS: Developed by Apple Inc., macOS is the operating system for Apple's
Macintosh computers. It's known for its user-friendly interface and integration
with other Apple devices and services.
3.Linux: Linux is an open-source operating system kernel, and there are many
distributions (distros) that build upon it, such as Ubuntu, CentOS, and Debian.
Linux is popular for servers and is widely used in the development and scientific
communities.
4.Unix: Unix is an older, multi-user, multitasking operating system. While not
as common on personal computers, it heavily influences other operating
systems, including Linux and macOS.
5.Android: Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google,
primarily used on mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets.
6.iOS: Also developed by Apple, iOS is the operating system for iPhones and
iPads. It's known for its security and seamless integration with other Apple
products.
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1 2 3 4
BATCH OPERATING
PROCESS MANAGEMENT MEMORY MANAGEMENT SECURITY
SYSTEM
The operating system controls and The operating system is responsible The operating system manages The operating system provides a secure
distributes memory, CPU time, and for starting, stopping, and managing the computer’s primary memory environment for the user, applications,
other hardware resources across the processes and programs. It also and provides mechanisms for and data by implementing security
computer's many programs and controls the scheduling of processes optimizing memory usage. policies and mechanisms such as access
tasks. and allocates resources to them. controls and encryption.
WHY USE AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

The operating system contributes to the advancement of both computer software and
hardware. It became extremely difficult for any application to be user-friendly in the
absence of an operating system. The operating system provides a user interface that
makes any application appealing and easy to use. The operating system includes a
vast number of device drivers that allow OS services to be accessed by the hardware
environment. The Operating System is required by all applications in the system.
The operating system serves as a conduit for communication between system
hardware and system software. The operating system allows an application to
interface with a hardware component without understanding the actual hardware
configuration. It is one of the most significant components of the system, thus it may
be found in any device, large or small.[7]
 OPERATING SYSTEMS COMPONENTS

• File Management
A file is a collection of connected information that contains programs,
source forms, object forms, and data. A data file might be numeric,
alphabetic, or alphanumeric in nature. The following are some file
management features:
• File and directory creation and deletion.
• File and directory manipulation.
• File mapping to secondary storage.
• File backup on a stable storage media.
2. Process Management
The process management component is used to manage the various processes that are
running on the operating system at the same time. Process management oversees all
running processes and ensures that they function smoothly. It also makes use of the
memory allotted to them and shuts them down as necessary.
A process's execution must be done in such a way that at least one instruction executes on
its behalf. Process management has the following characteristics:
• Process creation and deletion.
• Processes can be paused and resumed.
• Process synchronization
• Creating communication channels with and between processes.
3.I/O Device Management
I/O device management hides the variations of some hardware devices from the user. Following are the
features of I/O device management:
• Buffers caching system
• Provides general device driver code
• Provides drivers for particular hardware devices.
• Helps know the individualities of a device.
4.Network Management
Network management administers and manages computer networks. Its services include performance
management, fault analysis, network provisioning, and service quality management.
Network management helps connect the network fully or partially so that users can design routing and
connection strategies with no connection and security issues.
Following are the features of network management:
• It offers user access to the various resources that the network shares.
• We can access shared resources. These help speed-up computation and offer data availability and
reliability.
• We can access different computing resources that vary in size and function like microprocessors,
minicomputers, and many general-purpose computer systems with the help of distributed systems.
5.Main memory management
Main Memory comprises large amounts of storage or byte where each storage and byte has an address.
In order to conduct the process of memory management a sequence of reads or writes of specific
memory addresses is used. We map it to absolute addresses and load it inside the memory in order to
execute a program.
6. Secondary-Storage Management
- Programs help access data in the main memory during execution. The
main memory is too small and cannot store all the data and programs
permanently. Thus, secondary storage acts as a backup to the main
memory. Assemblers and compilers are stored on the disk until they are
loaded into the memory and use the disk for processing.
- Following are the features of secondary-storage management:
• Allocates storage
• Manages free space
• Disk scheduling
7. Security Management
- It is necessary to protect the processes from each other’s activities.
Security management ensures that the operating files, memory, CPU,
and other hardware resources have proper authorization from the OS.
No process can do its own I/O, this maintains the integrity of peripheral
devices.
6.WEB SERVER SOFTWARE
Web server software (Web server software) is a type of software that is installed and run on a
server (server) to serve websites and web applications for requests from personal computers or
devices. accessed via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Web cam server software is
responsible for processing and sending back convenient web pages, applications or multimedia
documents to the user's browser. It provides and facilitates the exploitation of the computing
power of server facilities for use with a wide range of high-end computing functions and
services. [6]
 POPULAR WEB SERVER SOFTWARE
Apache HTTP Server (Apache): Apache is one of the most popular and
widely used open-source web server software. It is known for its stability,
extensibility, and cross-platform support. Apache's modular architecture
allows it to be highly customizable and widely adopted for hosting websites.

Nginx: Nginx is another highly popular open-source web server and reverse
proxy server. It is known for its performance and scalability, making it a
popular choice for high-traffic websites and web applications. Nginx is also
often used as a load balancer.

Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS): IIS is a web server software

developed by Microsoft for Windows Server environments. It is commonly
used for hosting websites and web applications built on Microsoft
technologies, such as ASP.NET.

Tomcat (Apache Tomcat): Tomcat is an open-source application server

developed by the Apache Software Foundation. While not a full-fledged web
server, it is commonly used for running Java-based web applications, such as
JavaServer Pages (JSP) and servlets.
 7. Relationship between communication protocols, server hardware, operating
systems and web server software

Criteria
Design and publishing Accessing

-Communication protocols, such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and -When users access a website, their web browsers use communication protocols like
HTTPS (HTTP Secure), define the rules for transmitting data over the internet. HTTP or HTTPS to initiate requests to the web server hosting the site.
Communication
Websites are designed with these protocols in mind, ensuring that web content is The communication protocol specifies how data is Transmitted between the client
protocols (browser) and the server, including the format of requests and the structure of
structured and formatted to be transmitted effectively.
-HTTP is the foundation for web communication, dictating how web browsers responses.
and servers exchange information, request resources, and handle responses.

The selection of server hardware is an important aspect during website design - During the access phase, server hardware handles user requests. To handle these
and publication. The performance, capacity, and dependability of the requests efficiently, the hardware allocates resources such as CPU and memory.
Server hardware hardware have a direct impact on the website's ability to handle traffic and The server hardware is critical for delivering web information quickly and keeping
resource demands. The server's CPU, memory (RAM), storage devices, and the website up and running.
network interfaces are all factors to consider. Proper hardware selection
ensures the stability and responsiveness of the website.

The server hardware's operating system (OS) serves as the foundation for server In the access phase, the OS manages server resources, allocates CPU and memory to
Operating Systems
software, including web server software. It is critical that the operating system processes (including web server software), and handles I/O operations. It ensures the
and web server software work together. server's stability, security, and efficient resource utilization.
 Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end
and back-end website technologies. (P3)
Different between static and dynamic websites
1. Static Websites
Definition: Static websites are comprised of web pages with fixed, unchanging content. Each
page is written in HTML and is delivered to the user exactly as it was created. These sites do
not rely on databases or server-side scripting to generate content; instead, all the information
is hardcoded into the HTML files. [13]
Pros:
• Simplicity: Static sites are easy to create and maintain. You don't need much technical
expertise to build them.
• Speed: Static sites load quickly because there is no need for server-side processing or
database queries.
• Security: These websites are less vulnerable to hacking and security threats because they
lack server-side processing.
• Cost-Effective: Hosting and maintaining static sites is usually cheaper, as they require
fewer server resources.
• Reliability: They are more reliable because they are not dependent on databases or server-
side code.
Cons:
• Limited Interactivity: Static sites are not well-suited for interactive features like user
logins, comments, or e-commerce functionalities.
• Scalability: Updating a large static site can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.
• Content Management: It's challenging to manage and update content across multiple
pages without a content management system (CMS).
2. Dynamic website
Definition: Dynamic websites generate content on the server-side and deliver it to the user's
browser. They use server-side scripting languages, databases, and content management
systems to create and display content based on user interactions and inputs. [13]
Pros:
Interactivity: Dynamic sites can offer rich user experiences, including user accounts,
comments, e-commerce functionality, and personalized content.
Efficient Content Management: Using a CMS, it's easy to update and manage content
across the site.
Scalability: Dynamic sites can easily scale as they grow, with the ability to add new content
and features without much hassle.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Dynamic sites can be optimized for search engines by
dynamically generating meta tags and URLs.
Cons:
Complexity: Dynamic sites require more technical expertise to build and maintain due to
the need for server-side scripting and databases.
Slower Load Times: Dynamic sites tend to load more slowly because they rely on server-
side processing, which can create delays.
Security Risks: Dynamic sites are more susceptible to security vulnerabilities and attacks,
particularly if not properly secured.
Cost: Hosting and maintaining dynamic sites can be more expensive due to the need for
server resources and database management.
Relationships between front-end and back-end
website technologies
Front-End Technology
Front-end refers to the part of a website or web application that the user interacts with
directly. It encompasses the visual and interactive elements that users see and interact with in
their web browsers. Front-end development focuses on creating an engaging user interface,
implementing interactive features, and ensuring a seamless user experience.

Front-end development involves using languages such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to
structure, style, and add interactivity to web pages. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
defines the content and structure of the page, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls the
visual presentation and layout, and JavaScript enables dynamic and interactive elements.
Front-end developers focus on creating visually appealing and user-friendly interfaces,
ensuring that the website is responsive and works well across different devices and screen
sizes. They also optimize the performance of the front-end code to ensure fast page load times
and smooth user interactions. [10]
Some Front-end technology , advantages and disadvantages
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language used to structure

and format content on web pages. HTML provides tags and elements to create
text, images, links, tables, charts, and many other elements to display
information on a web browser.
Advantages:
• HTML is a fundamental markup language, therefore it is reasonably simple to
understand and use for beginners in user interface creation.
• HTML can easily incorporate additional languages and technologies, like as CSS and
JavaScript, to create more complex interfaces and user experiences.
• All browsers accept HTML: HTML is currently supported by all browsers on the
web, ensuring cross-platform compatibility.
• Responsive design (responsive design): HTML allows for the creation of websites that
can adapt to different sized devices and screens via design responses.
Disadvantages:
Limitations on formatting and style: HTML defines the content structure, but is no longer
weak and limited in its ability to control appearance and style. CSS is often used to control
design.
+ Versions and compatibility: Some versions of HTML (e.g. HTML5) support many new
features, but backward compatibility can be an issue, especially for older browsers.
 2.CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a programming language that
describes how web pages and HTML documents appear in
web browsers. CSS allows you to control and change the
styles and appearance of HTML elements including text,
images, charts, borders, spacing, colors, and many more.
Advantages:
• Allows for complete control over the visual presentation of
a web page.
• Supports responsive design for different screen sizes. 3.JavaScript
Disadvantages: s
JavaScript is a client-side programming language (client-side scripting
• Can be complex for more advanced layouts and language) used to create interactive functions on websites. It allows
animations. creating events, checking user input, and changing page content without
• Browser compatibility issues can be frustrating. having to reload the page.
Advantages:
• Provides interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages.
• Large ecosystem of libraries and frameworks (e.g., React, Vue,
Angular).
• Can be used for both front-end and back-end development (Node.js).
Disadvantages:
• Different browsers may interpret JavaScript differently, leading to
cross-browser compatibility issues.
• Can potentially slow down web pages if not optimized properly.
 Back End (Server-Side):
Definition: The back end, also referred to as the server-side, is a crucial component of a
2. BACK-END TECHNOLOGY software application responsible for managing and processing data, executing the core
business logic, and serving as the bridge between the user interface (front end) and the
data storage systems. It operates behind the scenes, focusing on tasks that are not
immediately visible to end users.[10]
Some Key Functions of the Back End:
Data Management: The back end is responsible for the storage, retrieval, and
management of data. This often involves interacting with databases to ensure data
consistency, integrity, and security.
Application Logic: It houses the business rules, algorithms, and processes that dictate
the functionality of the software. This includes decision-making, calculations, and
workflow management.
User Authentication and Authorization: The back end manages user accounts, access
controls, and security mechanisms to protect sensitive information and restrict access
based on user roles and permissions.
Server-Side Scripting: It executes code on the server in response to client requests.
This can involve processing form submissions, handling file uploads, and generating
dynamic content to
SOME BACK-END TECHNOLOGY,
Python
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
-Definition : Python is a versatile and easy-to-learn programming language developed in the
late 1980s by Guido van Rossum. It quickly became one of the most popular programming
Brilliant
languages in the world and is widely used in many different fields, including web development,
idea! artificial intelligence, automation chemistry, and many other fields.
data science,
Advantages:
• Known for readability and clean code, making it easy to maintain.
• Django provides many built-in features like authentication and an ORM (Object-Relational
Mapping).
• Great for content-heavy websites and e-commerce platforms.
Disadvantages:
• Not as fast as some other languages, which can be a concern for high-performance
applications.
• Learning curve for developers new to Django's extensive features.
 Go (Golang):
Go, often known as Golang, is an open source programming language. Go
was created with the goal of providing high performance, simplicity, and
ease of maintenance while developing complicated applications. Here are
some key considerations concerning Go and its advantages and
disadvantages in backend programming.
Advantages:
• Known for high performance and efficiency.
• Built-in support for concurrent programming.
Disadvantages:
• Smaller ecosystem compared to more established languages.
• Limited support for third-party libraries and frameworks.

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor):

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is an open source programming language that
was created primarily for web development. PHP was originally designed to
produce dynamic websites,
Advantages:
• Widely used for web development, with a large community and
extensive resources.
• Simple and lightweight, making it suitable for smaller projects.
Disadvantages:
• Historically criticized for inconsistent coding practices (though modern
PHP frameworks like Laravel address this).
Connecting from front-end to back-end
HTTP Requests: The front-end and back-end primarily interact through the HTTP
protocol. The front-end sends HTTP requests to the back-end to request data or
perform operations such as creating, reading, updating, or deleting data (CRUD
operations).

RESTful API or GraphQL: To format and manage the HTTP requests, the back-
end typically provides a RESTful API (or GraphQL API) to the front-end. This API
defines the resources and methods that the front-end can access to interact with data
and functionality from the back-end.

Ajax and Fetch API: In the front-end, tools like Ajax or the Fetch API are used to
make HTTP requests to the back-end. This allows the front-end to send data to the
back-end and receive data from the back-end without the need to reload the web page
or application.

Authentication and Authorization: To ensure security and control access rights, the
front-end needs to authenticate users with the back-end and verify access
permissions (authorization) before allowing them to perform operations.

Web Sockets: Sometimes, web applications need to support real-time data

transmission between the front-end and back-end. In this case, Web Sockets can be
used to establish a continuous connection between the client (front-end) and the
server (back-end) to transmit data instantly.
3. Explain how these Role of presentation layers
relate to presentation
The presentation layer mostly deals with data formatting. Data and text can be stored as an ASCII
and application layers
file, an EBCDIC file, or encoded. Midi files can be created from audio. MPEG video files and
QuickTime files are two types of video files. Graphics and visualizations can be saved in PICT,
TIFF, JPEG, or GIF format.[12]
- The following are the functions of the presentation layer in the model seven layer:
Data Conversion: The presentation layer is in charge of translating data between the application
layer and lower levels, ensuring that data delivered by one system is appropriately read by
another, regardless of data format or character set discrepancies. Character encoding and data
compression are examples of such activities.
Encryption and decryption: It provides encryption and decryption services to secure data
transmitted over the network. This ensures data security and integrity by converting plain text into
an unreadable format for secure transmission.
Data formatting: The presentation layer handles data formatting, converting data into a common
format that the application layer can understand. For example, it can convert data between ASCII
and EBCDIC encoding.
Data compression: It can compress data to reduce the amount of data transmitted over the
network, which is especially important for efficient data transmission.
 The role of application layers.
The application layer is the top level of the seven-pattern layer hierarchy. Above the application layer are the computer
applications that you use every day on your desktop, such as word processing, graphic presentation, spreadsheets, and
database administration. use. As a user, you can move computer application files over the network and across networks
using application networks and application federation networks. [11]
Business Logic: The application layer is where the software program's essential business logic is defined and executed. This
logic consists of the rules and processes that control how the application works. To ensure that the program works as
intended, it requires decision-making, computations, and workflow management.
Data Management: The application layer's primary task is data management. This involves data storage, retrieval,
updating, and deletion in databases. Data management duties assure the integrity, security, and consistency of data. To
conduct these activities, the application layer must communicate with the database.
Server-Side Logic: In response to client queries, the back end executes server-side logic. This includes handling client
requests like form submissions and creating dynamic content on the server. Server-side logic is capable of activities like
authentication, authorization, and data validation before serving responses to the client.esentation, spreadsheet
API Development: The application layer often provides Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that enable
communication between the application and other software systems or services. APIs define the methods and data structures
that allow data exchange, making it possible for the application to integrate with external services, access third-party data,
and provide services to other applications.
Front-end websites technologies relate to Back-end websites technologies relate to
presentation in OSI model application layers in OSI model
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML is primarily Server-Side Languages (e.g., PHP, Python, Ruby, Java,
responsible for the structure of a web page's content. It Node.js): These languages handle web application server-
establishes the design of the layout, headings, paragraphs, links, side logic. They interface with databases, manage user
and other visual aspects. HTML corresponds to the presentation authentication, and generate dynamic information for front-
layer in the OSI model since it is primarily concerned with how end display. Because they manage application-specific logic
data is presented to the user. and services, these languages function at the application
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is used to specify the layer in the OSI model.
visual presentation of web pages, such as color, typeface, and Databases: Databases are used by web applications to store
layout. It adds to HTML by supplying stylistic and layout and manage data. Back-end technologies communicate with
directives. CSS is closely related to the presentation layer databases to retrieve, store, and update data. Because it
because it focuses on the visual representation of content. provides services for data storage and retrieval, the database
JavaScript is a scripting language that is used to provide management system (DBMS) corresponds to the application
interactivity to online pages. Form validation, dynamic content layer in the OSI model. + Application Logic: The
updates, and user interaction are all possible with it. JavaScript application layer in the OSI model comprises the business
runs on the presentation layer because it enhances the user's logic of web applications. Back-end technologies implement
experience and handles client-side processing. the application's basic functionality, such as answering user
requests, data processing, and interaction management.
 Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom-built
sites with regards to design flexibility, performance, functionality, User
Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI). (P4)

Some of tool to create online website

Creating an online website can be done using a variety of tools and
platforms, depending on your needs and technical expertise. After
researching, I have come up with some popular tools and platforms to
create online websites.

Website Builders:
Wix: A user-friendly website builder with a drag-and-drop
interface, offering a range of templates and customization
options.
Weebly: Similar to Wix, Weebly provides a straightforward
website builder with various templates and e-commerce
capabilities.
Squarespace: Known for its elegant and visually appealing
templates, Squarespace is an excellent choice for creative
websites.
Website Hosting Services: Content Management Systems (CMS):
Bluehost: A popular web hosting provider that offers a WordPress: The most widely used CMS, offering
website builder and one-click WordPress installation. flexibility, a vast selection of themes and plugins, and
SiteGround: Known for its speed and performance, great community support.
SiteGround also provides website building tools and Joomla: A robust and extensible CMS suitable for a
WordPress hosting. range of websites, from small blogs to large e-
commerce platforms.
Drupal: A powerful and highly customizable CMS
often used for complex and enterprise-level websites.

Web Development Platforms: E-commerce Platforms:

Webflow: Combines website design and Shopify: A dedicated e-commerce platform that
development in one platform, allowing for custom makes it easy to set up and manage an online store.
coding and visual design. BigCommerce: Another e-commerce platform with a
CodePen: An online code editor and community for range of customizable templates and features for
front-end development, often used to create web online businesses
experiments and prototypes.
GoDaddy Website Builder: Offers an easy-to-use
website builder with a range of templates and
hosting options.
Differences between online website creation tools and custom-built sites

Comparison criterla
Online website creation tools Custom built sites

- Limited Customization: Most online website construction tools have customization Flexibility: Custom-built websites provide an infinite number of design and
limitations. You must follow the platform's existing templates and functionality. functionality alternatives. You have complete control over how your website appears
- Ease of Use: Most online website builders are simple to use and require no or little and functions, and it may be customized to meet your specific needs.
Flextibility coding knowledge. They frequently have drag-and-drop interfaces and pre-designed - Scalability: As your business or project grows, custom websites are more easily
templates, making them usable by people with minimum technical skills. adaptable. As needed, you can add features and functionalities.
- Economical: Many online website builders provide free or low-cost subscriptions. You - Price: Custom-built websites often have a higher price tag. Development costs can be
may build a simple website without spending a lot of money. higher, and continuing maintenance and hosting fees are the website owner's burden.

-Performance Consistency: Because they are hosted on well-maintained servers, - Performance Optimization: Custom-built websites allow for fine-grained
website builders frequently deliver dependable and consistent performance. This can performance optimization. Developers can optimize code, databases, and server
result in faster loading times and fewer technical difficulties. configurations to ensure optimal performance.
- Optimization: Many website builders handle basic optimization, such as picture - Customization: With custom sites, you can build performance-enhancing features,
compression and code minification, for you. This can assist to improve page load times, such as content caching, content delivery networks (CDNs), and database
particularly for visitors with poor internet connections. optimizations.
Performance -Scalability: While website builders may be suitable for smaller websites, they can be -Server Control: With custom websites, you have control over the choice of hosting
less scalable as your site grows. As you add more content and features, performance can providers and server configurations. This allows you to select hosting environments
degrade, and you may face limitations in terms of customization tailored to your performance requirements.
Third-Party connectors: Many website builders have pre-built connectors for common -Development Quality: The performance of a custom website largely depends on the
features such as contact forms, e-commerce, and social media. These have the potential quality of development and adherence to best practices. Poorly coded custom sites can
to improve performance and functionality. suffer from performance issues
Differences between online website creation tools and custom-built sites

- Pre-Built Components and Templates: Website builders include a variety of

pre-designed templates and components, such as forms, galleries, and widgets. - Custom Features: You can add any custom features or functionality to match your
These themes can be somewhat altered, allowing you to establish a website specific demands. Database-driven applications, complicated e-commerce systems,
quickly. and interactive web apps are examples of this.
- Usability: Website builders are designed to be user-friendly, making it simple - Branding: Custom websites provide you complete control over branding and
Functionality
for people with less technical knowledge to develop websites. They frequently design, allowing you to build a distinct online presence that is consistent with your
include drag-and-drop interfaces as well as WYSIWYG (What You See Is What brand.
You Get) editors. - Hosting Flexibility: Custom websites allow you to select your hosting provider
- Built-in Features: Most website builders contain a number of built-in features, and adjust server settings to match your individual needs.
such as blogging platforms, e-commerce capabilities, contact forms, and social
media integration.

- Usability and User-Friendly Design: Many online website builders place a

premium on delivering user-friendly interfaces and templates that are visually - Tailored User Experience: With bespoke development, you have the opportunity
appealing and simple to use. These solutions frequently have pre-built design to design and optimize the user experience based on your target demographic, brand,
and project objectives. You may design one-of-a-kind and tailored journeys for your
and layout options that are intended to deliver a decent user experience right
users.
User Experlence (UX) out of the box.
- Extensive User Research: Custom development frequently includes more
- User Testing and Feedback: Popular website builders are frequently
extensive user research and testing, giving you to obtain a thorough insight of your
evaluated by a wide user base, which can lead to usability and user consumers' needs and preferences. This study informs design and functionality
experience refinements. They may also provide responsive design assistance, decisions, resulting in a better user experience.
ensuring that your site appears and operates properly on a variety of devices.
Differences between online website creation tools and custom-built sites

- Simplified User Journey: Website builders aim to simplify the process of

- Optimized Performance: Custom websites can be fine-tuned for optimal
creating a website, making it accessible to individuals with limited technical
performance, ensuring fast load times and smooth interactions, which are critical for
knowledge. This can contribute to a smoother user experience for those building
a positive user experience.
their sites.
- Accessibility and Inclusivity: Custom development enables you to implement
- Limitations in Customization: While website builders offer ease of use, they
accessibility features that cater to a wide range of users, including those with
may come with limitations in terms of design and functionality customization.
disabilities, enhancing the overall user experience.
This can impact the depth of user

Entire Design Control: Custom-built websites provide you entire control over the
Website builders: often offer a range of pre-designed themes that are often
UI design. Designers and developers may create one-of-a-kind, totally customized
visually beautiful and user-friendly. These templates include pre-made UI user interfaces that complement your brand identity and project objectives.
elements including buttons, menus, and forms. - Improved UI Performance: Custom development allows for fine-tuning of the
- Drag-and-Drop Interfaces: Website builders provide simple, drag-and- user interface for performance optimization, resulting in faster load times and
drop interfaces that allow users to organize UI components and elements on smoother interactions.
User Interface (UI) web pages without requiring coding knowledge. -Brand Identity: With a custom-built website, you have the freedom to design a
- Limited modification: While website builders provide some UI element user interface that reflects your brand identity and distinguishes you from
modification, there may be limits to how much you can change the design competitors. This can help to create a more memorable user experience.
and layout. As a result, you may have less influence over the user interface. - Advanced UI components: Custom development enables the incorporation of
- Consistency: Online website creation tools often maintain design advanced and interactive UI components such as complex animations, one-of-a-kind
navigation systems, and specialized user interactions.
consistency, ensuring that UI elements are coherent and aligned with the
- Responsive Design: Custom development gives you complete control over
chosen template.
responsive design.
CONCLUTION
As we draw this comprehensive presentation to a close, it is evident that the knowledge and
insights we've shared today are not just tools for understanding web technologies but also
the building blocks for success in an ever-evolving digital landscape.
For our junior staff, the understanding of basic web technologies, hosting, website
management, and server technologies is not merely an entry point into the world of web
development. It is the foundation upon which they can construct a career filled with growth
and innovation. These fundamental concepts are the keys to unlocking the potential of web
design, functionality, management, and performance. Armed with this knowledge, they can
tackle projects with confidence, ensuring our clients receive the best possible web services.
For our senior staff, the more technical segment of our presentation equips them with the
expertise needed to make informed decisions, explore the vast world of front-end and back-
end technologies, and select the right tools and techniques for our upcoming projects. It is
an invitation to harness their experience and deep dive into the intricacies of website
development. With this knowledge, we become not just web developers but architects of
digital experiences.
In closing, let us remember that learning and adapting are lifelong processes, and our team's
collective expertise will continue to evolve with the ever-changing web technologies. I look
forward to seeing the incredible websites and digital solutions we will create together,
driven by the knowledge and insights we've gained today. Thank you for your time and
dedication in this pursuit of excellence.
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