CHAPTER: 5 APPENDIX 2 Ahadith (1-20)

Q: (a) Describe the teaching of the Hadeeth about what Muslims believe.
(b) Explain how Muslim can put these teachings into action.

Hadith 1 ‘Religion is sincerity.’ We said: ‘To whom?’ The Prophet said: ‘To Allah, his Book, His
Messenger, the leaders of the Muslims and to their common people.’
(a)
• Islam demands sincere and genuine faith.
• This sincerity is needed in the fundamental beliefs as well as towards the leaders and the
members of the community.
• This means strong belief in Tawhid (oneness of Allah), the divine message of the Quran and the
messenger of Allah who conveyed this Message to us.
• Also, Muslims believe in following the leader of the community sincerely who follows the Quran
and Sunnah. The Holy Quran says,
“And obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those charged with authority among you.” (4:59)
• Finally, Muslims believe in respecting and caring for the fellows in the community.
(b)
• Belief in Tawhid, Quran and the last Messenger is demonstrated by following the eternal
guidance of the Quran and Sunnah.
• Muslims should observe the five pillars of Islam:
“And establish regular prayer and pay the poor due.”
• As for cooperating with the leader of the community, Muslims should remember the speech of
Abu Bakr on his election as caliph:
“Help me if I am in the right, set me right if I am in the wrong”
• Similarly, sincerity towards fellows should be expressed by being kind, polite and respectful to
them.

Hadith 2 None of you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself.
(a)
• Muslims are bonded together with common faith. The Holy Quran says,
“Believers are a single brotherhood” (49:10)
This bond of fraternity has been established by Allah Himself, and so, all Muslims are required
to make it part of their faith.
• A heart without love and care for the fellow Muslims is devoid of true faith, and so, genuine
faith is linked with affection for the other members of the community. The Holy Prophet
(PBUH) says,
“The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is affected
he is all affected.”
• “None of you believes” refers to imperfect faith, and not absence of faith. This means that any
believer might fall prey to a lack of love for fellows which would be a sign of his imperfect faith.
(b)
• Muslims should negate selfishness, promote spirit of sacrifice and love for the fellow Muslims
• They should develop a sense of collective welfare and make efforts to ensure comfort and
benefits for others as much as for himself. The example of Ansar of Madinah should be followed
who shared their belongings wholeheartedly with Muhajireen. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) says,
“It is more beneficial for one to give his land free to his brother than to charge him a fixed
rental.”

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• True believers should not look down upon others and should not taunt them or call them by
offensive nick names. Another Hadith guides us in the following way,
“A Muslim is the brother of another Muslim, so he should not oppress him, forsake him, or look
down him.”
• They are also not supposed to break ties with fellow brothers and should take initiative in re-
establishing good relations.

Hadith 3 Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak good or keep silent, and
let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his neighbour, and let him who
believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his guest.
(a)
• Power of speech is not only a great bounty by Allah but also a means of expressing faith:
“He has created man. He has taught him the speech (and intelligence),” (55:3, 4)
• With this belief, a believer learns that to keep quiet is better than telling a bad thing.
The Holy Quran makes Muslims responsible about their tongue by saying,
“Not a word does he utter but there is a watcher by him ready to record it.”
• Several evils, transgression and indecencies originate from misuse of the tongue.
• Similarly, faith is also linked with good social conduct because Muslims believe that
observance of acts of worship is one aspect and being kind to others is another aspect of
demonstrating faith.
(b)
• Muslims should avoid all indecencies. Allah says in the Holy Quran,
“Believers will surely get through ………who avoid vain talk” (23:1-2)
• They should show hospitality towards those around them e.g., neighbours and guests: “He is
not a true believer who eats to his fill but his neighbor sleeps hungry” and
“Whoever believes in Allah and the last day should not harm his neighbour, and whoever
believes in Allah should honour his guest”
The Prophet set several examples of hospitality, towards both Muslims and non-Muslims guests
and neighbours.

Hadith 4 A man asked the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace): Do you
think that if I perform the obligatory prayers, fast in Ramadan, treat as lawful that which is lawful
and treat as forbidden that which is forbidden, and do nothing further, I shall enter paradise? He
said: Yes.
(a)
• This Hadith sums up the secret of entry to Paradise.
• Prayer and fasting are the two of the five pillars on which is erected the building of faith:
“He who gives up prayer intentionally has indeed disbelieved.”
“What stands between a believer and disbelief is abandonment of regular prayer”
“The fast is a shield (against Satan).”
• These two pillars train believers to believe in the importance of the lawful and the unlawful.
• “…….he (the Prophet) allows them as lawful what is good and prohibits them from what is bad”
(7:157)
(b)
• Muslims should be regular and punctual in daily prayer as it keeps them from evils:
“Verily, regular prayer refrains from shameful and unjust deeds” (29:45)
• They should fast in Ramadan to promote self-restraint.
• Observance of both these trains them to tell right from wrong and earn by Halal (permitted)
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means while shunning all Haram (forbidden) actions:
“So take what the Messenger gives you and refrain from what he prohibits you” (59:7)
• Such self-training will ensure individual and collective welfare in this world and the Hereafter.

Hadith 5 Every person’s every joint must perform a charity every day the sun comes up: to act
justly between two people is a charity; to help a man with his mount, lifting him onto it or
hoisting up his belongings onto it is a charity; a good word is a charity; every step you take to
prayers is a charity; and removing a harmful thing from the road is a charity.
(a)
• Muslims believe that all their physical powers are a gift of Allah.
• This enables them to express gratitude to Allah by helping fellow Muslims in daily matters.
• They consider such acts as charity e.g., settling disputes of the people and removing harmful
objects from the roads.
• Such acts are equated with exerting energy in the worship of Allah.
• Islam encourages charity and other measures that benefit others:
“The best among the people are those who are a source of benefit to the people” (Hadith)
(b)
• True believers should shape their conduct in such a way as can help the fellows in day to day
affairs.
• They should try to end disputes between fellows because the Quran says:
“Believers are but a single brotherhood; therefore make peace between your two contending
brothers” (49:10)
• They should hurry to offer their prayer, share the burden of fellows and, wherever possible,
remove anything harmful from the way.
• They should do this along with other acts of charity because Islam has broadened the scope of
charity.

Hadith 6 Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is
unable to do so then with his tongue, and if he is unable to do so then with his heart, and that is
the weakest of faith.
(a)
• Islam teaches its followers to first establish a true Islamic society based on the teachings of the
Quran and Sunnah
• It further commands them to defend the society against all possible evils with whatever
available resources.
• This involves use of physical force or verbal rejection or at least condemning it from heart,
though it is the lowest degree of faith of a believer.
• Believers should remember that struggle against evil is a constant phenomenon as the ultimate
source of evils is Satan:
“Verily Satan is an avowed enemy to man” (12:5)
(b)
• Muslims should eradicate evil through struggle of varying degrees depending on the availability
of resources with the Muslim community and government.
• If sufficient resources are available, then the Muslim state may permit physical Jehad:
“Believers……….. strive hard in Allah’s way with their possessions and their own selves” (49:15)
• Otherwise, evil may be suppressed through speech or writings, and in case an individual
believer is unable to utilize either resource, he is required to shun evil internally.
• The best way of doing this might be to seek Allah’s refuge:
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“Say I seek refuge with the Lord of day-break. From the evil of the things created”
(al-Falaq)

Hadith 7 It was said: O Messenger of Allah, who is the most excellent of men? The Messenger of
Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘The believer who strives hard in the way of
Allah with his person and property.’
(a)
• Jehad or struggle in the way of Allah is an act of worship and shows genuineness of faith.
• Jehad is aimed at suppressing evil, stopping aggression and transgression but within the limits
prescribed by the code of conduct of war in Islam.
• Muslims believe that all their physical and financial resources are granted by Allah, and so, they
develop the spirit of placing them at Allah’s disposal.
• Therefore, according to their belief, those who sacrifice their lives during Jehad, are not dead:
“Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their Lord.” (3:169)
(b)
• Jehad is the ultimate expression of one’s faith as it involves sacrificing everything in Allah’s way
and defending Islam.
• Muslims should train themselves to sacrifice their belongings and lives without hesitation. As
Quran commands,
“Fighting is prescribed to you though you may dislike it” (2:216)
• For this reason, the Quran and the Prophet have repeatedly admired those busy in Jehad and
ranked them as the best Muslims.
• The Holy Prophet fought battles, received wounds and also witnessed martyrdom of his close
associates with great patience.
• He declared his uncle Hamza as “the chief of all the martyrs” as he had migrated twice for the
sake of Islam and later, laid down his life in the battle of Uhud.

Hadith 8 The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘Whom do you
count to be a martyr among you?’ They said: O Messenger of Allah, whoever is killed in the way
of Allah is a martyr. He said: ‘In that case the martyrs of my community will be very few! He who
is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies a natural death in the way of Allah is a martyr,
he who dies in the plague in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies of cholera in the way of
Allah is a martyr’.
(a)
• The Hadith has expanded the scope of martyrdom by including those not involved directly in
any physical fight/struggle (Jehad) in Allah’s way.
• Muslims are taught to believe that there are a number of non-war martyrs and they include
those who endure any sudden or prolonged pain that eventually kills them.
• For example, natural death, death from plague and cholera.
• The Prophet has repeatedly said “in the way of Allah” and that means to die in a state of strong
faith in Allah.
 Even we believe that if we desire strongly to get martyrdom, we’ll get the reward of martyrdom
as the Holy Prophet PBUH said,
“ Whoever sincerely desires the rank of martyrdom gets the rank of martyrdom even if he is not
killed”
(b)
• Believers should be ready to lay down their lives in Allah’s way only.
• They should develop the spirit of withstanding all serious and fatal sufferings with a strong
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belief that everything is by the supreme will of Allah Almighty who alone has power to give life
and death.
• They should be ready to sacrifice their lives while fighting on Allah’s commands as well as while
suffering any physical ailment with this Quranic instruction:
“…….but give glad tidings to those who patiently preserve. Who say, when afflicted with calamity:
To Allah we belong, and to Him is our return” (2:155-156)
This way, serious ailments and sudden trials will not shake their faith.

Hadith 9 No one eats better food than that which he eats out of the work of his hand.
(a)
• Islam has related struggle for lawful earning with the performance of obligatory rituals:
“To earn a clean living is also a duty next to the obligatory duties of faith” (Hadith)
• Islam instructs the believers to work hard and earn by legitimate and fair means without
dependence on others. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said,
“One who works for himself is a friend of Allah”.
• In this way the Muslims believe that hard work of any kind is a means of earning not only
material bounties but also Allah’s pleasure and favour.
(b)
• The Muslims should follow the sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) who set several guiding
examples.
• He would mend his shoes and clothes, work as ordinary worker in the construction of the
mosque and digging of the ditch.
• They should reject all such unlawful and undesirable means of earning as bribery, usury (riba)
and beggary because the Prophet strictly warned his followers of the consequences of these
antisocial practices:
“The one who offers and the one who accepts the bribe will both go to the Fire of Hell”.
• They should obey the Quranic command:
“Eat of what is on earth, lawful and good, and do not follow footsteps of Satan” (2:168)

Hadith 10 One who manages the affairs of the widow and the poor man is like the one who
exerts himself in the way of Allah, or the one who stands for prayer in the night or fasts in the
day.
(a)
• Islamic teachings train the believers to develop a sense of fulfilling the rights of Allah as well as
those of the fellow beings.
• Islam strictly instructs us to take care of the less privileged in the society. Such people have
been equated by the Prophet to a regular worshipper and the one who strives in the way of
Allah.
• The Quran links true faith with a supportive attitude towards the poor and declares those who
fail to do so as the rejectors of faith:
“Have you seen the one who denies the judgement?....... and who does not encourage the
feeding of the indigent”. ( 107, al-Ma’un)
(b)
• The Muslims should follow the example of the Prophet who married the widow and often gave
away his share of meal to those in need:
“ Nor repulse the petitioner unheard” (al-Duha, 93)
• They should support those in need by regular charity and almsgiving in a way that the honour
of the needy is not hurt: “There is a man who gives charity and conceals it so much that his left
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hand does not know what his right hand spends” (Hadith)
• This means there should be no showing off.
• The best way of supporting a widow is her remarriage with her consent as it is the Sunnah of
the Prophet (PBUH).
• The weak in the society should be supported and taken care of, just like the Prophet (PBUH)
himself did in Makkah and Madinah.

Hadith 11‘I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this’. And he pointed
with his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger.
(a)
• Islam instructs its followers to be caring and considerate towards the unsupported and the
needy.
• It promises greater rewards for such noble attitude, e.g., earning the pleasure of Allah and
closeness to His Messenger.
• It also associates such nobility with the love for Allah:
“And they feed for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan and the captive” (76:8)
• Care and support of the orphan is greatly admired by the Quran and Sunnah, as both promise
huge rewards for those who are kind towards the orphan.
• This Hadith guarantees such people closeness to the Prophet in Paradise → for any believer this
is no less than a fabulous award in the Hereafter.
(b)
• The Prophet, himself being an orphan, always took special care of the orphan and the needy.
• He was reminded in Surah al-Duha: “Did He not find you an orphan and give you shelter”?
• Therefore, he showered special love on the orphan.
• Muslims should imitate his examples in whatever possible ways.
• They should donate generously for the orphanages run and maintained by various charity
organizations.
• They should adopt orphan children in the light of the admiration expressed by the Prophet,
“the best Muslim house is that in which an orphan is well treated”.
• Such noble tasks strengthen the communal bonds among the members of the Muslim
community.

Hadith 12 The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) sent Abu Musa
and Mu'adh ibn Jabal to Yaman, and he sent each of them to govern a part. Then
he said: 'Be gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not alienate'.
(a)
• This Hadith highlights the importance of the responsibilities of a Muslim ruler
• Being the leader of the Muslim community is a huge responsibility and a great trust of Allah
with the ruler.
• A Muslim ruler is required to consider himself the custodian of his people, responsible for their
prosperity and welfare:
“Leader of the community is indeed its servant” (Hadith)
• “Your best rulers are those whom you love and they love you” (Hadith)
• Such an attitude is based on a strong sense of accountability before the people as well as the
Supreme Lord.
• True Muslim rulers try their best to win the hearts of their people by kindness and by being
very close to them, avoiding any degree of harshness.

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(b)
• The Prophet and his four successors set glorious traditions about how to act as rulers
• They devoted their energies for the general welfare and collective prosperity of their people
• Muslim rulers should follow these model rulers who ruled not only the state but also the hearts
of their subjects.
• They should remove all barriers that separate them from their people and should treat them in
a kind and fatherly way so that people do not fear but respect them with sincerity.
• Caliph Ali remarked: “The state might survive with paganism but might not survive with
injustice”.
• They should ensure justice and follow this instruction of the Prophet (PBUH),
“Make things easy and don’t make them hard, and cheer up people and don’t repel them”.

Hadith 13 He who studies the Qur’an is like the owner of tethered camels. If he attends to them
he will keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose they will go away.
(a)
• The conduct of the Muslims depends on the degree of their association with the Quran because
it is the basis of their lives.
• The Prophet has linked this bond with the ownership of the tethered camels
• As long as the camels are supervised and kept tethered, they remain under control.
• Similarly, as long as a Muslim remains attached to the Quran by recitation, learning and
comprehending it, the Quran continues to benefit him; but if this relation is weakened, the effect
of the Quran gradually fades away.
• The Prophet admired those devoted to learning and teaching of the Quran:
“The best among you is the one who has learned the Quran and teaches it”
(b)
• The Muslims should encourage regular recitation and learning the Quran by heart so that their
ties with the Quran are strengthened. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said,
“Keep refreshing your knowledge of the Quran for I swear by Him in whose hand is my soul, that
is the more liable to escape than camels which are tethered”
• The Quran should be recited in the manner prescribed by the Quran itself. As it says,
“And recite the Quran in slow, measured rhythmic tones” (73:4)
• Also, its message should be comprehended in order to shape our conduct according to the
Quranic command.

Hadith 14 May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when he sells, when he buys, and when
he demands his money back.
(a)
• Economic teachings of Islam stress on honesty and justice on one hand, while mercy and
lenience on the other.
• Buyers and sellers are required to have no intention of exploiting or cheating each other:
“One who cheats is not among us” (Hadith)
• Muslims believe that honesty and generosity are liked by Allah.
• Buyers similarly are not supposed to have any ill intention of exploiting any weakness of the
seller.
• Muslims believe that Allah alone enables them to be a source of helping those in need and this
develops the spirit of generosity when some needy person approaches them.
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(b)
• The Prophet (PBUH) conducted trade with full honesty and dedication
• He would not hide defects of merchandise while selling any items.
• Muslim traders should follow this and should not try to unduly maximize profits.
• While buying anything, Muslims should observe some limit of bargaining so that the seller does
not feel uncomfortable.
• A creditor should be generous enough to give any relief to the debtor because the Prophet
greatly admired such degree of kindness:
“Whoever has a claim on a brother which is payable and he allows respite to the debtor in his
payment, he will be given the reward of charity”.
• Muslims should not indulge in any kind of usury but extend “the beautiful loan” (Interest-free
loan).

Hadith 15 God will not show mercy to him who does not show mercy to others.
(a)
• Among all attributes of Allah, mercy is very special because according to a Hadith-i-Qudsi:
“Truly My mercy overcomes My wrath”
• Allah, therefore, loves those who show mercy to others, and He commands the Muslims to
seek His mercy and extend mercy on others.
• The Holy Prophet is called “mercy for all creatures” in the Quran (21:107)
• The Prophet encouraged his followers to keep alive the spirit of mercy and compassion so that
they get entitled to Allah’s mercy in the Hereafter.
• None can be more ill-fated than the one who gets deprived of Allah’s mercy.
(b)
• The Muslims should follow the footsteps of the Prophet who never cursed anyone even his
enemies and insulters in Makka and Taif.
• In the battle of Uhud, when some companion asked him to curse the Makkans, his reply was:
“I have not been sent to curse”
• He kindly treated captives of Badr and forgave his fatal enemies on the conquest of Makka.
• Muslims today should imitate such noble conduct and generosity of heart.
• They should not overburden their employees and should have the moral courage of forgiving
the insulters because they will receive huge reward from their Lord:
“Be compassionate to those on earth and He, who is in the heavens, will be compassionate to
you”.

Hadith 16 The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is
affected he is all affected.
(a)
• Islam established the universal Muslim brotherhood when the Prophet migrated to Madina:
“The believers are but a single brotherhood” (49:10)
• All Muslims regardless of social and geographical background were united as a single
community.
• Since it is a divine arrangement, all Muslims are bound to observe it
• They are required to develop a strong sense of belonging to the same community or family so
that if any of the fellows experiences discomfort, they too may feel it.
• The Prophet also used another comparison:

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“One believer to another is like the bricks of a building; each one is holding and supporting the
other”.
(b)
• The believers may follow this Hadith in a variety of ways.
• The Ansar of Madina accommodated the Muhajireen of Makka by sharing all their assets with
them.
• During congregational prayers and the pilgrimage to Makka, Muslims come closer to each other
and this trains them to share joys and sorrows.
• They should care for fellow Muslims in hour of need and trials.
• The Prophet linked true belief with a sense of brotherhood:

“You cannot be true believers unless you love for your brother what you for yourself.”
• They should also promote unity by collectively following the Quranic guidance:
“And hold fast all together the Rope of Allah and do not be divided” (3:103)

Hadith 17 Modesty produces nothing but good.

(a)
• Moral teachings of Islam are intimately linked with modesty
• Modesty is the barrier, like piety, against all indecencies and evils and is thus a source of
strengthening faith and submission before divine commands.
• The Prophet said: “Modesty and faith are companions; when one is taken away, the other
follows it”
• So, modesty strengthens and accompanies faith, and faith, in turn, promotes mental piety.
• Mental piety reflects a believer’s obedience to Allah and is a means of earning Allah’s favour.
• Modesty is antidote to evil acts and disobedience to Allah.
(b)
• Islam teaches ways of observing modesty both towards Allah and the fellow members of the
community.
• Regular prayer effectively wards off evil thoughts and actions:
“Surely, prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds” (29:45)
• In the same way, a believer’s conduct should be shaped according to the divine commands and
guidance.
• Another way of observing modesty is to put interests of fellows before one’s own interests:
“None of you truly believes unless he desires for his brother that what he desires for himself.”
(Hadith)
• Such an attitude surely eliminates evils and social problems so that a balanced society
develops.

Hadith 18 He who has in his heart as much faith as a grain of mustard seed will not enter hell,
and he who has in his heart as much pride as a grain of mustard seed will not enter paradise.
(a)
• According to Muslim belief, true faith alone guarantees a believer’s salvation from the fire of
Hell and entry to Paradise.
• Faith promotes the spirit of submission before the will of Allah and thus negates pride.
• Pride symbolizes disobedience as is evident from Satan’s refusal to obey Allah:

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“We said to angels: “Bow down to Adam”, and they all bowed down except for Iblis; he refused
and was haughty” (2:34)
• A believer with the slightest degree of faith will eventually be freed from Hell and a person with
the slightest amount of pride will be denied Paradise and driven to Hell: “Is there not in Hell an
abode for the Haughty” (39:60)
(b)
• Muslims should promote humbleness and submission before Allah so that they earn His
blessing.
• The Quran mentions the ways of being humble towards Allah and reward of such attitude:
“The believers must eventually win through. Those who humble themselves in their prayers”
(23:1, 2)
• By strengthening a sense of humility, pride can be effectively resisted and controlled.
• This ensures pleasure of Allah:
“ Allah does not love the arrogant” (4:36)
• Following the Divine guidance is the best means of promoting humility and resisting pride.

Hadith 19 The world is a believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s paradise.

(a)
• Allah is the Creator of this world and the Hereafter.
• He created charms in this world to test His obedient servants.
• A believer is trained by Islamic teachings to consider this world a prison where he is not free to
live a life of his choice and so, can’t get attached to it just as a prisoner can’t develop a lasting
association with the prison.
• A true believer gradually develops an approach to the worldly life that the Quran mentions as:
“What is the life of this world but play and amusement? But best is the home in the Hereafter.”
(6:32)
• He strongly believes in the eternal joys of the Hereafter whereas a non-believer is fully
attracted by the temporary glow of this world and thus, denies the Hereafter.
(b)
• A staunch belief in the temporariness of this world and eternity of the life after death should be
demonstrated by a believer’s submission to Allah’s will,
“Say ‘I believe in Allah and then act uprightly.” (Hadith)
• He should live in this world just as a prisoner or a stranger in the light of this instruction of the
Prophet:
“Live in this world as if you were a stranger or a wayfarer.”
• Unlike the non-believers who are totally absorbed in the world, a believer should consider his
life as a testing phase or a cultivating ground the fruits of which will be awarded in the Hereafter:
“This world is a seedbed for the Hereafter” (Hadith)

Hadith 20 God does not look at your forms and your possessions, but he looks at your hearts and
your deeds.

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(a)
• This Hadith categorically declares the criterion by which Allah judges actions and conduct.
• Allah does not consider outward appearance or worldly gains made by a person.
• He simply considers a person’s conduct and the intentions behind it because the Prophet
clearly stated in another Hadith: “Actions are judged by intentions”
• However good appearance we may carry and whatever success we get, Allah is so supreme and
high that everything is worthless before Him because He is “Lord of all the worlds” and “He
knows secrets of hearts.”
• So, a true believer strives to act according to the Quran and Sunnah and with sincerity of
intention.
(b)
• Muslims should struggle to live a righteous life instead of focusing on material gains only.
• They should follow the Quran and Sunnah since this alone can guarantee success in the
Hereafter.
• They should reject any form or degree of hypocrisy or showing off and develop sincerity of faith
and intention, keeping in mind:
“Whether you hide whatever is in your hearts or reveal it, Allah knows it all.” (3:29)
They should do all noble deeds with the pure intention of earning Allah’s pleasure, however
ordinary these deeds might seem to others.

General Questions from Ahadeeth

Q. Outline the main teachings of the Hadeeth you have studied about the importance of
Muslim communal life. (10) (June 2009)

Ans: The Ahadeeth of the Holy Prophet guide Muslims for individual as well as communal
conduct and matters of the Muslims. Islam declares the entire Muslim community a single body
or family where each and every member is ready to share joys as well as sorrows in the light of
this Hadith:

“The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected, he is affected; and if his head is
affected, he is all affected “

This is the most fundamental and important aspect of the Muslim community and has been the
subject matter of several Ahadeeth of the Holy Prophet. For example, the Holy Prophet, in
another Hadeeth, has linked true faith with the care and consideration observed by a true
believer towards his neighbor:

“Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his neighbor.”

Importance of being kind and polite towards fellow beings has been highlighted in a number of
the sayings of the Holy Prophet, and he himself demonstrated it in a number of occasions. In fact,
he is a sign of mercy, forgiveness and compassion and taught the same to his followers. He
declared in this regard:

“God will not show mercy to him who does not show mercy to others.”
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Similarly, the Messenger of God always wished to create and develop a society where every
member would emerge as a strong support for those in need. Through his teachings, instructions
and actions he emphasized the importance of taking care of the less privileged people, like the
orphan, widows and the poor. He always encouraged an attitude of kindness towards such
people and hinted towards the importance of this by saying:

“I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in Paradise like this: and he pointed with
his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger”

The Holy Prophet was mindful of other important aspects of the communal conduct. He was
aware of the human weakness of falling victim to the devices of Satan whose mission is to entice
humans towards disobedience of the Divine commands and to commit sins and spread evils and
indecency. So, he alerted his followers to be ready to take timely and appropriate action in that
regard. He drew the attention of his followers by this Hadeeth:

“Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is not
able to do so, then with his tongue, and if he is not able to do so, then with his heart, and that
is the weakest faith.”

He also warned about the possibility of an unjust and impious ruler ruling the Muslim community
and, in that case, he elaborated the importance of raising a voice of protest against such a ruler.
Also he advised the Muslim rulers to consider themselves as the servants of the people, not the
rulers. When he sent Abu Musa and Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yemen as governors, he said:

“Be gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not alienate.”

The Prophet (S.A.W) also taught about showing kindness in financial matters. Monetary
transactions are a mean of testing a person’s behavior. The Prophet (S.A.W) prayed for a person
who shows leniency in trade and in demanding the return of a loan, by this Hadith:

“May God show mercy to a man who is kind when he sells, when he buys and when he
demands his money back.”

Observance for these principles of trade promotes compassion for each other that, in turn is a
means of strengthening ties among the believers.

Thus, it can be seen that the Hadeeth of the Prophet provides complete guidance regarding the
communal conduct of Muslims.

Q: 2 Outline the main teachings of the Hadeeth you have studied, from the passages set for
special study, about the responsibilities of individual Muslims. (10) (November 2011)

Ans: Hadith of the Prophet (S.A.W) is the beacon of guidance for both individual conduct and
matters concerning life in community. The Prophet (S.A.W) instructed through his Ahadeeth, his
followers about the responsibilities as individual Muslims. Regarding fundamental of Islam this
Hadith sums up the secret of earning God’s blessings.

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“A man asked the Messenger of God (S.A.W), Do you think that if I perform the obligatory
prayers, fast in Ramadan , treat as lawful that which is lawful and treat as forbidden that
which is forbidden, and do nothing further, I shall enter paradise?’ He said, “Yes.”

This Hadith instructs Muslims to know, respect and follow the divine laws with sincere faith.
Regular prayers and fasting are the two foundational pillars of Islam and observance of these
trains a believer to obey Divine principles in other walks of life as well. The Prophet (S.A.W)
established a link between faith and various components of human conduct in many of his
Ahadeeth. He, for example linked true faith with good attitude towards true faith by saying:

“None of you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself.”

This Hadith is aimed at inculcating respect, love, sympathy and sacrifice for others.

The Prophet (S.A.W) through his treasure of Hadith, reminded Muslims their duties towards
others and also told about the reward for those who fulfill these duties. He said:

“One who manages the affairs of the widow and the poor man is like the one who exerts
himself in the way of God, or the one who stands for prayer in the night or fasts in the day.”

This Hadith asks Muslims to take care of those in need just as they show concern for their duties
towards God by regular prayer and fasting. The Prophet (S.A.W) has equated the rewards for
fulfilling the “Huqooq-ul-I’baad” (Rights of the fellow people) with that for observing the
“Huqooq-Allah” (rights of God).

A Muslim is required to support himself and his family with his own earning through hard work. It
is his duty to be a productive member of the society instead of being a burden on the society.
Allah loves those who earn their living through hard work. The Holy prophet (PBUH) emphasized
it by saying:

“No one eats better food than that which he eats out of the work of his hand.”

The Prophet (S.A.W) advised a Muslim to practice modesty. He has declared modesty a
distinctive feature of Islam. Actually, he guaranteed the good to a person who is modest by
saying:

“Modesty produces nothing but good.”

The Prophet (S.A.W) also advised an individual to remain sincere in whatever good deeds he
does. He ensured that Divine favour is not granted on outward appearances or the worldly riches
but Allah looks forward for the pure heart and intentions. Rewards or the punishment is based on
the state of sincerity. He says:

“God does not regard your appearances and your possessions, but he regards your heart and
your actions.”

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The Prophet (S.A.W) motivated individuals to target the success of the Hereafter. He ensured
that this life is temporary. So, believers should consider it temporary and struggle for the actual
permanent life. He said:

“The world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s Paradise.”

If a Muslim sincerely tries to follow the teachings of these sayings of the Prophet (S.A.W), he can
hope of winning God’s support and causing comfort for fellow beings.

Q: What are the advantages of having different categories of Hadith? [4] [June 2012]

Ans: The six major collectors of Hadith did a great job for Muslims in general and legal experts in
particular, by classifying Hadith into various categories. These categories are based on the degree
of genuineness of each and every Hadith. A totally genuine and acceptable Hadith is called sahih
as no defect was detected in its “Matn”(Text) or “Isnad/Sanad(Chain of narrators). Less reliable
types are Hasan (with a minor defect in Matn or Isnad) and dae’ef or weak Hadith, that has some
serious defect in the memory or conduct of the one of the narrators or in its Matn. Finally a fake
‘’Mau’du” Hadith is not acceptable for legal thinking since it ascribes false things with the
Prophet (S.A.W). This classification is helpful in a better understanding of true teachings of Islam.
Sahih Hadeeths are the most preferred ones for making laws because they present true and
original teachings of Islam. A weak or fabricated Hadith, on the other hand, may convey false
teachings of Islam to the readers. The Prophet (S.A.W) had sensed the danger of fabricated
Hadith, and so, he categorically declared:

“Whoever ascribed anything false to me, will find his place in the Fire of Hell.”

An example of the possible dangers of a Mau’du Hadith may be judged from a Hadith altered by
Muhammad bin Sa’id shami (who was later executed for his crime):

“I am the seal of the prophets, and there will be no Prophet after me ‘Except as God desires’.”

He added “Except as Allah desires” because he was a fraud.

Classification of Hadith reflects the care and sincerity of the major collectors who had spent all
energy for this noble task.

Q: How does following the example of the prophet in one’s behavior towards others affect the
community? [4] [June 2013]

Ans: Teachings and examples of the Prophet (S.A.W) are an eternal beacon of guidance for
Muslims because the Quran draws the attention of Muslims towards this by saying:

“Indeed in the messenger of Allah, you have a beautiful pattern of conduct”(33:21)

By putting these teachings into action, Muslims can develop spirit of sacrifice that in itself is a big
achievement because this spirit drives people to put interest of others before their own desires
and wants. By supporting the unsupported, poverty and beggary will be eliminated and that will
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ensure a healthy community with a remarkably low crime rate because if the needs of the needy
are fulfilled, he is least tempted towards anti-social tendencies. Another benefit of following the
examples of the Prophet (S.A.W) is promotion of fraternal bonds. The Prophet (S.A.W) reiterated
this important point by saying: “O, you servants of Allah! Be brothers.”

By strengthening fraternal ties Muslims will be ready to share joys and sorrows and be quick in
helping those In need, for example, In case of a natural calamity. They will act as a united body
regardless of individual variations socioeconomic background. Eventually, they may develop an
exemplary society before the whole world, a community based on mutual love, care for all,
tolerance and feelings of sacrifice.

CHAPTER: 6 The History and Importance of the Hadith

Q. Outline the stages of the compilation of Hadeeth.

1. During the Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W.)

During the life time of the Prophet (S.A.W.) the Muslims did not feel the need to write down the
ahadith as the Prophet (S.A.W.) was alive in their midst. Whenever any difficulty arose as to the
exact words uttered, they had the opportunity of correcting themselves by merely referring to
the Prophet (SAW.). The time of the companions was mostly occupied in holy wars and struggles
with the enemies or for the propagation of the new faith. Moreover, the Qur'an was being
revealed and the Prophet (SAW.) in the beginning prevented them from writing down the
ahadith but later, he allowed them when he became confident that they would be able to
distinguish between the Hadith and the Qur'an. He, therefore, encouraged them to write these
down.
The Hadith literature was preserved mostly in the memory and the hearts of the Companions of
the Prophet (S.A.W.), however, some of the traditions were written down and recorded. Abdullah
bin 'Umar (R.A.) used to write the traditions in the life time of the Prophet (SAW.).
He came to the Prophet (SAW.) and said, "0 Messenger of Allah! I wish to narrate some of your
traditions so I intend to write these with my hand along with my heart?"
Then the Prophet (S.A. W.) said, "If they are my Hadith have them written along with your heart."
(Sahih Bukhari)
There are a number of traditions which show that the Prophet (SAW.) encouraged his
companions to memorize the Hadith and spread it, he said, "May Allah be pleased with a servant
who heard a thing from me and then broadcasted it just as he heard it." (Mishkat) In the farewell
Pilgrimage the Prophet (SAW.) said after the sermon "He who is present here shall carry this
message to the one who is absent." (Bukhari) In another Hadith, he said, "May Allah give
freshness to a servant who hears my saying, keeps it in memory and preserves it and
communicates it." (Sunan Abu Daud) Thus they started preserving the important Ahadith but all
the traditions were not collected or compiled in a book form.
Those who memorised the ahadith were mainly Abu Huraira, Abdullah bin Amr, 'Aishah and Anas
bin Maalik. The traditions were compiled from them by their students; the following are
compilations of that period:-
• Sahifa Sadiqa compiled by 'Abdullah bin Amr bin al-A’s
• Sahifa Sahiha compiled by Hamam ibn Munabah from Abu Huraira
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• Collection of A'ishah compiled by Urwa bin Zubair from A'isha (R.A.)
• Book of Jabir by Jabir ibn 'Abdullah
• Collection of Anas ibn Malik
• Collection of 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas
 Sahifa Sa'ad ibn Abdullah
• Collection of Ali (R.A.)
• Letters, laws and treaties which were dictated by the Prophet (S.A.W.) himself and were
preserved in his time.
2. The Age of Companions (11-100 AH Approximately)
During this period the Caliph' Umar bin Abdul_Aziz_wrote to the governor of Madinah to write
down all the traditions of the Prophet (S.A.W.). During this period the companions spread far and
wide and settled in almost all the countries conquered by the Muslims. There was no book or
compilation so that one could get the entire Hadith in one's possession. The Only alternative was
to go to a companion and hear the tradition from him. Thus different centers of learning arose
around each of the companions in the place where they lived. However, the students were not
satisfied with only one centre, because that particular companion might have had no knowledge
of all the traditions.
Therefore, they went to different companions for learning and collecting the traditions. It was
reported that Jabir bin 'Abdullah travelled from Makkah to Syria to hear a single Hadith.
Similarly, there were many companions who under took long journeys to verify or hear sayings of
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) from companions who heard it directly from him. The important works
of that period were:
• The works of Shihab AI Zuheri.
• Collection of Abu Bakr AI-Hazim
3. The Age of Followers of the Companions (Tab'eyin 101-200 AH)
This is the age of the followers of the Companions of the Prophet (S.A.W.). They took the matter
earnestly and spared no pain in collecting traditions from different centres of learning; most
important works of this period were carried out by:
• Abdullah bin Mubarik at Khorasan
• Abu Bakr Rabi Shybah at Kufa
• Sufyan bin 'Uyaina at Madinah
• Imam Makhul in Syria
• Abu Kilabah
During this period not only the traditions of the Prophet (S.A.W.) were collected but also the
verdicts and saying of the followers of the Companions, and that of the House of the family of the
Prophet (S.A.W.) were also complied. The outstanding works of this period were:
• AI Muatta by Imam Malik bin Anas.
• Kittab AI-Athar by Imam Abu Hanifa.
• AI-Musanaf by Imam Razzak.
• Jami Thauri by Imam Sufyan al-Thauri.
• Kitab AI-Kharaj by Imam Yousaf. Fiqh
• AI-Maghazi by Waqidi
• Masnad Ahmad Bin Hanbal by Imam Ahmad Hanbal.
The Hanafi and Maliki school of legal thought were formulated during this period in the light of
the Hadith. Imam Abu Hanifa founded the school of deduction or Qiyas. The legal decisions were
drawn by him by deductions from the Qur'an, Hadith and ljm'a.
The other two Imams Shafeyi and Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal also flourished during this period.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 16 of 70 Paper 2
Muatta is not exactly compilation of Ahadith; in fact it is a legal text book, in which Imam
Malik employed Ahadith together with the Qur'an to establish points of legal teachings in this
compilation.
4. Age of Followers of Followers (Tabe Tabeyin 200-300 AH)
This was the golden age of traditions. Hadith literature flourished under the laborious and critical
research of the traditionists of that time. Six authentic books of traditions (Sahah-Sitta) were
written. They are the most reliable books of all the books on the traditions:
Sahih Bukhari. It was written by Muhammad bin 'Abdullah ' lsmael ai-Bukhari (195-256 AH). He
had a sharp retentive memory; he learned Hadith from a very early age.
He travelled throughout the Muslim world for nearly forty years for the collection of Hadith. He
went to meet every traditionalist. His Sahih is next to Qur'an in authenticity and is most reliable
and original. All the other works are based on this. He selected nearly 7275 out of 600,000
traditions. He compiled them into 97 books according to the subject matter. The first book was
"The Start of the Revelation to the Messenger of Allah", the last book was "Tauhid". Some of
other books are that of ablution, Salat, fasting, hajj, marriage, inheritance, divorce, sales and
agriculture etc. Imam Bukhari did not accept any tradition unless all the narrators were reliable
and until there was proof that one reporter met another. He started the chapters with a verse
from the Qur'an on the related teaching. If six narrators narrated the tradition, it was taken to be
six traditions. The same tradition is reported in more than once, under different chapters, so if
the repetitions are disregarded, the number of distinct traditions are reduced to 2760 in Sahih
Bukhari.
Sahih Muslim (304-216 A.H) It was written by 'Abdul Hussain. Muslim bin al Hajaj al-Nishapuri-
Qushaieri. He travelled to many places to learn hadith. His Sahih contains 9200 traditions
selected out of 300,000. It is considered next to Bukhari in accuracy and authenticity. Any
tradition accepted by both Bukhari and Muslim has been termed as agreed upon. It is somewhat
superior to Bukhari's in details of arrangement of traditions.
Later the scholars simplified the procedure to some degree, and other works appeared which
were based on both these two Sahih books. Baghawi, for instance removed the isnad and
brought together the Ahadith of both the Sahih on the same topic, in one chapter and added to
them the Ahadith from other reliable sources in his Misbah –a-Sunnah. It was later revised and
appeared by the name of Mishkat -ai-Masabih.
Sunan Abu Daud. (202-275 AH) It was written by Abu Daud. He travelled to all the important
centres of tradition, he learnt and collected these traditions wherever he found them. He wrote
many books on traditions and Islamic law. His Sunan is the most important and is considered by
most Jurists and traditionalists to be next to the Sahih.
It consists of 4800 traditions selected out of 500,000 and it took him twenty years to complete
his book
Jam'e Tirmidhi. (209-279 AH) It was written by Abu 'lsa-al-Tirmidhi. He was the first man to
determine the names, surnames and title of the narrators of traditions and tried to fix the degree
of their reliability by inventing peculiar names of each tradition.
Sunan Nasai. (214-303 A.H) It was written by Abu Abdur Rahman an-Nasai. It is also one of the six
authentic books but also contains many weak and doubtful traditions.
Sunan ibn Majah. (209-273 AH) It was written by Mohammed ibn Yezid ibn MaJah.
`
Q. Write an account of the parts that make up a Hadith.
The Hadith consists of two main parts, the chain of narrators (Sanad) and the text (Matn).
The Chain of Narrators (Sanad)
The list of the narrators of the sayings or actions of the Prophet (SAW) is called the sanad.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 17 of 70 Paper 2
This is explained through the following Hadith, Muhammad ibn AI-Muthanna reported from
Abdul Wahab, from Ayub from Abu Qilaabah, from MaliK that the Prophet (S.A.W.) said,
"Pray as you have seen me praying." (Agreed)
In the above Hadith, the sanad or the chain of the narrators is the first part of the Hadith i.e.,
Muhammad ibn Al-muthanna reported from Abdul Wahab from Ayub from Abu Qilabbah from
Malik that the Prophet (SAW.) said.
The Text (Matn)
The text of the tradition or what the Prophet (SAW.) actually said or did is called matn. In the
above example the matn is, "pray as you have seen me praying."

Classification of Hadith
Different kinds of hadith came to existence according to the rank and degree of reliability. Thus
ahadith have been divided by the Muslim scholars into two classes:-
• Hadith Qudsi sayings from Divine inspiration.
• Hadith Nabavi simply the sayings of the Prophet (SAW).
Different Types of Traditions
I. The Saheeh Hadith (Authentic) If all the narrators in the lsnad fulfill the conditions stipulated,
the tradition is classified as an accurate saying, or action of the Prophet and named Saheeh. This
means we can be certain that the Prophet (SAW) actually said or did what was reported in the
tradition.
II. Hassan (Approved) It is like Sahih tradition except that its narrators or some of its narrators
have been found defective in memory in comparison with the narrators of Sahih traditions.
III. The Hadith A-Daeef (Weak) If any of the narrators in the lsnad was known to have had any of
the following faults, the Hadith is then classified as being inaccurate and referred to as Daeef:
• The narrator was known to have been a liar.
• He was known to have had a bad memory.
• He was known to have not met the one, he was supposed to be narrating from
IV. Maudoo Hadith (Fabricated) Sometimes Ahadith were fabricated, sayings and doings were
attributed to the Prophet (SAW) which he had not said, or done and cannot be used to prove any
point of law.
With regard to their acceptance, the Ahadith have again been divided into two important
classes:
• Mutawatir. It is a Hadith reported by a large number of people in different times whose
agreement on a lie became inconceivable, making it authentic.
• Ahad (single or isolated). These were the Ahadith whose chain of narrators were broken or
traditions that were less widely accepted, they were therefore less authentic. If their narrators
were truthful and honest, they were accepted otherwise rejected.
Ahad is divided into three subdivisions:
• Mashhur (Well known). It is a Hadith which though known publicly by a great majority of the
people does not possess the character of universality. It was narrated by three narrators at every
stage.
• Azeez (Strong or Corroborative). It is a Hadith narrated by two narrators in all ages.
• Ghareeb (Rare or Unfamiliar). It is a Hadith that rests on the evidence of a single narrator at any
particular time.
Classification and Authenticity of Hadith Collections

Q: Explain the main differences between Musnad and Musannaf Ahaadith.

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Ans: A ‘musnad’ type of Hadeeth collection includes all the traditions (Ahadeeth) narrated by
the first narrator ( Sanad/Isnad or authority to report ). The narrated traditions contain a mix of
various themes not arranged according to the themes. For example all the traditions narrated on
the authority of Abu Huraira or Ayesha or Abdullah ibn Abbas are listed together under the
respective name. Musnad-i-Ahmad of Imam Ahmad binHanbal is an example of this type. Such a
collection is helpful in studying the life and work of a particular narrator.

A ‘Musannaf type of Hadith collection is a Hadith book in which traditions are arranged according
to the theme. The word ‘musannaf’ literally means ‘a compilation with divided up Ahadith’. All
Ahadith narrated by various narrators on a particular theme are put together in one chapter. For
example, chapters on financial matters, purity, family laws etc. Each of the traditions also
mentions the Isnad. Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik is one of the earliest collections of this type.
Later, the Sahih works of Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim were also compiled in the same way.
Such a collection is quite helpful in legal thinking. Al-Muwatta contains a number of legal rulings
of the community of Madinah.

Q: Describe the methods employed by the compilers of the major books of Hadith to ensure
the ahadith they collected were authentic.

Q: How did the compilers of Hadith judge between acceptable and unacceptable Hadith?

Ans: The most important period of Hadith collection was during the third century of the Hijra
calendar. The six major collectors of Hadith utilized methods to check the authenticity of each
Hadith before incorporating the same in their final compilations. These compilers were Imam
Bukhari, Imam Muslim and others.

These scholarly people checked the text(Matn) and the chain of narrators (Isnad) of each and
every Hadith in a highly meticulous ways. As a result of their laborious efforts, they were able to
select only the genuine (sahih) Ahadeeth in their compilations. The text of each Hadith was
required to be;

1. In accordance with the teachings of Quran and Sunnah

2. In the Arabic language of the age of the Prophet(PBUH)
3. In a simple and easily comprehensible expression
4. In no way, against the status and dignity of the Prophet(PBUH)
5. Not in clash with other Ahadeeth already accepted as authentic
6. Not contradictory to the normal experience of the people or normally operative laws of
nature.
7. Not containing details in a precise way, about incident(s) that took place after the
Prophet’s (PBUH) demise
8. Not mentioning praise of some particular individual, place or community, except for the
Ahadeeth mentioning Prophet’s (PBUH) fondness for the closest relatives and
companions
9. Not describing unusual rewards for ordinary deeds

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The Hadeeth that fulfilled all these criteria of the Matn was accepted as the genuine / Sahih
Hadeeth.

Similarly, the chain of narrators / Isnad was checked thoroughly. ‘Sanad’ literally means
‘authority or support’. Each Hadeeth had been narrated from one to the next generation on the
authority of narrators. This chain could be short with two or three narrators or could comprise as
many as six or more narrators. The chain begins with a companion who heard the Prophet
(PBUH) directly saying or instructing or doing something. The companion then reported it to his
disciple who in turn narrated the same to the next in the chain and this way, a whole chain of
narrators was evolved that ended on the last narrator, for example Imam Bukhari etc. The great
authority on Islamic law, Imam Shafi’i laid down the rules to check the chain of narrators.

1. The chain of each Hadith should be totally and perfectly uninterrupted.

2. Each narrator in the chain should be in possession of firm faith and excellent memory

3. He should enjoy the repute of an established scholar known to a huge majority of the
people of his time.

4. He should not have told a lie even as a matter of joke.

5. He should not have spoken against the earlier scholarly figures.

6. He should have perfect command on Arabic language, the Quran and Hadeeth studies.

In this regard, several stories have been related to the utmost care and caution observed by
Imam Bukhari in particular and other collectors in general. Each narrator had to have
reported the text in its complete originality, keeping in mind the significance of doing so.

As a result of application of such strict principles and methodology, six major collectors were
able to include Sahih Ahadith only, in their Hadith books.

For example, Imam Bukhari initially started with 600,000 Ahadith but finally included only
7397 of them in his Sahih Bukhari. About half of these were repeated Ahadith and the total of
different Ahadith come to a total of 2762 traditions.

CHAPTER: 7 THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS

1. Hazrat Abu Bakr

Q. Explain how Hazrat Abu Bakr protected the Islamic state from the threats within Arabia. (10)

Q. Write an account of the major challenges Hazrat Abu Bakr faced during the time of his
Caliphate. (10)

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Q. Write an account of the major contribution made to Islam by Abu Bakr during his time as
Caliph. (June 2005) (10)

Q. Describe the main achievements of Hazrat Abu Bakr, during the period when he was Caliph.
(June 2002) (10)

Hazrat Abu Bakr was elected as a Caliph in 11 A H/632 AD and remained till 13 A H/634AD. After
the demise of the Holy Prophet he faced very serious challenges to the Islamic empire but he
dealt with them with an iron hand. He sent an army under the command of Hazrat Usama Bin
Zaid to carry out the order of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and to avenge the blood of his father
Hazrat Zaid in 11 A H/632 AD. It returned with great victory even a single man was not killed.

He decided to take strict action against those who apostasied. He sent an army to crush the
movement, divided the army into 11 battalions and sent each under the command of an
experienced commander. Hazrat Abu Bakr instructed them first to call the rebels to Islam and if
they refuse, to fight them so all the apostates tribes reaccepted Islam. There were many tribes
like Ghatfan, Fizara, Murra and Asad who refused to pay Zakat after the demise of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) as Zakat is the fundamental pillar of Islam so Hazrat Abu Bakr waged war against
them in 11A H/632 AD. Many tribesmen were killed and rest fled in confusion and all agreed to
pay Zakat. This reflects his wisdom and seriousness in the matter of Islamic principles. His action
against them teaches that Islamic principles cannot be changed by the people.

He also took immediate action against the false prophets as these were great threat to Islam.
Musailma rose in central Arabia and was the dangerous of all. He defeated two Muslim armies
led by lkramah and Shurehbil then Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed crushed his strong army at Yamama
in 12 A H/633 A D. Tuleyha rose in North Arabia, Aswad Ansi in Yaman and Sajjah in Iraq. Aswad
Ansi was killed by Hazrat Feroze Dailmi , and the other two accepted Islam. This mission of Hazrat
Abu Bakr (RA) reflects his spirit of sacrifice for the cause of Islam.

Hazrat Abu Bakr also did the job of compilation of the Holy Quran very seriously when he was
convinced by many companions to compile it as about 70 Huffaz were martyred in the battle of
Yamama. This shows his serious concern with the Holy Quran.

Q. Describe Abu Bakr’s activities against the false prophets and apostate tribes. (Nov 2009) (10)

Q. Write about Hazrat Abu Bakr's conquest of the false Prophets. (June 2008) (10)

He decided to take strict action against those who apostasied. He sent an army to crush the
movement, divided the army into 11 battalions and sent each under the command of an
experienced commander. Hazrat Abu Bakr instructed them first to call the rebels to Islam and if
they refuse, to fight them so all the apostates tribes reaccepted Islam. There were many tribes
like Ghatfan, Fizara, Murra and Asad who refused to pay Zakat after the demise of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) as Zakat is the fundamental pillar of Islam so Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) waged war
against them in 11A H/632 AD. Many tribesmen were killed and rest fled in confusion and all

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agreed to pay Zakat. This reflects his wisdom and seriousness in the matter of Islamic principles.
His action against them teaches that Islamic principles cannot be changed by the people.

During the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr many people proclaimed to be prophets and got strong
hold in their areas which caused great threat to Islam. So he took immediate action against them.

Musailma from Banu Hanifa tribe was very strong who rose in central Arabia and was the
dangerous of all. He defeated two Muslim armies led by lkramah and Shurehbil then Hazrat Abu
Bakr sent Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed with a strong army which met at Yamama in Dhul Hijjah 11 A
H/633 AD. Musailma was killed by Wahshi and his entire army was destroyed, this battle is also
called the Battle of the garden of death.

Tuleyha belonged to Banu Asad tribe who rose in North Arabia. Muslim army under Khalid bin
Waleed defeated him with his tribe so he along with his tribe surrendered and accepted Islam.
Aswad Ansi belonged to Ansi tribe in Yemen who proclaimed to be Prophet and got the support
of his tribe. He was ugly man who kept his face veiled and was known as a veiled Prophet.
Muslims defeated his army and Aswad Ansi was killed by Hazrat Feroze Dailmi .

Sajjah a lady proclaimed to be a prophetess, she belonged to Banu Tamim tribe and got the
support of her people in Iraq. When she saw the Muslim army advancing against them she
accepted Islam along with her tribe. This mission of Hazrat Abu Bakr reflects his spirit of sacrifice
for the cause of Islam.

Q. Write an account of the main battles fought with Romans and Persians during the Caliphate
of Abu Bakr (RA). (10)

There were many reasons that Hazrat Abu Bakr took action against Persians and Romans. These
two powers were a great threat to Islam as they tried their best to crush Islam so they helped
false prophets Musailma and baduin tribes to attack Muslims and also blocked the trade links of
the Arabs. Hazrat Abu Bakr thought it was necessary to take action against them. He sent an
army under Hazrat Muthana to take action against Persian in the eastern Iraq. Hazrat Khalid bin
Waleed also joined hands with him. Both defeated the Persians at Kazima the Persian
commander Hurmuz was killed. This battle is also known as the battle of chains as Persians tied
themselves in chains that showed their do or die state of mind. The Muslims also defeated the
Persians in the battles of Mazar, Walja, Ullis,Amber, Hira, Ein-nut-Tamar and controlled the area
between Ubala and Umber.

Then in 13 AH/634 AD Muslim armies paid their attention to Byzantine who were creating many
problems for the Muslims in the lifetime of Holy Prophet by fighting at Muattah, challenging at
Tabuk and helped the beduin tribes against Islam. Muslims were dispatched in four columns
under Hazrat Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah ,Amr bin Aas, Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan and Shurehbil bin
Masannah. Meanwhile Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed also joined them so Muslims attacked Romans
at Basra and defeated them.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 22 of 70 Paper 2

This was a very significant victory on the Syrian side and Roman commander accepted Islam and
joined hands with Muslims to fight against his own people. Then the Romans collected lac and
50000 soldiers to fight Muslims, who were only 40000 at Ajnadayn but the Muslims because of
the claver strategies of Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed defeated the Romans. This victory of Muslims
led to the siege of Damascus.

Q. Explain why Abu Bakr (RA) was known as Siddique and the savior of Islam.

(November 2009) (June 2005) (4)

Siddique was the title given to Hazrat Abu Bakr when he testified the Miraj of the Holy Prophet
BUH). Siddique means testifier of truth. He is also known as the savior of Islam because he saved
Islam in its original form as it was in the life of the Prophet, he did not tolerate any leniency in
Islam. He raised his sword against those who refused to pay Zakat as it is the pillar of Islam which
can never be ignored. Though he faced many problems but was adamant, if he had ignored them
then Islam would have lost its importance.

He crushed the false prophets, if he had ignored then many Muslims would have been misled and
Islam would have been divided. He also took action against the apostates if he left them then
many people would have not taken their religion seriously and religion would have been like a
game for them. He compiled the Quran in one copy very carefully; if he had not done this job
then entire Muslim Ummah would have lost the teachings of the Holy Quran. Hazrat Abu Bakr
(RA) fought to prevent the breakup of Islam and gave new heart to Muslims after Holy Prophet's
(PBUH) demise.

Q. Briefly state why any one event you have written about in part (a) was of special
significance. (June 2012) (4)

There are many important events which are of special significance. Hazrat Abu Bakr faught
against the false prophets and those who refused to pay zakat because they were big threat to
the Islamic community if they were left, Muslim unity would have been destroyed and Islam
would have lost its importance.

Those who refused to pay Zakat Caliph decided to fight against them because this is a pillar of
Islam if he ignored then the building of Islam would have been collapsed. If Hazrat Abu bakr had
not quelled the false Prophets then many Muslims would have been misled and Islam would have
been divided up.

2. Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab

Q. Outline the main activities of the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA). (November 2006) [10]

Q. Explain how Hazrat Umar (RA) expanded Islamic state outside Arabia.

(Exclude administration in this question) (10)

Q. Trace the expansion of the Islamic empire under the rule of the caliph 'Umar (RA).
Islamiyat -0493 Page 23 of 70 Paper 2
(Exclude administration in this question) (June 2009) (10)

Hazrat Abu Bakr, during his serious sickness appointed Hazrat Umar as the next Khalifa after
consulting all Muslims. Hazrat Umar, soon after becoming Khalifa took action against Persians
because of many reasons, Persians helped Musailma against Muslims. They also helped the
beduin tribes on the borders to attack Muslims, and they cut off the trade link of Muslims to
Persia.

In 13 A H/634 AD Muslims under Muthana attacked Persians who were under the command of
Rustom at Namaraq in which the Persians were defeated. Then in the same years 13 A H/634 AD,
Abu Ubaida led Muslims to fight Persians at Jasr, they crossed the bridge which was at their
disadvantage so Muslims were defeated as their commander along with many soldiers was
martyred and many were drowned in river because the bridge was destroyed. This news shocked
Hazrat Umar who declared Jihad and a new reinforcement was sent under Muthana in 14 AH/635
A D. This time Persians crossed the bridge which caused their defeat and about one lac Persians
were killed in the battle of Buwaib.

Then Persian emperor assembled a large army under Rustom so Hazrat Umar sent an army under
Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqas in 14 A H/June 635 A D at Qadisiya. This was the resulting battle which
continued for three days lastly Rustom was killed and Persian army was destroyed. Then Muslims
under Saad bin Abi 'Waqas captured Babai, Kutha, Behrahsher and Madain the capital of Persia.
Later on the battle of Nahawand took place in 19 A H/ 640 A D in which the Persians were
completely defeated and Muslims captured Hamdan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia by 21A H/642 A D.

The relations with the Romans also deteriorated during the lifetime of Holy Prophet as Roman
Governor killed the messenger of the Holy Prophet without any reason then fought the battle of
Muattah and Tabuk expedition took place. They also helped the Bedouin tribes against Hazrat
Abu Bakr which caused a great disturbance for the Muslims. They were jealous of the Muslims
strength. Hazrat Umar prepared an army under Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah in 15 A H/636 AD.
The Roman army was more than two lac so a fierce battle took place at Yarmuk which continued
for six days that lastly defeated the Romans which turned the history of Rome.

Then Muslims proceeded to capture Jerusalem, it was conquered without any fight. Hazrat Umar
himself came and signed a peace treaty with the people of Jerusalem which gave the non-
Muslims equal rights and honour. Then Muslims proceeded under Amr bin Aas to Egypt in 17 A
H/638 AD, it was conquered after six months of resistance. After Egypt, the Muslims became the
masters of the whole of Rome. Actually Romans conquests were supported by their own citizens
because they were not happy under Roman emperor and wanted Muslims to give them security
which was the main feature of the Islamic society.

Hazrat Umar not only conquered a vast empire but also made sure that it was well governed with
an effective administrative system. He divided the entire Islamic state into provinces appointed
governors and forced them to act justly between Muslims and non-Muslims. He established the
judicial system where everyone was treated equally by the judges. He made use of the entire

Islamiyat -0493 Page 24 of 70 Paper 2

land by digging canals so the agricultural output rose to record level and everyone became so
wealthy that there came a time that no one deserved Zakat. He formed Majlis-e-Shora and
Majlis-e-Aam an Islamic parliament for consulting new issues.

He established many departments and institutions like board of inspection and revenue, military,
police and educational departments. He made education compulsory for everyone and sent
teachers to all cities who were paid, he punished children who did not attend schools so the'
literacy rate also rose sharply. At night Hazrat Umar patrolled streets to know the problems of his
subjects. He established Bait-ul-Maal from where Muslims and non-Muslims were financially
helped. All the citizens were allowed to criticize the reforms he introduced.

Q. Write a detailed account of the administrative measures put in place by 'Umar during his
caliphate. (June 2011) (10)

Islamic state expanded during Umar (RA)’s reign. It grew at an extraordinary rate. Umar (RA) not
only conquered a vast empire but also made sure that it was well governed with an effective
administrative system.

1. The Islamic state was divided into several provinces. Qualified and experienced persons
were appointed governors called Wali. Qadi was the head of the judiciary, while Amil was
in charge of Bait-ul-Mal.
2. Umar (RA) imposed certain restrictions on his officers, he made them take undertaking
that they would not keep a doorkeeper to ensure easy access to the public, not to wear
silk clothes, or eat bread made of refined flour or ride on the Arabian horse.
3. He appointed his officers after careful scrutiny. The officer had to submit details of his
assets at the time of his appointment and retirement. He kept a strict watch over his
officers and heard complaints against them at the season of hajj when all assembled in
Makkah.
4. Umar (RA) undertook many administrative reforms. He established an advanced
administration for the newly conquered lands and ordered census of all the Muslim
territories.
5. He separated the executive from the judiciary. Judiciary was made completely
independent and impartial. He was displeased when a judge showed some respect to him
when he appeared in his court as a defendant.
6. Umar (RA) conducted the affair of the state by consultation. He made Majlis-Shura that
comprised of both Muhajireen and Ansaar. He discussed all important issues with the
advisor before making any decisions. All appointments were made after consultation with
Majlis-Shura.
7. He established many new department and institution e.g. board of inspection, board of
revenues, military department, judicial department, police department, jails department
and public censor department etc.
8. He established department of finance which was called Dewan. It was in charge of the
revenues and its distribution. After meeting the expenditure of the state, the surplus
money was distributed amongst the Muslims. Even children and old dhimi were given
stipends. He also introduced old age pension system. The revenues were generated from
jizyah, zakat, kharaj (spoils of war) and fay (income from crown land). He also levied a tax
on the produce of the land called ushr.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 25 of 70 Paper 2
 9. Umar (RA) paid particular attention to the expansion of cultivation and construction of
irrigation canals.
10. Umar (RA) established new towns like Basra, Musal and Kufa. He made new highways,
roads, and outposts on the roads. The conquered lands were surveyed. He devised Islamic
calendar after consultation with the eminent companions and ordered that the Islamic
calendar should be counted from the first year of hijrah.
11. He took steps to prevent hoarding and profiteering and checked weight and
measurement.
12. He made regular army and established cantonments and paid special attention to
the needs of the army. The army was divided into cavalry and infantry. He was
particular about the welfare of the soldiers. The Arabs were not allowed to cultivate of
acquire land from the natives in the conquered territories.
13. He also made special efforts for construction of mosques and schools. He also made
extensions of the sacred mosque in Makkah and the mosque of the Prophet in Madina.
14. Umar (R.A) paid special attention to the wellbeing of dhimi and settled their matters in
consultation with their representatives. Umar (R.A) also ordered the expulsion of the
Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khayber, when they refused to abide by
his orders. He forbade non-Muslims to reside in Hejaz more than three days.

Extra Points : Can be taken as ‘Role Model’ for Muslim rulers today.
15. Umar (R.A) was accessible to his entire subject whether old or young, men or women,
Arab or non Arab. He patrolled streets at night to keep himself informed about the
conditions of people. One night when patrolling the streets, he found a Bedouin in
distress because his wife was in labour pain and mid-wife was not available. Umar (R.A)
brought his own wife to help that lady. The history is full of such incidents.
16. Umar (R.A) was open to every kind of criticism. Once an old lady asked him how come he
made a shirt from a piece of cloth from Bait-ul-Mal, while the piece was not long enough
for others to make a shirt out of it, Umar (R.A) replied that his son gave him his share.
17. As a leader, Umar (R.A) was known for his simple and sober lifestyle. He did not adopt the
pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time. He continued to live much as he had
when Muslims were poor and persecuted. His clothes were patched. He slept on bare
ground with a brick for a pillow. He ran errands for the widows and poor women who had
no one to look after them. During the days of famine he carried sacks of flour on his back
to distribute among the needy.
18. Umar (R.A) was known for his justice. He had his own son flogged who was accused of
drinking wine. Imam Bukhari recorded, “Umar (R.A) fixed a grant of four thousand
Dirhams for every early emigrant and fixed a grant of thirty five thousand Dirhams only
for Ibn Umar. Somebody asked him, ‘Ibn Umar is also one of the early emigrants; why do
you give him less than four thousand?’ Umar (R.A) replied, ‘His parents took him with
them when they migrated, so he was not like the one who had migrated by himself.”
19. Umar (R.A) had great insight in religious matters, on number of occasions the views
expressed by Umar (R.A) was later confirmed by revelation by Allah to the Holy Prophet
(PBUH). His wish that the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) wives to cover their faces was fulfilled by
the revelation of verses 59 of Surah Ahzab.

Q. What does Hazrat Umar's martyrdom tell us about his character? (June 2009) (4)

Islamiyat -0493 Page 26 of 70 Paper 2

Q. What does the manner of Hazrat Umar's death tell us about his character. (Nov2006) [4]

Hazrat Umar was killed by a Persian slave Abu Lulu Firoze which shows his simplicity that he did
not discriminate between himself and the slaves. The slave killed him because he wanted Hazrat
Umar to exempt him the tax he paid to his master; this shows that Hazrat Umar was a very fair
man. A slave killed the ruler of vast Islamic empire shows that everyone had freedom and
equality in the Islamic society.

At the time of his death he excluded the name of his son from the list of next caliph this shows
that Hazrat Umar did not want the caliphate to be inheritance. Nominating the six suitable
persons for caliphate made the work of the Muslims easy to elect a new Khalifa. He advised his
son not to take part in politics and urged him to follow Khalifa elected by Muslims; it shows that
he did not want conflicts in the Islamic empire.

Q. Explain the importance of the achievements of Hazrat Umar (June 2011) (4)

Q."Umar's caliphate is regarded as the golden period of early Islamic history." Discuss.
Hazrat Umar dominated all the empires that were threat to Islam and the Muslims were safe
from any attack. He extended the Islamic empire included whole of Persia and Rome, it made a
significant progress in Islamic state and the number of the Muslims also increased as Islam spread
outside Arabia. He led the whole of Islamic state on a road to the modern age through education,
his reforms and making the entire land useable showed a significant progress.

His simple lifestyle impressed many people to accept Islam. His reforms gave an inspiration to the
entire world for all time and ages in the future. At the time of his death, he taught that caliphate
should not be inheritance by excluding the name of his son from the list. This gave a lesson to the
world community that an efficient person should be leader, not the inherent one.

Q. How does Umar's conduct at the surrender of Jerusalem set an example for Muslims.
(November 2012) [4]

Hazrat Umar entered Jerusalem accompanied by just one servant and a camel between them
which they rode in turns. It teaches Muslims that they should not discriminate between
themselves and their servants and treat them kindly. Muslims should not overburdened animals
use them in health and leave them in health.

He signed a treaty according to which the inhabitants of Jerusalem were granted complete
security of the life, property and freedom of religion, it teaches Muslims that they should give
religious freedom to the minorities living in the Muslim state and take responsibility to protect
their religion and worshiping places. In Jerusalem the Christian Monk invited Hazrat Umar to
offer his prayers in church but he refused because Muslims after him should not use his prayer as
a pretext for converting the church into a masjid. His conduct sets an example of simplicity,
humility a respect for all faiths and tolerance.

Q. Give an account of the following two battles during the rule of 'Umar;

Islamiyat -0493 Page 27 of 70 Paper 2

Battle of Qadisiya;

Battle of Yarmuk. (June 2013) (10)

Battle of Qadisiya

Muslims took action against the Persian because the relations deteriorated right from the
beginning as Persain King tore the letter, insulted the messenger and sent an army to capture
Holy Prophet. Then they supported Musailma and helped Beduin tribes to attack Madina and
blocked Muslims trade so Muslims dicided to take action. A stand-off lasting 3 months took place
with skirmishes against border settlements in which the Muslims were successful and during
which time there were desertions and defections from the Persian side. The battle of Qadisiya
was fought in 636 AD, The last Sassanid king Yazdgard rose against the Muslims to recapture the
territories lost in the battle of Buwayb. The Persian army of 120,000 men which also included an
elephant corps and a large cavalry battalion was led by Rustum.

Hazrat Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, commanded the Muslim army of 30,000 men. He was ill at the time
and directed the operations from the sick bed. The three options were put before the Persian
emperor before the war started; accept Islam; pay jizya or wage war, Persian chose the third
option. A fierce battle finally ensued lasting 3 days resulted in the death of Rustum as he tried to
swim to safety and the Persians were routed, Sa'ad chased them to Babal where they sought
refuge and then after a 2 month campaign Muslims captured Mada'in the Persian capital. The
emperor and his family and nobles fled. Two thirds of the Persian army was killed and the
Muslims lost a fifth of their men in this battle. This was a decisive battle in the history of Islam, it
shattered the strength of the Persian Empire and many people of the conquered areas accepted
Islam. Following this victory the whole territory between the Euphrates and the Tigris came
under the Muslims.

Battle of Yarmuk

When the reports of the fall of Damascus, and defeat at Fihl and Hims were given to Heraclius he
was determined to recover Palestine for Christian rule. He iss ued orders to mobilize troops from
all corners of his empire and it is believed that the Roman emperor sent an army of 260,000 men
against the 40,000 Muslims. Khalid ibn al-Walid began to group his forces along the River Yarmuk,
the battle was fought in 636 A D. Negotiations between the two armies were held in which the
Romans tried to convince the Muslims and even offered Muslims large amounts of money if they
left Syria and returned to Arabia .

The offer was turned down and the usual 3 options were given to the Romans; Islam, jizya or
war . They chose the third. The war strategies of the Muslim commanders paid off and the battle
lasted 6 days. By the afternoon of the 6th day only one third of the Byzantine army remained, the
rest had either been killed or had fled. The Muslim loss of life was 3000 men besides those who
were grievously wounded. The battle of Yarmuk was a great victory for the Muslims. The power
of Byzantine was completely crushed and Syria fell in the hands of the Muslims. Heraclius moved

Islamiyat -0493 Page 28 of 70 Paper 2

his capital to Constantinople. The city of Jerusalem, which was besieged by Amr ibn al A's since
the Yarmuk conflict and had withstood surrender, with the arrival of Abu 'Ubaydah realised the
futility of their position and agreed to surrender but only to the caliph.

Q. Was 'Umar better as a military leader or as an administrator? [June 2014] (4)

Hazrat Umar was both an excellent military leader as well as an administrator, he organized his
small troops in such a way that defeated enemies in almost all the battles. His military tactics led
to the conquest of the super powers of that time the Romans and Persians. He inculcated in
Muslim's minds the spirit of fighting the enemies of Islam who crushed the super powers forever.
He paid his special attention to military department to make it ready every time to face any
challenge.

Hazrat Umar was the best administrator as well because he led the whole Isla mic empire on the
road to the modern age through education, his reforms and making the entire land useable
showed a significance progress, his educational, parliamentarian, judicial, military, police,
intelligence and revenue are still being followed in the whole world. It shows that he was an
efficient administrator. During his caliphate Islam became the world supper power.

3. Hazrat Uthman (RA) Bin Affan

Q. Discuss the main services to Islam which Hazrat Uthman (RA) performed during his period as
Caliph.
Q. What major events make the Caliphate of Hazrat Uthman (RA) important in the Islamic
history? (10)
(Problems of caliphate are not included in the above questions)
Q. What major events took place during the caliphate of Uthman (RA)? (June2010) (10)
Q. Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat Uthman (RA) during the time of his
caliphate. (June 2006)
(10)
Q. Write an account of the major events of Hazrat Uthman (RA)'s Caliphate. (10)
Hazrat Uthman (RA) was elected as a Khalifa after a long discussion by the six member committee
appointed by Hazrat Umar. He continued the same policies of Hazrat Umar including the
expansion of the Islamic Empire and remained the caliph for about twelve years from 23 A H/644
A D to 35 A H/656 A D. Soon after becoming Caliph he suppressed rebellions in Azerbaijan,
Armenia and the rebellion in Alexandria, Syria and Rome were also quelled. In 28 A H/ 649 A D
Hazrat Uthman (RA) established the first Muslim Naval force and sent an army under the
command of Hazrat Ameer Muawiya and Abdullah bin Sara to attack Island of Cyprus, Rhodes
and Antakya which were also conquered by the Muslims. In 27 A H/648 A D Tripoli,Tunisia,
Moroco, part of Algeria and Spain were also conquered under the command of Hazrat Abdullah
(RA). In 31 AH/652 A D Hazrat Uthman (RA) sent an army to the East and many areas were
conquered including Hisraf, Gazni, Herat and Kabul. Balkh, Samarkand, Tashkent, Sajestan,
Arghiyan, Turkmenistan, Khurasan, Tabrastan and Jarjan were also conquered by the Muslims.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 29 of 70 Paper 2

Hazrat Uthman (RA) ordered for the authentic version of the Holy Quran as he heard the people
outside Arabia reciting Quran in different dialects so Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit prepared many copies
of the Quran from Mushaf-e-Hafsa and sent to all Muslim provinces and ordered to recite the
Quran in the dialect of Banu Hashim tribe. For this service Hazrat Uthman (RA) is known as "Jami-
ul-Quran". It means the one who united the Muslims over one dialect of the Quran. In this way
he protected the Muslims from conflicts.

The first eight years of Hazrat Uthman's caliphate were very prosperous and peaceful but the last
four years were full of difficulties and problems as after the conquests of Rome and Persia many
Jews started to accept Islam to destroy it. Abdullah bin Saba a Yemenite Jew along with others
played an important role in dividing the Muslims by accusing the Khalifa, that he has supported
his family members from public treasury and gave them important seats in the government, who
are not efficient and ignored Banu Hashim, the family of Hazrat Ali (RA). So, he used the name of
Hazrat Ali (RA) against Caliph to divide them. Then he blamed that Khalifa has burnt the sacred
copies of the Quran and said that he has killed Hazrat Abu Zer Ghafari. Then they demanded that
the governor of Egypt should be replaced with Muhammad bin Abi Bakr which he did but they
accused him that he passed an order to kill Muhammad bin Abi Bakr.

All the accusation were proven false as he helped his family members out of his own wealth,
Governor appointed by him were of great caliber as they conquered east and west, Hazrat Abu
Zar Ghaffari died a natural death, old copies of the Quran were burnt with the consensus of all
the prominent companions and Khalifa swore in Masjid that he did not pass any order to kill
Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. Lastly they demanded from Khalifa to abdicate from the seat but he
refused so they surrounded the house and stopped the supply of food and water to him. Hazrat
Ali (RA) came forward to crush these rebels yet Hazrat Uthman (RA) stopped because he did not
want to shed Muslims blood in vain and in the Holy city of the Holy Prophet. This siege continued
until the time of Hajj when Muslims left for Hajj some of the rebels entered his house and
mercilessly killed him while he was reciting Holy Quran. This event took place on Friday 18th of
Zilhijjah 35AH.

Q. Explain why Uthman (RA) encountered difficulties in the later years of his caliphate and was
assassinated. (June 2006) (June 2010) (4)

The first eight years of Hazrat Uthman (RA)'s caliphate were very prosperous and peaceful but
the last four years were full of difficulties and problems as after the conquests of Rome and
Persia many Jews started to accept Islam to destroy it. Abdullah bin Saba a Yemenite Jew along
with others played an important role in dividing the Muslims by accusing the Khalifa, that he has
supported his family members from public treasury and gave them important seats in the
government, who are not efficient and ignored Banu Hashim, the family of Hazrat Ali (RA) so he
used the name of Hazrat Ali (RA) against Caliph to divide them. Then he blamed that Khalifa has
burnt the sacred copies of the Quran and said that he has killed Hazrat Abu Zer Ghafari. Then
they demanded that the governor of Egypt should be replaced with Muhammad bin Abi Bakr
which he did but they accused him that he passed an order to kill Muhammad bin Abi Bakr.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 30 of 70 Paper 2

All the accusation were proven false as he helped his family members out of his own wealth,
Governor appointed by him were of great calibre as they conquered east and west, Hazrat Abu
Zar Ghaffar died a natural death, old copies of the Quran were burnt with the consensus of all the
prominent companions and Khalifa swore in Masjid that he did not pass any order to kill
Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. Lastly they demanded from Khalifa to depose from the seat but he
refused. So, they surrounded the house and stopped the supply of food and water to him. Hazrat
Ali (RA) came forward to crush these rebels but Hazrat Uthman (RA) stopped because he did not
want to shed Muslims blood in vain and in the Holy city of the Prophet (PBUH). This siege
continued until the time of Hajj when Muslims left for Hajj some of the rebels entered his house
and mercilessly killedhim while he was reciting Holy Quran. This event took place on Friday 18 of
Zilhijjah 35 AH.

Q. Explain how Hazrat Uthman ensured that authentic Quran was circulated among Muslims.
[4]

Q. Write about Hazrat Uthman (RA)'s arrangements to make a collection of Holy Quran.

When Hazrat Hudhaifah bin Yaman reported that Muslims outside Arabia were reciting Quran in
different dialects, which changed the meanings and divided the Muslims over the recitation of
Holy Quran. Therefore Hazrat Uthman (RA) took this matter very seriously to avoid the
differences in the dialect of Quran. He decided to standardize the Quran from Mushaf-e-Hafsa
and asked Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit to prepare many copies of the Quran, which were circulated
among all the Islamic provinces.

All Muslims were asked to recite Quran in the dialect of Banu Hashim because the person to
whom the Quran was revealed belonged to Banu Hashim tribe. All the other copies were burnt
with the consensus of the senior Muslims so that Muslims could recite only the standardized
Quran and may not be divided in their own different dialects. For this service Hazrat Uthman (RA)
is known as Jami-ul-Quran.

4. Hazrat Ali (RA) lbne Abi Talib

Q. What were the consequences of 'Uthman's murder? (November 2013) [10]

The consequences of the murder of Hazrat Uthman (RA) were very drastic because chaos
prevailed all over the Islamic state and rebels forced the immediate elections of the new Khalifa.
These controversial elections divided Muslim Umma. This struggle placed Islam in conflict that
outlived Ali's caliphate. Hazrat Talha and Zubair with many Muslims after electing Hazrat Ali (RA),
as Khalifa demanded from him to punish the assassins of Hazrat Uthman (RA). Hazrat Ali (RA)
seeing the situation refused to punish the assassins so they left Madinah and moved to Makkah
which became their power base. At Makkah they raised the cry of revenge and prepared to fight
the rebels, Hazrat Ali (RA) looking the dangerous situation changed the capital and made Kufa a
capital of the Islamic state.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 31 of 70 Paper 2

Hazrat Ali (RA) soon after taking office wanted to change the governors with those who
supported him, the governors of Kufa and Syria declined to vacate the office so he right from the
beginning had to face the constitutional crisis. Hazrat Ameer Muawiya demanded from him first
to punish assassins then to negotiate.

However, his slow response against the murderers of Hazrat Uthman (RA) led to strong reactions
which led to the first civil war in Islam the battle of Camel in which Hazrat Talha , Zubair and
Hazrat Aeysha were participants. Negotiations were successful between the two parties but
rebels caused them to fight and thousands of Muslims from both sides were martyred.

Then Hazrat Ali (RA) had to face another big challenge of Ameer Muawiya , who placed the blood
stained shirt of Hazrat Uthman (RA) and the chopped fingers of his wife in the Masjid in
Damascus to wage war against Khalifa. Both armies met at Siffin, the outcome of the battle gave
birth to a new party Kharajites, the separatist movement. The solution of the problems between
Hazrat Ali (RA) and Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah was given to arbitration which was one sided so it
failed to reach the solution. Hazrat Ali (RA) decided to crush the Kharajites Movement at
Nehrwan because they were posing threat to the Islamic State. Abdur Rehman ibne Muljim with
a group of soldiers escaped from the battle and assassinated him in Ramadhan 40 AH/661 A D.

Q. ‘lbn Muljam's murder of Ali (RA) was unjustified’. Discuss, giving reasons for your answer.
(November 2013) [4]

The assassination of Hazrat Ali (RA) by Abdur Rehman bin Muljim was fully unjustified because he
murdered the khalifa of the Islamic state, whose election was done by those who elected the first
three khalifas. lbne Muljim was a member of Kharajites whose step of murdering was un-Islamic.

lbne Muljim murdered Hazrat Ali (RA) because he crushed the kharajites in the battle of
Nahrwan, he wanted to avenge this defeat. So a murder of the Khalifa by a member of the
separatist group was fully unjustified because they separated themselves from Muslim
community and were no longer following Islamic principles.

Q. Outline the main events of the cliphate of Hazrat Ali (RA). (June 2009) (10)

Q. Write an account of the major difficulties faced by Hazrat Ali (RA) after becoming caliph.

Q. What were the main events of the caliphate of Ali? (November 2010) (10)

Q. Describe the main events of Hazrat Ali (RA)'s role as Caliph. (November 2008) (10)

Q. Write an account of the life of Hazrat Ali (RA) ibne Abi Talib, paying particular attention
toward his Caliphate. (November 2005) (10)

Hazrat Ali (RA) was elected as a Khalifa in a very difficult condition as whole of the Islamic empire
was trembling with chaos, intrigues and conspiracies. First he refused to accept this seat in this
drastic condition but afterwards considering the situation of Muslims accepted this seat on 21st
Islamiyat -0493 Page 32 of 70 Paper 2
Dhulhijj 35 A D as rebels were threatening to crush whole of the Islamic state. Soon after
becoming a caliph there was an outcry of revenge for the assassination of Hazrat Uthman (RA) so
the trouble started right from the beginning.

Soon after becoming Caliph Hazrat Ali (RA) changed governors of all the provinces and all took
charge except for Kufa and Syria. Ameer Muawiyah first demanded to punish assassins then to
negotiate so Hazrat Ali (RA) right from the beginning had to face the constitutional crisis.

Hazrat Talha and Zubair soon after the pledge demanded from him to punish the assassins but he
refused because of the great chaos and trouble so both turned against him, joined Hazrat Ayesha
(RA) in Makkah and raised the cry of revenge.

Hazrat Ayesha (RA) along with Hazrat Talha, Zubair and other companions who were performing
Hajj prepared to punish the assassins and started their march to Basra.

Hazrat Ali (RA) prepared an army of 10000 men and came forward to negotiate with Hazrat
Ayesha (RA) to convince her not to take such action until the situation is normalized, peace and
stability is restored. Hazrat Ayesha (RA) was well convinced with the response of Hazrat Ali (RA)
and stopped the Muslims to fight him as he was right in his policies but this peaceful settlement
was a warning and a failure for the rebels, as they wanted the Muslims to crush each other. At
night they attacked both of the armies so both started fighting that they have been attacked by
the other side.

When Hazrat Talha and Zubair saw this situation, they left for Madinah but in the way they were
also killed by the rebels. Hazrat Ayesha (RA) was leading the battle on camel Hazrat Ali (RA) asked
one of his soldiers to injure the camel in order to stop Muslims fighting,so the war stopped. Both
Hazrat Ali (RA) and Ayesha were very much sorry over the battle. Hazrat Ali (RA) with due
honour sent her to Madinah escorted by her brother Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. This tragic event
took place in 656 A D/35 A H and it is the first civil war among Muslims in which many Muslims
were martyred. It is known the Battle of Jamal (Camel).

Hazrat Ali (RA) tried his level best to convince Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah to submit to the interest
of the Islamic state, but he was adamant first to punish the assassins before further negotiation.
Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah started to instigate the Syrians by displaying the blood stained shirt of
Hazrat Uthman (RA) and chopped fingers of his wife against Hazrat Ali (RA) and the rebels. Hazrat
Ali (RA) had no other option, but to fight against Ameer Muawiyah and prepared an army of
80000 men. Both armies met at Siffin Hazrat Ali (RA) tried his best to come to peaceful
settlement but of no use. Therefore, the war started in Safar 36 A H /657 A D. It was in favour of
Hazrat Ali (RA) that the enemies were being defeated. They played a trick to avoid the defeat by
tying the Quran on their lances showing to bring the matter to it. Hazrat Ali (RA) warned his army
not to fall in this trick but failed as his army ceased fighting so he was forced to sign peace treaty
with Hazrat Ameer Muawiah for six months. The matter was referred to arbitration to give their
solution in Ramadan. Meanwhile both armies returned. This battle gave birth to new group
known as Kharijites. It is known as the Battle of Siffin.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 33 of 70 Paper 2

Kharijites was the group of rebels who left Hazrat Ali (RA) at Siffin because he refused to fight
against Syrians. First, they ceased fighting Syrians, when Hazrat Ali (RA) signed a peace treaty
with them. Then they came forward to fight against them but Hazrat Ali (RA) refused as he did
not want to break the peace treaty. So they turned against him and formed a party of their own.
They considered Hazrat Abu Bakr and Umar to be righteous Caliphs and rest were infidels, they
started plotting against Hazrat Ali (RA). He prepared a strong army and inflicted a crushing defeat
on them at Nahrwan in 37 AH/ 658 AD. By this time he was able to punish the assassins of Hazrat
Uthman (RA) - The rebels who escaped in this battle assassinated him in 38 A.H/661A D.

Arbitration took place at Dauma-tul-Jandal. Abu Mosa Ashari represented Hazrat Ali (RA) while
Amr bin Aas represented Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah. Abu Mosa Ashari gave the verdict to depose
both as it was decided by both Hazrat Ali (RA) and Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah of them but Amr bin
Aas said he agreed with him in the joint decision to depose Hazrat Ali (RA) but he had decided
for Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah to retain his post. The arbitration failed because it was one sided.

Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah took advantage of Hazrat Ali (RA)'s weakness and invaded Egypt which
came under his control. Finally Hazrat Ali (RA) decided to sign a treaty with Ameer Muawiyah and
it was agreed that Hazrat Muawiyah will rule Syria and Egypt and rest of Islamic state will be in
the control of the Khalifa.

Note: Please write the battles (Camel and Siffin) shortly in this answer.

Q. Why Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah refused to accept Hazrat Ali (RA) as Caliph? (Nov 2005) (4)

Q. Explain why you think Mu'awiya refused to accept 'Ali? (November 2010)

Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah refused to accept Hazrat Ali (RA) as caliph because he said that his
election was not with the consent of the entire Muslim Ummah as it was held under the pressure
of the rebels. All Muslims must be given chance again to elect a Khailfa without any pressure.

He refused to accept Hazrat Ali (RA) as Khalifa because he was not punishing the assassins and
even giving them protection. He also blamed that Hazrat Ali (RA) has ill-treated Hazrat Ayesha
(RA) Siddiqua in the battle of camel. He blamed that Hazrat Ali (RA) is involved in the martyrdom
of Hazrat Talha and Zubair who were the most senior companions.

Q. Why some supporters of Hazrat Ali R.A left him after the battle of Siffin. (4)

Some supporters left Hazrat Ali (RA) after the Battle of Siffin and formed a separate group known
as Kharijites. These were rebels who left Hazrat Ali (RA) at Siffin because he refused to fight
against Syrians. First, they ceased fighting Syrians, when Hazrat Ali (RA) signed a peace treaty
with them. Then they came forward to fight against them but Hazrat Ali (RA) refused as he did
not want to break the peace treaty. So they turned against him and formed a group of their own.

They considered Hazrat Abu Bakr and Umar to be righteous Caliphs, rest were infidels and started
plotting against the caliph. Hazrat Ali (RA) prepared a strong army and inflicted a crushing defeat
on them at Nahrwan. By this time he was able to punish the assassins of Hazrat Uthman (RA).
Islamiyat -0493 Page 34 of 70 Paper 2
Those amongst Kharajites who survived vowed to take revenge and assassinated Ali (RA) In
Ramadan 40 AH while he was leading Morning Prayer in Masjid in Kufa.

Q. Explain why Talha and Zubayr opposed Ali. (June 2009) [4]
Q. Explain why close companions of Holy Prophet opposed Hazrat Ali (RA).
Hazrat Taiha and Zubair soon after the pledge as Khalifa demanded from Hazrat Ali (RA) to punish
the assassins of Hazrat Uthman (RA) but he refused because of the great- chaos and trouble as it
was not an easy job to punish them at that time so both turned against him. They went to
Makkah, joined with Hazrat Ayesha (RA) and raised the cry of revenge.
Hazrat Ali (RA) had to face a lot of problems because to punish a large group of people was not
an easy job and there were no witnesses that who have assassinated him. Madinahh was not in a
secure position because the rebels threaten to destroy the whole Islamic state.
Q. Which important battles were fought during the caliphate of 'Ali? Write a descriptive
account of each. (June 2013) [10]

Hazrat Talha and Zubair soon after electing Hazrat Ali (RA) as Khalifa demanded from him to
punish the assassins but he refused because of the great chaos and trouble so both turned
against him, joined Hazrat Ayesha (RA) in Makkah and raised the cry of revenge.

Hazrat Ayesha (RA) along with Hazrat Talha Zubair and other companions who were performing
Hajj prepared to punish the assassins and started their march to Basra. Hazrat Ali (RA) prepared
an army of 10000 men and came forward to negotiate with Hazrat Ayesha (RA) to convince her
not to take such action until the situation is normalized, peace and stability is restored.
Hazrat Ayesha (RA) was well convinced with the response of Hazrat Ali (RA) and stopped the
Muslims to fight him as he was right in his policies but this peaceful settlement was a warning
and a failure for the rebels, as they wanted the Muslims to crush each other. At night they
attacked both of the armies. So both started fighting that they have been attacked by the other
side. When Hazrat Taiha and zubair saw this situation, they left for Madinahh but in the way they
were also killed by the rebels. Hazrat Ayesh was leading the battle on camel. Hazrat Ali (RA) asked
one of his soldiers to injure the camel in order to stop Muslims fighting, so the war stopped. Both
Hazrat Ali and Ayesha (R.A) were very much sorry over the battle. Hazrat Ali R.A with due honour
sent her to Madinah escorted by her brother Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. This tragic event took
place in 656 A D/35 A H and it is the first civil war among Muslims in which many Muslims were
martyred. It is known the Battle of Jamal (Camel) Hazrat Ali (RA) , tried his level best to convince
Hazrat Muawiyah to submit to the interest of Islamic state but he was adamant first to punish
the assassins before further negotiation. Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah started to instigate Syrians by
displaying the blood stained shirt and chopped fingers of his wife Hazrat Naila against Hazrat Ali
(RA) and the rebels. Hazrat Ali (RA), had no option except to prepare against Hazrat Ameer
Muawiyah and prepared the army of 80000 men. Both armies met at Siffin, Hazrat Ali (RA) tried
his best to come to peaceful settlement but of no use. Therefore, the war started in Safar 36 A
H /657 A D. It was in favour of Hazrat Ali (RA) that the enemies were being defeated. They played
a trick to avoid the defeat by tying the Quran on their lances showing to bring the matter to it.
Hazrat Ali (RA) warned his army not to fall in this trick but failed as his army ceased fighting so he
Islamiyat -0493 Page 35 of 70 Paper 2
was forced to sign peace treaty with Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah for six months. The matter was
referred to arbitration to give their solution in Ramadan. Meanwhile both armies returned. This
battie gave birth to new group known as Kharijites. It is known the Battle of Siffin.

Kharijites was the group of rebels who left Hazrat Ali R.A at Siffin because he refused to fight
against Syrians. First, they ceased fighting Syrians, when Hazrat Ali (RA) signed a peace treaty
with them they came forward to fight against them but Hazrat Ali (RA) refused as he did not
want to break the peace treaty . So they turned against him and formed a party of their own.
They considered Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Umar to be righteous Caliphs and rest were infidels,
they started plotting against Hazrat Ali (RA) .He prepared a strong army and inflicted a crushing
defeat on them at Nahrwan in 37 AH/658 AD. By this time he was able to punish the assassins of
Hazrat Uthman (RA). The rebels who escaped in this battle assassinated in 38 A.H./661A D.

Q. 'Ali was the right ruler for the time'. Briefly discuss this statement. (4)

Hazrat Ali (RA) was the right ruler and the rightly guided khalifa of his time, during his time the
Islamic empire was trembling with chaos, intrigues and conspiracies because the forces of
lawlessness had been unchecked. So he with his great patience and much tact tried his best to
restore law and order. He loved peace as he agreed to the arbitration after the battle of Siffin,
though he was able to win. He was kind, peace loving and a fair leader.

At the time of his martyrdom he advised his son not to be unjust to his killer and not mutilate his
body if he is killed. This shows that he was kind hearted and had respect for humanity. To avoid
wars with Hazrat Ameer Muawiya he decided to sign a peace treaty with him after the fall of
Egypt from his hands. This shows that he preferred peace than to restore land he lost to Hazrat
Ameer Muawiya. Holy Prophet PBUH said about him, "Hazrat Ali (RA) is with truth and truth is
with him".

This shows his honesty and noble character.

Q. Give four examples from the life of the Holy Prophet and the rightly guided Caliphs to show
how they maintained their relationship with the non-Mµslim states. (June 2007) (10)

Q. Describe four incidents that show how between 622 and 661 Holy Prophet and the Rightly
Guided Caliphs conducted relations with other states. (November 2006) (10)

Holy Prophet always maintained friendly relations with the non-Muslims, gave them equal
treatment and religious freedom. He never thrust his religion on any one as the verse says,
"Let there be no compulsion in religion." He only conveyed the message of Allah to mankind. He
treated the Jewish tribes of Madinah with dignity and honour, signed treaty to allow them to live
as equal citizens. To maintain cordial relation he even had the business dealings and shared his
meal with them. This show the friendly relations of Holy Prophet.

In the 7th AH Holy Prophet invited the kings and emperors to his religion but even those who
rejected his faith even then he maintained friendly relations with them. He wrote a letter to the

Islamiyat -0493 Page 36 of 70 Paper 2

King of Egypt he did not accept Islam but sent some gifts, a slave girl and a horse to have
friendship, Holy Prophet gladly accept them. This shows that he not only hap good relation but
also shared his things with the non-Muslims.

In the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr when Khalid bin Waleed conquered Hira in Iraq he allowed
the non-Muslims' to build their own worshiping places and freely practice their religion. Islamic
teachings not only gave religious freedom but even those religious practices which are entirely
opposed by Islam can be carried out within its territory. This shows that Islam is a very tolerant
religion in regard to the rights of the non Muslims. When Jerusalem was conquered in the
caliphate of Hazrat Umar, he himself signed a peace treaty with the Christian that gave
protection of life, property, honour and freedom to practice their religion. The Christian Monks
invited Hazrat Umar to come in the church to offer his prayers but he refused because Muslims
after him should not use his prayer as an excuse for converting the church into a masjid. He even
ordered the destruction of a masjid which was constructed on the place of a church.

In the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman (RA) many rebels placed many allegations on him even they
stopped the supply of food and water to him, Hazrat Ali (RA) came to take permission to crush
them but Hazrat Uthman (RA) stopped him and said that he does not want to shed Muslims
blood in vein. This shows the patience and kindness of caliph Uthman that they came to destroy
him but he protected them and strictly forbade Hazrat Ali (RA) to fight against them.
(Take any four examples for this Q)
Q. Explain how Muslims states today can put these examples into action. (June 2007)(4)
Q. Suggest ways in which these examples can provide models for relations between states
today. (November 2006)
(4)
The Holy Prophet's relations with the Jewish tribes of Madinah teach the Muslim rulers that they
must give equal rights and religious freedom to the non-Muslims living within the Islamic state.
Pakistan is an Islamic state, which gives equal rights, and religious freedom to the religious
minorities and it is mentioned in the constitution as well. Quad e-Azam the founder of Pakistan
said at the time of the creation of Pakistan that "I am the protector General of the religious
minorities" This shows that Muslim states are exactly following the Islamic teachings.

This also teaches the Muslim rulers that it is their responsibility to protect the religious places of
the non-Muslims and give them freedom. Holy Prophet strictly forbade hurting them as he said,

"One who hurts Zimmi, I will advocate against him on the Day of Judgment".

This shows that Holy Prophet never tolerated that anyone may hurt non Muslims. Pakistan also
maintained friendly relations with other states as it supported the world community in the global
war and celebrated 60 years Pak China friendship. Relations with India always strained because
of the Kashmir issue.

Q. Write about how the four Rightly Guided Caliphs are role models for leaders today.
(November 2012) (10)

Islamiyat -0493 Page 37 of 70 Paper 2

The leaders today in the modern world have best example in the lives of the Four Caliphs. They
did not think of themselves as above common man, did not differentiate between themselves
and their subjects and treated everyone equally without their social differences. Today's leaders
should treat all their subjects equally without favoritism. Favoritism is a social evil which shakes
the foundations of society. Leaders in Pakistan should have mercy on their subjects, stop
misusing the public treasury and make the life of poor people easy by keeping down the prices of
the necessities of life. The bait-ul-Maal was public property and was so treated by the Caliphs

Hazrat Abu Bakr at the time of his election gave a famous speech,

"O Muslims, You have elected me as a Khalifa so follow me as long as I follow Allah and the
Messenger, if I deviate from the right path so you can set me right".

This was actual form of democracy that every member of the community had the right to object
the Khalifa, it teaches the leaders today that they should be open to suggestions and let their
subjects criticize their reforms.

All the Caliphs were elected with the unanimous agreement of all the companions and a most
suitable, honest, experienced and most senior companion had the right to stand for elections, so
the leader who stands for elections must be honest, trustworthy, educted, experienced and
senior person. Hazrat Abu Bakr nominated Haziat Umar as the second Khalifa because he was
very capable, experienced and senior so all companions had no objection and took allegiance on
his hand. On his death bed he appointed a panel of six members to choose the next caliph and
excluded the name of his son from the list, this shows that leadership or caliphate was not a
hereditary concept in Islam and the leader must be a man of great caliber who should be strictly
checked and interviewed before standing for elections.

All the Four Pious Caliphs used to consult the Majlis-e-Shura in all affairs of the state, everyone
was free to express their opinion and criticize the Caliph, and the Caliphs were available to all and
at all times. The leaders today should consult in all matters of the state affairs, everyone should
be free to criticize and express their opinions. The judiciary was independent and no one was
above the law as Hazrat Ali (RA) himself appeared in the court. It teaches that in the eyes of law
there should not be difference between the ruler and the ruled.

Q. Write about how the four Rightly Guided Caliphs ruled during their caliphates in accordance
with Islamic values. (November 2013) (10)

All four of the Rightly Guided Caliphs strived to follow the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Holy
Prophet. They lived very simply and were all humble men. All Caliphs at the time of their election
reaffirmed their loyalty to the principles of Islam and treated the caliphate as a trust given to
them by Allah. Hazrat Abu Bakr at the time of his election said,

"O people, I have been elected your leader, although I am not better than anyone from among
you. If I do any good, give me your support. If I go wrong, set me right." This was actual form
democracy because everyone had the right to object the Caliph. He decided to fight against those
Islamiyat -0493 Page 38 of 70 Paper 2
who withhold Zakat and said that he will take Zakat even if it was a string to tie a camel. This
action teaches that Islamic principles cannot be changed by the people.

Hazrat Umar after becoming the Caliph said "I have been elected your leader you have rights on
me, I tell you of these rights, so that you may be in' a position to call me to account." This shows
that every Muslim had the right to call the Caliph to justice. During his caliphate he formed an
Islamic parliament based Majlis-e-Shura and Majlis-e Aam for consulting the senior companions
about state matters. He said Caliphate is incomplete without advisory. He set up judicial system
to safeguard the rights of every individual in Islamic community. Everyone was equal in the eyes
of law the Muslims and non-Muslims, the poor and the rich and even the ruler and the ruled
Hazrat Ali (RA) appeared in the court during his caliphate to fight for case against a Jew.

All rightly guided Caliphs lived a very simple life like Holy Prophet as they did not differentiate
between themselves and the poor in society. They were very good administrators and were
available to all and at all times. They looked for solutions of problems in ljma and Qiyas as they
used to consult before taking any decision. They conquered a vast land but never forced anyone
to convert to Islam. Once Hazrat Umar visited a Jewish lady on her death bed said to her if you
accept Islam you will directly go to heaven but she said that she does not want to desert her
religion in the last moments of her life. So Hazrat Umar uttered this verse of Holy Quran,
"There is no compulsion in religion."
This shows that he allowed the religious freedom to all the non Muslims communities in the
Islamic State.
All the Caliphs never considered the public treasury as their personal asset and drew a very small
salary, were very loyal to the Islamic principles and to their subjects. They established a welfare
Islamic state where not only the Muslims but even the non Muslims lived a very happy life.They
gave equal rights to the non-Muslims the way Holy Prophet gave rights to the Jewish tribes of
Madinah.
Q. Choose any one practice of the caliphs from Part (a) and explain how governments today
could act on it. (November
2013) [4]

Governments today can follow the Caliphs by living the simple life and should not make
difference between themselves and their subjects. They should be available to all and at all times,
and should be easily approachable to their subjects. Hazrat Umar shared the camel ride with his
slave when they were traveling to Jerusalem teaches leaders today that they should not ask the
police to block the roads for public when they are traveling.

Their simple lifestyle will solve many problems and their subjects will love them, will approach
them to solve their problems and will always elect them who listen to their problems. People
during the time of the Caliphs were very happy by being a part of the Islamic state because they
treated everyone even themselves equally without any discrimination, so leaders today should
avoid to bless their favorite.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 39 of 70 Paper 2

CHAPTER: 8 ARTICLES OF FAITH
1. BELIEF IN ONENESS OF ALLAH.

Q. Belief in Oneness of Allah is the most basic principle of Islam. Discuss (10)

Q. Outline the Muslim teaching about the belief in the oneness of God (tawhid). (June 2013)
Belief in Oneness of Allah is the fundamental principle of Islam. The building of the Islam rests on
Tauheed as it is the foundation of religion. Allah is One and Only eternal and absolute. He is the
Creator,Sustainer and Cherisher of the entire creation. His existence is so high and sublime that it
cannot come in our imagination but we believe in Him as the creator of the entire universe.
Giving life and death is in Allah's hands as the verse says,

"Allah is the One Who creates the living from the dead and the dead from living".

This shows that Allah is the supreme Creator in Whose hands is the control of everything.

He has no partners with Him in His existence and Oneness as the Holy Quran savs, "If there had
been any other lord beside Allah the world would have been destroyed and each Lord would
have sought an exclusive dominion over the part of his creation". The peaceful and perfect
system of the universe teaches that Allah is only One, Who has power over entire creation. He is
the Master arid Owner of the entire universe and He created it in its accurate balance without
any flaw.

Surah lkhlas explains the nature of Tauheed as it says "Say He is Allah the One and Only. Allah the
Eternal and Absolute. He does not give birth and He is not born and there is none like Him". This
Surah shows that Allah has unique qualities and attributes. He is unlike his creation because He
does not give birth and He is not born, and is not physically related to any of His creation. He is
free from weaknesses and human qualities as the verse of Ayat ul Kursi says, "No slumber can
seize Him nor sleep" This shows that Allah has unique qualities.

He is the Creator of entire universe so He is the only One, Who deserved to be worshiped as the
verse of Surah Fatiha says,
"Thee do we worship and Thine aid we seek".
This shows that Muslims must worship Allah alone and turn to Him for help in the difficult time.
He has provided the entire creation with sustenance as the verse says "He sends down rain from
heavens and by it brought forth fruits for your sustenance"
Setting partners with Allah is shirk which is the greatest of all sins and Quran says shirk is an
unforgiveable sin. This shows that we must not join partners with Allah in any form or shape
because it leads to hell.

Q. Explain how does the belief in Oneness of Allah affect the life of a Muslim. (4)

Islamiyat -0493 Page 40 of 70 Paper 2

The belief in Allah makes man righteous, pious, obedient and upright. He surrenders himself
completely to the will of Allah and does not do anything, which Allah has forbidden. Belief in
Allah gives self-respect and esteem, as the believer does not bow in front of anything except
Allah. He leads a modest life because he believes that Allah knows everything he does or thinks.

He realizes that whatever he has it is Allah's blessings. It makes him brave that nothing can harm
him without Allah's will that is why he is not scared of death. Believer in Oneness of Allah is not
jealous of anything; he is humble and shows his humility. He trusts his Lord that whatever comes
to his life is from his Lord so whenever he passes a happy life he thanks Allah for His blessings and
whenever any problems comes in his life, he bears it with patience and remains steadfast.

BELIEF IN THE ANGELS

Q. Describe the Muslim's belief in Angels. (November 2008) [10]

Q. Write short accounts of the Muslim's belief in the Angels. (June 2004) (June 2005) (10)

Q. What are Muslim's beliefs about angels? (June 2010) (10)

Belief in the angels is one of the fundamental article of faith. Muslims believe that angels are the
creation of Allah created out of light and are invisible. They are unlike human as they do not
require food and water. They never rest or get tired in their duties and are pure from sins, as they
have no free will or desire. They are neither the partners nor the objects of worship. Angels have
been created for certain duties and responsibilities, which they carry out as commanded by Allah.
The Quran says to believe in angles is articles of faith.

"It is righteousness to believe in Allah, the last day, the angels, the books and the messengers."

Angels have been given certain qualities and powers to carry out their duties. They worship and
glorify Allah and prostrate in front of Him. They have been helping the Prophets in their mission
and destroyed the previous nations who disobeyed Allah's messengers. Angels conveyed the
messages of Allah to the pious people like angel Gibrael (AS) came to give Hazrat Maryam the
good news of Hazrat Isa (AS). They had been helping Holy Prophet (PBUH) in battles like in the
battle of Badr. Angels pray to Allah for the forgiveness of believers and descend in the night of
power with Allah's blessings.

There are millions of the angels, some of them are prominent and have been assigned with
important duties. Like there are two angels who have been appointed with every individual to
record their deeds as the verse says,

"But over you are Holy Recorder to protect you- kind and honorable, writing down your deeds."
This shows that we will be responsible for our deeds on judgment day. Two angels will ask
questions in the grave they are called "Munker Nakeer". Some angels are the Guardians of hell
and heaven. The most prominent angels are.

(1) Hazrat Jibrail (AS) who was responsible to bring Divine revelations to the Prophets.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 41 of 70 Paper 2

(2) Hazrat Israel (AS) who is responsible to take out souls upon death.

(3) Hazrat lsrafil (AS) who will blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgement.

(4) Hazrat Mikail (AS) who is responsible to control the universe and provide provisions to the
people at Allah's command.

Q. Discuss the importance of Jibra'il in comparison to other angels. (November 2010) [4]

Angels have the particular jobs to perform which is assigned to them by Allah. Such as Hazrat
Israel is given responsibility to take out souls. Hazrat lsrafil will blow the trumpet on the Day of
Judgment. Hazrat Jibrail is the arch angel who had the all important duty is of bringing the
revelations to all Prophets from Hazrat Adam till the last Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH).
He had the most important task as he was sent by Allah to announce the birth of Hazrat Isa to
Hazrat Maryam and to deliver the Holy Quran to Prophet Muhammad . Hazrat Jibrail also
conducted Miraj, as he took Hazrat Muhammad to the heavens. All the other angels have been
given certain duties but Hazrat Jibrail is given all the important and special duties.

Q. Explain the importance of the Muslims belief in the angels. [4]

Q. Explain how the belief in Angels affects the life of a Muslim. [4]
The belief in the angels is very significant in the life of a believer as it makes him righteous, God
fearing and humble because he believes that the angels record all he does so he remains
obedient to Allah keeps himself away from sins. The angels Munker Nakir remind him that he
must prepare before his death and the angel of the death reminds him that death is an absolute
certainty, which cannot be ignored.

Bringing of Divine revelation by the angel Jibrail teaches that it is from Allah and must be obeyed.
Hazrat Mikael , controls the universe and lsrafil will blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgment
teaches that angels are the very powerful creation of Allah and carry out their duties with the
commandment of Allah.

REVEALED BOOKS

Q. Describe about the Muslim's belief in the Revealed Books. (June 2004) (Nov 2008) [10]

Q. Write descriptive account of the Muslim beliefs in the Revealed Books. (Nov 2007) [10]

Q. Write a descriptive account of the Muslim belief in revealed books. (Nov 2010) [10]

To believe in all the revealed books is one of the fundamental articles of faith. Muslims believe
that from time to time Allah sent Divine guidance to His Prophets in the form of the books.
Revelation is the communication employed by Allah to convey His commands to Prophets. Allah
adopted different methods to convey His commands to the Prophets as it is described in Quran
"It is not fitting for a man that Allah should speak to him except by inspiration, or from behind a

Islamiyat -0493 Page 42 of 70 Paper 2

veil or by sending the messenger to reveal with Allah's commands what He wills". This shows that
revelation came through different ways.

The guidance sent by Allah was basically the same, they talked about the principle of religion and
basic beliefs like belief in Oneness of Allah, Prophets, Books, Angels and the Day of Judgment, but
some of the rules were different according to the needs of the people for particular period. Allah
sent revelations to all the Prophets as it mentioned that Allah sent revelations to Hazrat Nuh ,
Hazrat Ibrahim , Hazrat Ismail and Hazrat Yaqoob ', but in the Quran are mentioned the names of
4 Divine Books and some scriptures (Suhufs). The first Book Zabor (psalm) was revealed to Hazrat
Dawood

Taurat was revealed to Hazrat Moosa (AS), lngeel (Bible) was revealed to Hazrat lsa and Quran
was revealed to Prophet Muhammad. Holy Quran confirms all the previous Books, the verse
says, "Before this was the Book of Moosa as a guide and mercy".

This shows that all the previous books contained guidance for mankind.

The books revealed before Holy Quran were revealed to the particular community and time but
the Quran was revealed as a guide to the whole of mankind as the verse says "We have sent this
book as a guide to the whole of mankind". The books revealed before Quran were mixed up and
the original teachings were lost but the Quran is in the original form because Allah Himself took
the responsibility to protect this book from corruption. The verse says "We have without doubt
sent down the Quran and We will assuredly guard it from corruption". This verse shows that
Quran is in the original form as it was revealed. It is a complete book of guidance which deals
with every walk of life.

Q. Explain the importance of the Muslims belief in the Revealed Books. (4)

Q. Explain how the belief in the Revealed Books affects the life of a Muslim. [4]
Muslims believe that Books were revealed as a guide to humankind so must be respected and it
is article of faith to believe in all of them. For the Muslims was revealed Quran as guide so
Muslims must obey Quranic teachings and follow its commandments.

It gives guidance in all aspects of human life as in social, economic, political and private life so
Muslims must put its teachings in their every walk of life and should not recite Quran only for
reward but must understand its teachings and follow its guidance.

Q. Briefly explain why Allah revealed different books from time to time. (Nov 2011) [4]

Allah revealed four Books to the Prophets as guide to mankind. The first book, Zabur was
revealed to Hazrat Dawood and second book, Taurat was revealed to Hazrat Musa. Third book,
lnjeel (bible) was revealed to Hazrat Isa and the fourth book Holy Quran was revealed to Hazrat
Muhammad. All these books were sent as guide to mankind, telling them what they should do
and what they should not. These books were revealed in the native languages so that it would be
easy for the local people to understand it.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 43 of 70 Paper 2
Previous books were revealed to the particular communities and for particular age,later on these
books were distorted and the original message was lost, creating a need for new book to follow.
Therefore the Holy Quran is the last in the line of revealed scriptures. It is the final guidance for
the whole of mankind as the verse says "We sent this book as a guide to the whole of mankind."
This book is in the original form as it was revealed to Holy Prophet because Allah Himself taken
the responsibility to protect it from corruption as the verse says, "Verily We have revealed the
Quran to you and assuredly We will guard it from corruption." This verse shows that Holy Quran
is in the original form as it was revealed to Holy Prophet.

BELIEF IN THE PROPHETS

Q. Outline the main beliefs of the Muslims concerning the messengers sent by God to
Humankind.

Q. Outline the most important features of the Quranic teachings about Prophethood. (10)

Q. What are the main features of the Muslim's belief in the line of the Messengers (Rusul)
before Hazrat Muhammad (SAW). (June 2003) (June 2007) (10)

Q. Write about Muslims belief in Prophets. (June 2004) (November 2005) (June 2009) [10]

Q. Give a full account of the Muslims belief in Prophets. (November 2011) [10]

Q. Give an account of Muslim belief in prophets and the messages they preached. (Nov 2013)

Belief in Prophets is one of the fundamental article of faith. Muslims believe that the long line of
the Prophets that started from Hazrat Adam terminated with Prophet Muhammad. There was a
Prophet to every community the verse says,

"For every nation, there was a guide".

This shows that no nation existed without a Prophet. The Prophets sent by Allah were ordinary
human beings, had families, children and were mortal. However, they were most pious and
righteous people. It is commanded in the Holy Quran to believe in all the Prophets without any
difference as the verse says,

"We make no distinction between any of His Messengers".

This shows that all the prophets are held in equal respect.

According to Hadith that approximately the total numbers of the prophets were 124000, but only
25 of them are mentioned by name in Quran like Prophet Adam , Nuh, Ibrahim, Ismail, lshaq ,
Yaqoob , Yousuf, Moosa and Prophet Isa (AS). All of the Prophets received the Divine Revelations,
some of them were blessed with the Divine Books like Prophet Dawood, Moosa , Isa and
Prophet Muhammad . Some of the prophets were Rasul who received a Divine Book and new

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Shariah and the others were Nabi who followed and preached the Book and Shariah of the
previous Rasul.

Many of the Prophets were blessed with the miracles like Hazrat Mosa's staff becoming a snake
and Hazrat Isa gave life to the dead. All the Prophets preached the same message that was
Oneness of Allah and His obedience. They were sent to be obeyed by the people as the verse
says, "We sent not an Apostle but to be obeyed in accordance with Allah's will".

This shows that Prophets were sent only to be obeyed. All the Prophets were sent to the
particular nations but the Hazrat Muhammad is for the whole of humankind. Previous Prophets’
teachings were lost but Hazrat Muhammad's are in the original form as it was revealed.

Q. How are these prophets and their messages important for Muslims? (November 2013) (4)

All Prophets and their messages are important for the Muslims because Holy Quran commands
to believe in all Prophets without any difference. Their message was always the same, the unity
of Allah so it reinforces Muslims’ belief in Tawhid. They taught unity, equality of mankind and to
treat the fellow human beings with kindness, taught their communities the importance and need
for good conduct. These were the primary teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

It makes Mulims realize that Islam is continuation of Allah's earlier message so Prophet
Muhammad's completion of that message was not a new religion. Holy Prophet did not preach a
new religion but it was the religion which was preached by the previous Prophets.

Q. Explain how the belief in Prophets influences the daily living of a Muslim. (June 2009) (4)

It is fundamental to believe in all Prophets and we should respect all of them without difference
as the verse says,
"We make no distinction between any of His Messengers".
This shows that all the Prophets are held in equal respect. All the Prophets were given Divine
commandments and were sent to be followed. It means the revelations brought by the Prophets
contain guidance.
The verse says,
"We sent not an Apostle but to be obeyed in accordance with Allah's will".
This shows that Prophets were sent only to be obeyed. The guidance given by the Prophets
brings change in human life as he is able to walk on the right path. Muslims are required to follow
the guidance brought by Holy Prophet Muhammad which guides in their every walk of life.
Belief in the Life after Death

Q. Write a descriptive account of the Muslim belief in resurrection and last day.

(November 2005) [10)

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Belief in the life after death is the fundamental article of faith. Muslims believe that death is an
absolute certainty as it is described in the Quran,
"Every soul shall have a taste of death".
This shows that everyone has to die one day and no one can escape from death. Life on this earth
is temporary for a short period; it is given to prepare for the life hereafter, which is eternal. After
the death a person has to pass through three stages first stage start after the death till the
judgment day, it is known as Barzakh. In this stage, the angels question the soul to know the
spiritual status then give the good news of heaven to the believer and news of hell to the
disbelievers.
The second stage starts from the Day of Judgment when entire universe will be destroyed. All the
landmarks of the earth will be lost. It is described in Surah Qariah that there will be great
destruction, the mountains would fly like carded wool. The earth will be jolted tremendously that
it will take out all its burdens. The people will be raised from their graves and will be gathered at
one place. Allah will inaugurate a new world; it will be eternal having permanent values. All the
people will be called individually in front of Allah to give an account of their deeds. Every single
deed will be judged as the verse says,
"Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good shall see it and anyone who has
done an atom's weight of evil shall see it".

This shows that all the deeds will be judged no matter how small it is and people will face the
consequences.

Then after the judgment, the people of heaven will be sent to heaven forever and the people of
hell will be sent to hell forever. Death will be shaped into a body, which will be destroyed, and
then there will be no death at all.

Q. Write an account of the Muslims belief in:

(a) Rewards and Punishments (4)

(b) Hell and heaven. [4)

Rewards and Punishments

Belief in the rewards and punishment is the fundamental article of faith. Muslims believe that
Allah has given this life for a very important purpose that is to prepare for the eternal life. He has
given the free choice for all our deeds and then he has prepared rewards for our good deeds and
punishments for our bad as the verse says "Then shall anyone who has done an atom weight of
good shall see it and anyone who has done an atom weight of evil shall see it". This shows that all
the deeds will be judged no matter how small they are, and people will face the consequences.

Those who have led the righteous life will be blessed in heaven with life of pleasure and
satisfaction. Those who disbelieved in Allah and disobeyed Him will be punished in hell which is a
fire blazing fiercely, Allah says "Then We will change them with the fresh skins to taste the
punishment again". This shows that the people of hell will be repeatedly punished.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 46 of 70 Paper 2
Hell and Heaven

The existence of heaven and hell is also included in the Muslims belief. Hell is destination of evil
doers who disbelieved in Allah and disobeyed His commands. Holy Quran says "The people of hell
will wear the garments of fire already prepared for them and boiling water shall be poured over
their heads." The skins will be burnt then Allah will give fresh skin to taste the punishment this
practice will continue forever. Hell is a bottomless pit full of fire, which is seventy times hotter
than this world.

Heaven is the place of blessings which Allah has prepared for the His righteous people. They will
be blessed in heaven with everything they ask, will come in front of them. It is the place
underneath flow the rivers of milk, honey and fresh water. The soil of heaven will be of sweet
odour while grass will be of saffron. Allah says "Paradise is a garden of bliss and an abode of
peace". There are seven stages of heaven and the highest is the Firdous. On the Day of Judgment
people will get reward and punishment on the basis of their deeds.

Q. Explain the importance of the Muslims belief in the life after death. (4)

Q. Explain how the belief in the life after death affects the life of a Muslim. (4)

Q. Why is the belief in resurrection important to Muslims in their daily living? (June 2010) (4)

The belief in life after death and rewards and punishments can guide the people to the right path.
The believers avoid sins in their life because they believe that they will have to give an account of
their deeds, as the verse says "then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good shall
see it and anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil shall see it". It creates in human a sense
of accountability, which functions efficiently to govern his activities. The believers will give less
importance to the life in this world then the hereafter because that is eternal life, so they will
avoid committing sins and mould their life according to Islamic teachings.

The belief in life after death makes the life in this world peaceful and pure of corruption and
transgression. The questioning in the grave tells that judgment starts right from the grave and
then they will be brought before Allah to be judged, the actions and behaviour will determine
what will become of them in their next life.

Belief in Pre-Destination and Decree

Q. Write an account of the Muslims’ belief in Pre-destination and Decree. (June 2005) (4)

Q. What does the statement 'There is no ability or power except through Allah' tell you about
Muslims belief in Allah's predestination and decree? (June 2011) (10)

Belief in the pre-destination is one of the fundamental articles of faith as it is mentioned in lman-
e-Mufassal. The word Taqdeer is from the word Qadir that is one of the attribute of Allah, which
means All Knowing and All Powerful. Allah is the Creator of the entire universe and He is the
Islamiyat -0493 Page 47 of 70 Paper 2
absolute Controller and regulator. Everything goes by law, proportion and measure as the verse
says,
"Indeed all things have We made in proportion and measure".
Muslims believe that Allah determines all that happens to His creatures including human beings.
However, the question arises whether Allah also determines the sins, which people commit. The
simple answer to this question is that Allah has perfect knowledge, through His knowledge He
knows the choices of the people between right and wrong as He has given them free choice and
free will. Therefore, He has written before the birth what people would do through His unlimited
knowledge. He does not force anyone to commit sins. He Himself is pure how can He force to
commit sin. Allah says,
"No misfortune can happen on earth or in your souls but is recorded in a decree before We bring
it into existence: that is truly easy for Allah".

The hadith describes that when angel breathes life in human body he writes four matters with
the commandment of Allah his lifespan, his livelihood, whether he will lead a happy or sad life
and his actions. Pre-destination can be changed through Dua (private prayer) Hadith says,
“Dua can change the pre-destination".
So Muslims can change their pre destination by praying to their Lord because He is All hearing, All
knowing, Most Gracious and Most Merciful.

Q. To what extent does this belief affect the daily living of Muslims? (June 2011) [4]

The belief in Pre-destination affects the life of Muslims by making them realize that Allah is the
Supreme Creator, He is All Knowing, He knows what we reveal and what we conceal. So this
makes Muslims humble, righteous and honest. Muslims cannot hide their anything from Allah
that's why they purify their private life and thoughts because Allah knows everything that a
believer does in his private or public life.

Muslim believes that whatever comes to his life is from his Lord so whenever he passes a happy
life he thanks Allah for His blessings and whenever any problems comes in his life, he bears it
with patience and remains steadfast.

Jihad

Q. Explain the teachings of Islam about Jihad (Struggle in the way of Allah) [10]

Q. Write a description of the Muslim teachings about jihad. [10] November 2013

Jihad is also one of the important aspects of faith, which literally means to struggle or to exert
oneself to achieve his goal, but according to Islam it means the struggle in the way of Allah to
achieve and establish righteousness and shun evil. Jihad covers all kinds of exertions or efforts,
physical, mental, or material undertaken in the way of Allah.

Types of Jihad
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There are four types of jihad.

1. Jihad against Self: It is a major jihad to fight against own evil desires and evil passions.
Holy Prophet said,
"The greatest jihad is to fight against the evil passions of oneself."
This shows that we should fight against evil desires and evil thoughts and should purify
our soul and mind from evil.

2. Jihad with Wealth: It is to spend wealth for the social cause and welfare i.e. to spread
Islam and help those who are fighting the enemies of Islam in the way of Allah. The Holy
Quran says,
“And Spend (of your wealth) in the cause of Allah and do not throw yourselves in
destruction.”
3. Jihad with Knowledge: When a Muslim strives to gain knowledge, it is also jihad as the
Hadith says,
"The one who set out of his house to seek knowledge is in the way of Allah till he
returns".
After seeking knowledge, to act upon it, spread it others, teach those who don’t know,
guide the illiterate and show them the right path is also important and included in jihad.

4. Jihad with tongue: When prophet hood was bestowed on Muhammad (PBUH), first Allah
commanded him to warn his relatives, then to warn his people, then to warn the Arabs
around him. Allah says,
"Invite all to the way of your Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching and argue with
them in the ways that are the best and most gracious.”

Holy Prophet says,

"The best Jihad in the way of Allah is to speak a word of justice to an oppressive ruler".

5. Jihad with sword: It is to fight against the enemies of Islam those who fight Muslims. It is
an important aspect of jihad as the Holy Prophet was asked that who is the best amongst
men he replied,
"The believer who strives hard in the way of Allah with his person and property."
This hadith teaches that Jihad bin Nafs has a lot of importance in Islam.

Physical jihad is allowed under certain conditions as to defend oneself and his religion. Holy
Prophet always permitted jihad to defend and to protect religion. All the battles fought by him
were for the protection of the Islam. Jihad is done to give equal rights to everyone and to help
the oppressed by stopping the oppressor. Allah says,

"Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight against you but do not transgress limits".

It is not jihad to kill an innocent person whether Muslim or non-Muslim, Holy Quran talks against
that practice as the verse says,

Islamiyat -0493 Page 49 of 70 Paper 2

 "One who killed an innocent person has killed the entire humanity and the one who saves, has
saved the entire humanity".

This shows the price of one innocent soul is equal to whole of mankind, whether he is a Muslim
or a non-Muslim.

Q. Why is greater jihad considered the more important? (November 2013) (4)

The Jihad against self or 'Jihad un Nafs' is considered the most important because;

1. It is to struggle against one's own evil desires, overcome one's own weaknesses and
failings on a daily basis which many a times is harder to do. Holy Prophet said,
"The greatest jihad is to struggle against the evil passions of oneself".

2. Purifying one's soul has a lot of benefits because the love of Allah resides only in those
souls which are purified from the evil thoughts and improves the spiritual position of the
Muslims.
3. It is the greatest Jihad as it is against the strongest enemy (Satan) who is invisible and
attacks us constantly without letting us realize and making it difficult for us to defeat him.
4. This Jihad will continue till the day of Judgement. There is no age limit also for this as each
individual has to go through it that expands its scope and makes it the greatest.

CHAPTER: 8 PILLARS OF ISLAM

1. Shahadah

Q.'There is no god but Allah' and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah'. Describe the Muslim
beliefs summarized by the declaration of faith, shahada. (November 2012) [10]

Shahada is the fundamental principle of Islam. The building of the Islam rests on Shahada as it is
the foundation of religion. Shahadah consists of two parts;

1. Tauheed

2. Prophethood of Mohammad (PBUH)

Both of these parts are linked with each other. Believing in one part requires belief in the other
part.

In the first Part Muslims believe that Allah is One and Only, eternal and absolute. He is the
Creator, Sustainer and Cherisher of the entire creation. Giving life and death is in Allah's hands as
the verse says,
"Allah is the One Who creates the living from the dead and the dead from living".
This shows that Allah is the Supreme Creator in Whose hands is the control of everything.
He has no partners with Him in His existence and Oneness as the Holy Quran says,
Islamiyat -0493 Page 50 of 70 Paper 2
"If there had been any other lord beside Allah the world would have been destroyed".
The peaceful and perfect system of the universe teaches that Allah is only One, Who has power
over entire creation. He is the Master and Owner of the entire universe and He created it in its
accurate balance without any flaw. Surah lkhlas explains the nature of Tauheed as it says,
"Say He is Allah the One and Only. Allah, the Eternal and Absolute. He does not give birth and He
is not born and there is none like unto Him".

When we believe that He has all the perfect attributes and complete control over everything then
we should believe that only He deserves to be worshipped as the verse of Surah Fatiha says,

"To You do we worship and Your aid we seek".

This shows that Muslims must worship Allah alone and turn to Him for help in the difficult time.
Setting partners with Allah is shirk which is the greatest of all sins and Quran says shirk is an
unforgiveable sin. This shows that we must not join partners with Allah in any form or shape
because it leads to hell.

The second part, to believe in Hazrat Muhammad as the last messenger is also equally important.
The long line of the Prophets that started with Hazrat Adam terminated with Hazrat Muhammad.
He has been termed as Khatam-un-Nabiyyin in the Holy Quran, which means the end, the last or
the seal of the Prophets. This shows that the door of Prophet-hood has been closed forever on
Hazrat Muhammad.

The Prophets, sent before him, were to the particular communities and nations but he is for
entire humankind as the verse says, "We have sent you (O' Muhammad) as a guide to the whole
of mankind". This shows that his teachings are universal for all times to come.

Holy Prophet himself said "There will be no Prophet after me if there were prophets after me it
would have been Umar". This shows that to believe in any Prophet after him is disbelief. Hazrat
Muhammad and his message have summed up every preceding Prophet and their message. He is
the perfect example of human conduct and his companions have preserved all the details of his
life that gives guidance to all the coming generations.

Q. Explain how the declaration of faith (Shahada) is acted upon through the remaining four
pillars of Islam. (November 2012) (4)

The pillars of Islam outline the basics of the Muslim worship, lbada. The Holy Quran states,

"I (Allah) created Jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me".

Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and a declaration of faith. It is necessary and obligatory to act
upon these words rather than speak them.

Belief in Shahada can only be true when it is acted upon by following other four pillars namely,
salat, saum, zakat and hajj. These are the only means by which the shahada is put into action
through lbada. Sincerity in Shahada is when it is put into action by following the other four pillars

Islamiyat -0493 Page 51 of 70 Paper 2

which shows the obedience to Allah and His teachings. By following the four pillars, a Muslim
totally submits to the will of Allah and makes him loyal to the belief in Shahada.

In the first part of shahadah, we declare that there is no god but Allah and by practicing the other
four pillars, we prove it through our actions.

In the second part of shahadah, we declare that Mohammad (PBUH) is the messenger of Allah
and by following his Sunnah while practicing the other four pillars, we prove that he is the
messenger of Allah. So, both of the parts of shahadah are being practiced through the other four
pillars.

2. Prayer (Salah)

Q. Explain the importance of prayer in Islam. (10)

Prayer is the most important form of worship, and is described as the chief pillar of Islam. It is the
foremost important duty of Muslims to worship Allah Who has created us for this purpose.
Prayer was made obligatory at the time of the ascension. There were fifty prayers at first but
were reduced to five and was proclaimed that these five are equivalent to fifty. This shows that
those Muslims who offer five daily prayers will get the reward of fifty prayers. Holy Quran
commands to establish regular prayers at the appointed times. The most distinguishing feature
between a believer and a disbeliever is the abandonment of Salah. The Hadith says,

“The first thing about which you will be asked on the Day of Judgement is salah.”
At another place, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said,
"He who gives up prayer deliberately has indeed disbelieved."
This shows that leaving prayer is the most heinous sin and the verse of the Holy Quran has cursed
the believers who are unmindful of their prayers as it says,
"Woe to the worshipers who are neglectful of their prayers".
Salah is a mode of secret communication with Allah. Holy Prophet said,
"Prayer has been made coolness for my eyes".
This shows that we should find the satisfaction of our soul in prayer. Holy Prophet said that the
five daily prayers wash all sins. The Holy Quran says,
"Indeed, prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds".
This shows that it is a weapon which saves the believers from committing sins. Five daily prayers
teach the Muslims punctuality and regularity. It is the constant training which prepares Muslims
to be regular in their daily routine. It keeps them clean at all times because without purification
prayer cannot be offered as the Hadith says, "The key to Paradise is prayer and the key to
prayer is purification".
This shows that it is the important instrument to keep ourselves pure.

It teaches Muslims obedience and submission to Allah and teaches him humility, equality, self-
control and self-discipline. It develops in man patience and perseverance.

Q. Write an account of
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 (a) The times of prayers. [4]

(b) Preparation for prayer [4]

(c ) Shorten Prayer. [4] (June 2001)

(a) The Times of Prayers

There are five daily obligatory prayers, first is Fajr, which commences after the break of dawn and
ends just before sunrise. The second is Zuhr, which commences when the sun starts to decline
and ends when the shadow of thing becomes double its length. The third is Asr, which
commences when the time of Zuhr is over and ends just before the sunset.

The fourth prayer is Maghrib, which commences soon after the setting of the sun and ends after
the fading of the twilight. The fifth prayer is lsha, which commences after the twilight and ends
before the break of dawn, but Holy Prophet $ said it is better to offer lsha before midnight.

(b) Preparation for Prayer

Before offering prayer there are many things that a person has to prepare beforehand otherwise
his prayers will not be accepted. First, the body and clothes must be purified. Then the place
where he is offering prayer must pure. The body of a person must be properly covered, it is
obligatory to cover Satr the parts of the body which must be covered.

Female's entire body must be covered except the face, hands and feet. There must be a time for
a particular prayer that a Muslim is offering. He must be facing the Qibla. Intention must be made
for the prayer he is offering.

(c) Shorten Prayer

The prayers are shortened only in journey, which is more than 80 km. the Holy Quran says,

"When you travel through the earth, there is no blame on you if you shorten your prayers".

The prayer can be shortened only in Zuhr, Asr and lsha, instead of four Farz two Farz Rakat are to
be offered and additional prayers and Sunnahs are to be dropped.

If a traveler is offering prayer behind a native Imam then he has to follow him and offer all four
Rakats, otherwise only two Rakats are to be offered. If the travelers has to stay for less than 15
days then he will continue with the shorten prayer. If the stay is for more than 15 days then he
has to offer all four Rakats.

Q. Explain the main features of the Friday congregational prayer. (November 2003) (10)

Q. Describe the main characteristics of the congregational prayers on Friday. (Nov 2006) (10)

Q. Describe the particular features of congregational prayers on Fridays (jum'a).(Nov 2009) (10)

Islamiyat -0493 Page 53 of 70 Paper 2

Friday has great importance in Islam as it is described in the Hadith "Friday is the chief of all the
days" This shows the significance of this day. It is the day of assembly or gathering where all
Muslims gather in a masjid for prayers. On Friday Muslims make special preparations for prayers
as it is commanded in the Holy Quran "when the call for Friday prayer is made hasten earnestly
to the remembrance of Allah". They take bath, wear clean clothes and go to the Masjid. In some
communities, women are also encouraged to attend this prayer as the Friday sermon is a good
source of gaining Islamic knowledge and refreshing Imaan.

It is not offered individually or at home and it cannot be delayed or done as Qadha. It is

obligatory on all adult males, residents, healthy and of sound mind. At the time of the Zuhr
prayer, first Azan is called then Muslims come to the Masjid where a speech is given in the local
language, which consists of advice based on Quran and Hadith about living a righteous life.

Then the second Azan is called after that the sermon is given in the Arab in language, which is the
Sunnah of the Holy Prophet. This is divided into two parts with a short pause in between, first
part discuss about duties and responsibilities of the Muslims. Second part discuss about life of
Holy Prophet, his companions and the four pious Caliphs. Hadith strongly emphasizes to listen to
the Arabic sermon. Talking, moving and any other activity is prohibited during the sermon.

Then all Muslims stand behind Imam in rows, lqamat is called intention is made for the two Rakat
Juma and the prayer is started, Qirat is audibly done. Those people who are exempted from this
prayer are women, children, slaves, travelers and sick. Holy Prophet (SAW) says "Juma is a duty
on every Muslim in the community, save for slave, or a woman or a child or a person who is ill"

Q. Explain how the congregational prayers on Friday strengthen the Islamic community.[4]

Q. Explain the importance to the community of Muslims of congregational prayers on Friday.

Friday prayer is offered together in main Masjid, which brings the Muslims closer together at one
place where all Muslims come into contact and get to know each other which strengthen s their
unity and brotherhood. They come to know the problems of each other when they sit together
and can solve them by unanimous agreement.

This gives the Muslims a chance to practice ljma on important Islamic issues. It shows equality as
all Muslims poor, rich, black and white, the rulers and the ruled all offer their prayers together.
Muslims listen to the speech on Friday, which increases their religious knowledge, they come to
know about their duties and responsibilities.

Q. Say briefly why prayer is regarded as essential to daily life in Islam. (June 2001) [4]

Q. Why do Muslims regard these prayers as important? (November 2009)[4]

Prayer is the foremost important duty of a Muslim and the chief pillar of Islam, which is
obligatory. It keeps the Muslims in contact with their Lord and keeps them away from sins. Five
daily prayers on appointed time make the Muslims punctual in their daily life. Congregational
prayers strengthen their community; establish brotherhood and healthy social relations.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 54 of 70 Paper 2
The prostration in prayer makes Muslims humble and purifies their souls from all evils. By
offering prayers Muslims keep themselves clean and pure at all times because without
purification prayers are not accepted as Hadith says "the key to paradise is prayer and the key to
prayer is purification". This shows that purification is very important in prayer.

Q. Explain the main differences between regular daily prayer (salah) and personal prayer
the m
(du’a). '
(November 2003) (November 2006) [4)
(du a')
The regular prayers are obligatory and offered according to the pattern set by Quran and Sunnah,
where as personal prayers are voluntary. Regular prayers are offered in set timings whereas Dua
can be done at any time. For the regular prayers it necessary to face Qibla but in Dua it is not
necessary. In regular prayer, there are different obligatory postures but in Dua there is no
obligatory posture.

In Dua it is not necessary to recite Holy Quran whereas in regular prayers it is obligatory. In
regular prayer, purification is obligatory whereas in personal prayer it is not obligatory. Regular
prayer is worship to God but du'a' prayers comprise requests for oneself or others. Personal
prayers are free, in that anyone or anything can be mentioned.

Q. Explain the main features of the congregational prayers on Eid. (10)

There are two Islamic festivals, which are celebrated worldwide by all Muslims. The first one is
celebrated on the first of Shawwal known as Eid-ul-Fitr. It is known with this name because
Muslims give Sadaqa-tul-Fitr before Eid prayer to the poor to enable them to celebrate Eid. It is
celebrated to pay thanks to Allah for the holy and Blessed month of Ramadan. Muslims wear new
cloths after bath and go to the Masjid or open grounds. This prayer is not offered individually or
delayed.

The second important Islamic festival is Eid-ul-Adha, which is celebrated on the 10th of Zilhaj. The
prayer is followed by the sacrifice of an animal, to remember the great sacrifice of Hazrat Ibrahirn
and his son Hazrat Ismail (AS). Both the Eid prayers are offered after the sunrise and before noon
and the method of both the prayers is the same, Eid-ul-Adha is offered earlier than Eid-ul-Fitr. All
the Muslims assemble in the Masjid or the open grounds. All Muslims stand behind Imam in
rows, the intention is made and two rakats are offered behind Imam without lqamat, In the first
rakat seven additional Takbeers are recited before Qirat and in second rakat five additional
Takbeers are recited before Qirat.

Then after the prayer sermon is given in the Arabic, which is in two parts, highlighting the
importance of Sadaqa-tul-Fitr and month of Ramadhan on Eid-ul-Fitr, and importance of sacrifice
on Eid-ul-Adha. Afterwards all Muslims greet each other, on Eid ul-Adha Muslims hurry to give
sacrifices of the animals which is given within three days and the meat is divided among the
family members, relatives and poor. Both Eid prayers have no Qaza or cannot be delayed and are
waajib. It is a sin to omit these prayers without any valid reason.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 55 of 70 Paper 2
Q. Describe how and why Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. (June 2013) (10)

Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated on the 1st of Shawal after the completion of the Holy month of Ramadan.
Ramadan is the month of blessings and forgiveness because Muslims all over world spend this
month in fasting, during this month Allah blesses the Muslims abundantly especially at the night
of power Shab-e-Qadar so the next day of Ramadan Muslims celebrate it with great joy and
happiness. Eids are practical example of brotherhood irrespective of caste and colors. The
prayers of Eids were started from 1st year after migration, Holy Prophet (SAW), always
performed these prayers and ordered the Muslims to go out to attend them. It is also described
in hadith to congratulate each other "When companions met on Eid day, they would say to each
other 'taqabalallahu mina wa minkum' May Allah accept from us and you". It shows that Eids are
important days which should be celebrated with great joy and happiness. Before the prayer of
Eid-ul Fitr, Sadqat-ul-Fitr is given to the poor Muslims so that they should also be able to
celebrate this day with joy; it is wajib on every Muslim to give this Sadaqa who can afford.

Eid-ul-Adha is celebrated on the 10th of Zil-Hajj which is celebrated in the memory of great
sacrifice of the Prophets Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) and Hazrat Ismael (AS). Hazrat Ibrahim wanted to
sacrifice Hazrat Ismael in the way of Allah as was commanded in his dream. Hazrat Ismael readily
agreed to submit to the will of Allah. Allah was pleased with them and Hazrat Ismael was
replaced with a sheep. This Sunnah of Hazrat Ibrahim is left for the whole Muslim community, it
wajib on all Musiims to give sacrifice who can financially afford. The meat of the animal is divided
in the three parts, one is given to relatives and the other is distributed amongst the poor in
community and the third part is kept for one's self.

Two Raka'ats of Eids are offered behind Imam in Masjid or in open grounds after sunrise and
before sun reaches its meridian. The salat is followed by Khutba, no Adhan or lqamat is required
for Eid prayer. It is preferred to take bath, perfume one's self and put on one's best clothes on
the occasions of both the Eids.

Q. How do the two Eids bring the Muslim community together? (June 2013) (4)

The Eids are the practical example of brotherhood among Muslims. The Muslim community gets
together for the Eid prayers and shares each other's joys and troubles which bring them closer
together. All Muslims give sadaqatal-fitr before the prayers at Eid al-Fitr which helps the less
fortunate in the community to meet their needs and again at Eid al-Adha the meat of the
sacrificed animal is distributed among the poor.

This shows that Muslims care for their poor brothers and shows their unity as they come into
contact with each other by sharing the meat of sacrificed animal. On Eid days Muslims gather in
Masjid or the open grounds for their Eid prayers which bring the Muslims closer together
because Eid prayers cannot be said individually at home.

Q: What is the purpose of prayers in congregation? (10)

Islamiyat -0493 Page 56 of 70 Paper 2

There are several benefits of congregational prayer. The Quran and Hadith repetitively instruct
Muslims to establish prayer in congregation. For example, the Quran at many places commands:
“And establish regular prayer, and pay the charity tax, and bow your heads with those who bow”.

This verse stresses on the need of congregation by using the expression “with those who bow”.
Wisdom behind such command is very clear. Believers will be trained to get punctual and
disciplined when they know that they have to rush to the Mosque at fixed times. The Quran, for
this reason, declares this:
“For verily, regular prayers are enjoined on believers at stated (fixed) times” (4:103, Al-Nisa).
During congregation, all social, economic and racial barriers are removed as believers stand equal
before their Lord who neither needs any worship nor is concerned about their appearances or
background. A Hadith of the Prophet (PBUH) conveys this message in these words:
“God does not regard your appearances and your possessions, but He regards your hearts and
your actions”.
This way, the believers are trained to shun any racial and social prejudices, and treat each other
as brothers, thus acting on this saying of the Prophet (PBUH):
“O you servants of God, Be brothers”.
This promotes mutual love and fraternity among believers as they stand together regularly five
times a day. With that in mind, a believer schedules his activities and routine according to the
schedule of daily prayers.
Moreover, since mosque is the focus point of the Muslim community, various matters and
problems related to the local community can be discussed and highlighted in the Mosque by way
of the congregational prayers. Special congregational prayers such as the Friday and the Eid
prayers are more important as they attract even greater number of believers to the mosques.
Friday sermon not only refreshes knowledge of the Quran and Hadith, it also is a source of
highlighting the communal issues and drawing the attention of believers to such issues. That is
why the Quran allows believers to get busy in their daily routine after the Friday prayer. The
Quran says:
“An when the prayer (on Friday) is finished, then you may disperse through the land and seek of
the bounty of God” (62:10, al-Juma’ah).
Similarly, the Tarawih prayers in Ramadan have many benefits. They provide a good opportunity
to revise the learning of the Quran to those who have memorized the Quran. They also impart
patience and endurance to the believers to withstand hardships of Ramadan. Likewise, the Eid
prayers enable Muslims to share the joys of these annual festivals. Feelings of belongings to the
same community are strengthened through large scale gatherings through-out the Muslim world.
Exchange of Eid greetings bring the believers further closer to each other.

Q: Explain why Muslims believe that personal prayer (du’a)) is important? (4)

Personal prayer or invocation or supplication (Du’a) carries immense importance for Muslims.
Du’a is a focal point of all acts or worship because the Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself told his
followers:
“Du’a is the worship” (Tirmidhi).
This means personal prayer is intimately linked with the worship rituals. It is a medium of
establishing link between a believer and his creator Lord. It is an expression of humbleness and
utter submission of a servant before the ”Lord of the Worlds”. It teaches Muslims to beg before
God alone as He has all powers to grant their supplication. The Quran in this regard says:
“And your Lord says: call on Me; I will answer (your prayer)” (40:60, al-Mu’min).
Islamiyat -0493 Page 57 of 70 Paper 2
Personal prayer strengthens the belief in Tawhid or absolute oneness of God as it trains Muslims
to bow before Him and not to beg before humans or idols. Once a Muslim’s prayer is granted, he
tends to express gratitude to God in times of comfort. A Hadith of the Prophet (PBUH) sums up
this process in these words:
“Whoever wants God to answer his prayers during difficult times, should supplicate to Him more
and more in times of ease”.
Thus, in conclusion, personal prayer strengthens the bond between God and His servants.
Q: Give a detailed account of how Muslims prepare for prayer. (10)

Regular prayer (Salat) is the second pillar of Islam and the best form of demonstration of faith in
Tawhid. The Quran links establishment of prayer with remembrance of God in a simple way:
“And establish prayer in order to remember Me.” (20:14)
This means the main purpose of Salat is to maintain contact with the creator Lord. In view of its
importance, the Quran and Hadith have provided details not only about the format and rituals
but also about preparations of Salat. The Quran commands Muslims to offer prayer with
alertness of mind:
“O you who believe! Approach not prayers with a mind befogged (intoxicated or dazed state)
until you can understand what you say, nor in state of ceremonial impurity… "(4:43)
First part of this verse mentions clarity / purity of mind and the second part deals with physical
purity as a precondition for offering prayers. A Hadith of the Prophet (PBUH) also highlights the
importance of alert mind in relation to regular prayer:
“When a person is drowsy in his prayers, let him go to sleep until he knows what he recites”
As for purity, it is essential that the place of offering prayers as well as body and clothes of the
person should be pure and clean because the Holy Prophet (PBUH) instructed:
“Purity is half faith”.
Purity of body attained by performing ablution (Wudu) or taking a bath (in case of ceremonial
impurity). The Quran describes the main components of ablution as:
“O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer, wash your faces, and your hands to the
elbows, rub your heads (with water) and your feet to the ankles” (5:6)
Hadith literature provides detailed method of ablution and prescribed method of taking bath.
There are conditions for observing Satr (clothing) for performing prayers. Men must cover their
body from navels to knees as the minimum; preferably, they should be in routing clothing
covering most of the body. Women, on the other hand, are required to cover their whole body
except for hands, feet and face; they are also required to cover their head with scarf; men may
also put on a cap. There are prescribed timings for the five daily prayers and the Quranic
injunction is clear about this precondition:
“Prayers have indeed been enjoined on the believers at fixed times” (4:103)
Traditions of the Prophet provide all details about the exact starting and ending time of each
prayer. There are also instructions about the times when no prayer is offered, e.g., when the sun
is rising/setting in.
After fulfilling these requirements, the intending person should face the Qibla (Sacred Mosque in
Makka, with the Ka’ba as its part) about which the Quran says:
“Turn your face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque wherever you are” (2:144, 149, 150)
Now while facing Qibla and standing in upright posture, the intention (Niyyah) for the respective
prayer is made and then Takbir-i-Tahreemah (glorification of God) is proclaimed to start the
prayer. The objective of making intention is to isolate oneself from all other activities and to
focus solely on the prayer because the Prophet (PBUH) declared,
“Actions are judged by intentions”.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 58 of 70 Paper 2
 3. Fasting (Saum)

Q. Describe the importance of fasting in Islam. (June 2004) [10]

Q. Explain why the Ramadan fast is important to Muslims. (Nov 2011)(June2007) [10]

Fasting is one of the Pillars of Islam which was made obligatory in 2nd year of Hijra with a verse
that "Fasting has been prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you so that you may
learn self-restraint." This verse explains the main purpose of fasting. The word Saum literally
means to abstain but in Islamic terminology, it means to abstain from eating, drinking and sexual
relation from dawn to dusk. Fasting teaches Muslims self-control, God's consciousness and makes
them righteous. It is for the improvement of the moral and spiritual condition of Muslims.

The month of Ramadan is made as the month of Fasting because it is the blessed month in which
was revealed the Holy Quran and in this the door of heavens are opened and the doors of hell are
closed and satan is chained, hadith says,

"In the month of Ramadhan the doors of heaven are open, the doors of hell are closed and the
satan is chained".

It is the 9th month of the lunar calendar. The last ten days of this month are of special blessings,
as there lies a night, which is better than thousand months, worship in that night is abundantly
rewarded. It is described in the Quran that the Angels and Holy Spirit descends in this night with
the blessings and there is peace until the sunrise.

Fasting helps in building the moral character as it teaches self-control and self-restrain. This helps
him to keep oneself away from sins and evil deeds. It purifies our soul, mind and our private life
from immoralities as it inculcates in us the presence of Allah at all times. The hunger and thirst
make Muslims realize the sufferings of the poor and awakens sympathy for them, so the rich
Muslims generously spend their wealth to help poor who go without food throughout the year. It
also enables them to thank Allah for the bounties bestowed on them. It is a confidential worship,
which is between Allah and believers so it brings them closer to Allah. Fasting makes Muslims
disciplined and steadfast in their habits and makes them capable of enduring hardships. It also
removes barriers between the poor and the rich as both fast, which shows their equality and
unity.

Q. Explain how fasting strengthens or keeps the Islamic community together. (Nov 2004) (4)

Q. Show how fasting keeps the Islamic community together. (November 2011) (4)

In the month of Ramadan all the Muslims fast which strengthens their social ties. Muslims offer
extra prayers together which keep them into contact with each other. In this month the poor and
the rich fast together which shows their equality that there is no difference between the rich and
poor in Islam.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 59 of 70 Paper 2

By fasting, the rich Muslims undergo the experience which makes them aware of the conditions
of the poor and hungry and it instigates to help them. Muslims give zakat in this month which
brings the rich and poor Muslims closer to each other. Many Muslims fast together in Masjid,
which strengthens their relations and even they retire themselves in the Masjid in the last ten
days of Ramadan.

Q. Explain how Muslims observe the month of Ramadan. (June 2004) (10)

Q. How do Muslims carry out fasting in the month of Ramadan? (November 2004) (10)

Q. Describe how a Muslim fasts during a day in Ramadan. (June 2007) (10)

Q. What are the daily observances of the Ramadan fast? (November 2010)
(10)

Q. Give description of the way in which fasting is carried out among Muslims. (Nov 2011) (10)

Q. Outline the features of the Ramadan fast and identify which Muslims are exempted from
fasting during this month. (June 2012) (10)

After the sighting of the moon of Ramadhan, Muslims make preparations for the extra prayers
known as Traweeh which are offered after lsha prayer and Holy Quran is completed in these
prayers. Then they wake up early morning before the break of the dawn, take some food, it is
called Sehri and before fajr Azan they make intention that "I intend to keep tomorrow's fast of
the month of Ramadan" then they are subject to all the prohibitions associated with fast, such as
drinking, eating, lying, abusing etc. Afterwards they move to Masjid for Fajr prayer and keep
themselves busy in the worship of Allah recite Holy Quran, supplications and Nawafil. Muslims try
to spend most of their time in the Masjid when they are fasting. After Asr prayer they make the
preparations for breaking the fast, they share their meal with the neighbours and poor. Some
Muslims go to masjid with their meal to break the fast together with other Muslims. When the
Maghrib Azan is called they break their fast with a certain Dua. “O Allah! I fasted for You and I
believe in You and I put my trust in You and with the sustenance You have given me, I now break
the fast". It is the Sunnah to break the fast with a date if it is not available then with water.

This practice is continued throughout the month. The last ten days of Ramadan are very special
because worship in those days is abundantly rewarded, as there lies a night, "Lailat-ul-Qadr"
worship at this night equals thousands months as described in Surah Al Qadr. It lies in the last five
odd nights. Therefore, Muslims make special preparations to search for this night and spend the
whole night in payers. Even some of the Muslims retire themselves in the masjid and sit for ltekaf
which has abundance of rewards. Allah says "the night of power is better than thousand months
in which there descend the angels and the holy-spirit with Allah's command and there is peace
until the break of dawn".

Islamiyat -0493 Page 60 of 70 Paper 2

In the last days Muslims do shopping for Eid, they go to the poor and give them Sadat-ul-Fitr, it is
Wajib to give so that they should also be able to enjoy Eid. Holy Prophet (PBUH) says "the fasts of
a believer are not accepted until he gives Sadaqat-ul-Fitr".

There are certain people who are exempted from fasting, are the ones who are suffering from life
sickness and if they fast it will worsen their condition. Those Muslims who are too old or too
weak that they are unable to fast or if they fast that will cause them serious weakness. Abnormal
and unconscious are also exempted and the children who are below the age puberty are
exempted from fasting. Those too old weak or those who are suffering from life sickness have to
pay a certain amount as a compensation known as Fidya for their fast, that is to feed a poor twice
a day, or feed 60 persons for all 30 fasts. Those who are unable to give Fidya are exempted.

Q. Explain why the Ramadan fast is important to Muslims? (November 2010)

[4]

Q. What advantages does the fast of Ramadan bring to the Muslim community? (June 2012)
[4]

Fasting in the month of Ramadan is the basic pillar of Islam. It increases self-control, shows
obedience to Allah and to improve the moral and spiritual condition of Muslims. This helps
Muslims to keep oneself away from sins and evil deeds. It purifies their soul, mind and their
private life from immoralities as it inculcates in them the presence of Allah at all times.

The hunger and thirst make Muslims realize the sufferings of the poor and awakens sympathy for
them, so it helps the rich Muslims to remember the poor in the community. It promotes equality
and makes the more fortunate ones in society realize the plight of the less fortunate ones thus
fostering fellowship amongst the believers. Fasting is also regarded as a gift which the believer
gives to Allah.

Q. Explain why certain people are exempted from fasting in this month. [4]

There are certain people who are exempted from fasting are the one who are suffering from life
sickness and if they fast it will worsen their condition. Those Mus lims who are very old or weak
and they are unable to fast or if they fast that will cause them serious weakness. Abnormal and
unconscious are also exempted and the children who are below the age puberty are exempted
from fasting.

Those too old weak or those who are suffering from life sickness have to pay a certain amount as
a compensation known as Fidya for their fast, that is to feed a poor twice a day, or feed 60
persons for all 30 fasts. Those who are unable to give Fidya are exempted.

Q. Outline the kinds of Muslims who are excused from fasting during this month. (June 2007)
[4]

The Muslims who are excused from fasting are the pregnant women, the mothers who are
suckling their babies, at the time of the child's birth and the menstruating women, the travelers
Islamiyat -0493 Page 61 of 70 Paper 2
who are travelling for long distances. The very old and sick those who are unable to fast are
excused from fasting during this month.

These people must fast afterwards for the number of the days missed in Ramadan. If they are
unable to fast then they can feed a poor twice a day with wholesome meal for every fast missed,
as a compensation for their fast.

Q. What are Qaza and Kaffara fasts. [4]

The Qaza fasts are those which are missed in the month of Ramadan due to certain reasons for
example pregnant, menstruating, childbirth, mothers suckling babies, travelers and sick. They
have to make Qaza and fast for the number of the days missed in Ramadan. Swallowing anything,
which is not substance of food, or entering of water in throat unintentionally during gargling and
vomiting intentionally cause Qaza fast.

Breaking of fast intentionally without any reason causes Kaffara fast that is to keep sixty
continuous fasts without a break in between, if any fast is missed in between then he has to start
all over again. For women the menstruation is considered as a break. If a person is unable to fast
then he can feed the 60 poor twice a day.

Q. Why are Muslims encouraged to pay sadaqa during Eid-al-Fitr? (Nov 2013) (4)

Sadaqa-tul-Fitr is a duty, which is wajib on all Muslims as long as they have the means to do it.
Holy Prophet says "The fasts of a believer are not accepted until he gives sadaqa al fitr." It means
that it is a compulsory duty to pay this charity.

The head of the house is meant to pay the required amount for other members of the family. Its
payment is encouraged so as to provide those who fasted with a means of making up for errors
during the month of Ramadan and it also provides means with which the poor can celebrate the
festival along with the rest of the Muslim community.

4. Za kat (Charity)

Q. Explain the importance of Zakat in Islam. [10]

Q. How are the individuals and the community benefited by almsgiving (zakat)? (Nov 2013) [10]

Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam, which was made obligatory in the 2 nd year of Hijrah. It literally
means to purify, to grow or to develop but in Islam, it means to give certain amount from annual
savings to the poor in order to purify the wealth and soul of a believer from the love of the
wealth and to help poor. Holy Quran says "Take charity from their belongings in order to purify
and sanctify them" This shows that one of the purpose of Zakat is the purification of soul and
wealth. Zakat makes the wealth grow in this world and in the hereafter as the verse says. "The
example of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is that of a grain of corn, it grows 7
ears and each ear has 100 grains, Allah gives manifold reply to whom He wills". This verse shows
that those who give Zakat are seven hundred times rewarded.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 62 of 70 Paper 2

Zakat is the wealth taken from the rich and given to the poor; it keeps the right balance in the
society and demolishes the gap between them. It is the mean, which brings the wealth in
circulation and leads to the prosperity in the society as it increases the purchasing hands. It
uproots many evils from the society like looting and stealing because when poor get their share
they will not use the unfair means to acquire wealth. It is the backbone of the Islamic economic
system. Those who possess the wealth and do not give Zakat are warned of the severe
punishment as the verse says, "Those who bury gold and silver and spend it not in the way of
Allah, announce unto them a most grievous penalty" This shows that those who withhold zakat
will be punished on the day judgment .

It is a welfare tax which establishes brotherhood and equality in the society, and the difference of
rich and poor in the society vanishes. Its main purpose is to improve the condition of the poor,
give them economic security and prevent the accumulation of wealth in few hands. All the other
3 pillars of Islam benefit no one but the person who performs them but Zakat is an act of worship
which benefits the mankind. It is obligatory on every free, adult, sane, Muslim who owns the
property equal to the prescribed extent (nisab).

Q. How does Almsgiving (Zakat) help to keep the community united? (June 2005) (4)

Q. Show how almsgiving (Zakat) keep the Islamic community together. (Nov 2011) (4)

Zakat keeps the community together in a way that the rich Muslims go to the poor to fulfill their
main obligation so it brings them into contact with each other, make their ties stronger and
shows that the rich do not forget the poor. It establishes the right balance in the society and
removes the difference between the rich and poor as the wealth is equally distributed
throughout the community. It strengthens the bond of brotherhood and Muslims become equal
because all see themselves as part of the same community (Ummah).

Holy Quran encourages to spend wealth in the way of Allah by helping poor. As the verse says
those, who give their wealth in the way of Allah are seven hundred times rewarded. It removes
the inequality in the society as the wealth comes in circulation and reduces the crime rate, as
when the poor will get their share they will not use the unfair means to acquire wealth. It
eradicates poverty in the society and reminds the Muslims that they are responsible for others
besides themselves.

Q. Give brief description of the ways in which almsgiving (Zakat) is carried out. (Nov 2004)(10)

Q. Give description of the way in which almsgiving is carried out among Muslims. (Nov 2011)

Q. Outline the practice of almsgiving (zakat) in Islam. (November 2013) (10)

There is a certain amount prescribed as Nisab and if the amount reaches or exceeds Nisab, then
Zakat becomes obligatory and the wealth is possessed the whole year. The ratio of Zakat is 2.5 %
on the savings. Nisab of gold is 7.5 tolas, silver 52.5 tolas and cash equal to the price of any one
of the two things prescribed before. Zakat is on the ownership of goats which is 40-120 one goat

Islamiyat -0493 Page 63 of 70 Paper 2

in Zakat, and cows, bulls and buffaloes is 30 -39 one calf, on camels is 5-9 is one goat. Zakat from
produce of mines is 1/5 annually and 1/10th on land produce, which is rain fed and 1/20th on the
land produce, which is irrigated.

Zakat is mostly given in the month of Ramadan; there are 8 kinds of persons described in Holy
Quran who are given Zakat. They are the poor who have no wealth to fulfill the necessities of life.
The needy whose entire wealth is destroyed by any natural disaster. The collectors of Zakat that
their salaries can be given from the amount of Zakat. New converts to Islam to give them
financial support. The slaves that they can buy their freedom.

The people who are in debt should be given Zakat to repay their loans. The travelers who lost
wealth in journey should be given Zakat to enable them to reach back. The people who are
engaged in the activities relating to services of Islam can be given Zakat as a financial help.

Q. Who do you think benefits more from the payment of Zakat and why the giver or the
receiver? (November
2013) (4)

The giver and the receiver of Zakat both benefit equally, Holy Quran says that the giver of Zakat
will be seven hundred times rewarded or even more than that. By giving Zakat to the poor, the
giver is able to fulfill the main religious obligation, his wealth as well as his soul is purified from
the love of the wealth. Zakat gives the giver security of wealth because the poor will not use the
unfair means to acquire wealth when they got their share.

The receiver is also benefited from Zakat as his financial position is improved and he is able to
fulfill the necessities of life. It strengthens the bond of brotherhood and makes receiver equal
and part of the same community, gives them economic security. It stops the receiver to use the
unfair means to acquire wealth.

Q. How do the teachings of Islam influence Muslims in their financial relationship with others?
[10]

Q. What are the teachings of Islam about Riba? (Include only last pararaph in this question)

Islam gives sufficient guidance in the financial dealings with others. It lays a great stress on
earning lawfully, honestly and avoid the unfair means of earning wealth as the Hadith says "The
one who earn for himself is a friend of Allah". Holy Prophet PBUH says at one place that the
worship of Allah has ten parts, nine of them are the lawful earning. This shows that earning
through lawful means is of utmost importance in Islam.

All other forms of earning have been condemned in Islam like hoarding the food or other
necessities to create shortage in market and make profit is strictly prohibited as the verse says,
"That which they hoard will be a burden for them on the day of judgment" . This shows that
Islam cares for the rights of every individual in the society. It also prohibits cheating and
deceiving others to make money and earning money through illegal means is also strictly

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prohibited like stealing, gambling and selling prohibited items like alcohol, Heroin etc. Hadith
says, "The one who cheats is not amongst us", this shows that it is un-Islamic to cheat others in
business dealings. Allah says "give full measure when you measure and weigh with a balance
that is straight". Business must be done honestly, as Holy prophet PBUH himself did with Hazrat
Khadija; she was so much impressed by his honesty that she herself proposed him. Everyone
must work to earn his living and he should not be a burden on others. Holy Prophet says "no one
eats better food than that which he eats out of the work of his hands".

Interest is strictly prohibited in Islam because it exploits the poor members of the society and
leads them to poverty. The verse says, "Allah has permitted trade and forbidden usury". It leads
to the unequal distribution of wealth as it means charging extra amount on the loan that the
debtor has to pay back. It has been declared unlawful because Islam wants to safeguard the
economic interests of the poor and the destitute by protecting them from financial exploitation.
Islam discourages the concentration of wealth in few hands so it established the system of Zakat
to protect the rights of the poor. Even Allah has declared a war against those who practice
interest. Riba also widens the gap between poor and rich. The poor is exploited and becomes
poorer while the rich becomes richer and divides the society in two classes.

5. Pilgrimage (Hajj)

Q. Explain the importance of Hajj in Islam. [10]

Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam which was made obligatory in 9th year of Hijra with a verse that
says, "Hajj to the House is a duty men owe to Allah, those who can afford the journey". The
literal meaning of the word Hajj is the intention to visit, but according to Islam it means to visit
Kaba in a prescribed manner, at the prescribed places, in prescribed way and during the
prescribed time is called Hajj. It is obligatory once in lifetime and on only those Muslims who
are sound of mind, adults and have the provisions to travel.
Holy Prophet (SAW) says, "The Muslim who performs Hajj, does not indulge in foul language
and avoids disobedience of Allah, will return home as a new born baby". This shows that those
who perform hajj purely for Allah, all their sins will be forgiven. The other Hadith says, "Hajj
which is free from sins and defects is rewarded with Paradise".
It is the foremost important duty on Muslims as Holy Prophet (SAW) said that those Muslims
who have the provisions to travel to Kaba and do not perform Hajj, their death is the death of a
Jew or a Christian. This shows that Muslims must perform hajj when they are able to go.
The most important benefit of Hajj is that it demonstrates equality and worldwide Islamic
brotherhood. The difference of cast, color, nationality, social status and rank is removed, all
Muslims become equal as all perform the same rituals and wear the same uniform. Muslims
visiting from all over the world come into contact and discuss their social and economic
problems. Hajj is that obligation which brings Muslims closer to Allah and all barriers between
the believer and their Lord are removed, as it requires both physical and financial sacrifices.

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 Q. Explain the importance to the community of Muslims of:
(i)
The annual pilgrimage. (November 2005) [4]
Q. Briefly reflect upon the importance of Hajj in Islam. (June 2013) (4]

Hajj is the important obligation, which shows believer's dedication to Islam. It enables the
Muslims to come in contact and meet one another from all over the world because it is Muslims
worldwide gathering. It establishes worldwide Islamic brotherhood and equality as all the
differences of cast, color and nationality are removed.

It gives Muslims a golden chance from all over the world to discuss their problems, share news,
and interact with each other. It strengthens Muslims faith in Allah when they come across His
signs and see a huge gathering. It enables the Muslims to give physical and financial sacrifices,
as they have to spend a lot of money and face problems during performing different rituals, it
teaches them patience and tolerance.

Q. How does Hajj encourage a sense of equality amongst Muslims? (June 2013) [4)
Hajj establishes worldwide Islamic brotherhood and equality as all the differences of cast color
and nationality is removed, millions of people from different walks of life come together for one
reason. It shows believer's dedication to Islam and enables the Muslims to come in contact with
each other from all over the world.

During Hajj all Muslims move together and take part in the various observances of Hajj with sole
intention of fulfilling their obligation and to seek Allah's forgiveness. lhram removes all
differences of cast, color, nationality, social status and rank, it encourages a sense of equality
and Muslims also realize that they are equal in front of their Lord.

Q. Write an account of the annual pilgrimage to Makka, the hajj, describing the main
observances made by the pilgrims. (June 2008) (10)
Q. Explain how Muslims carry out the annual pilgrimage to Makkah. (10)
Q. Describe the main events of the annual pilgrimage (hajj). (10)
Q. Describe the main events of the annual pilgrimage (hajj). (Nov 2009) (10)
Q. Outline the main observances of the annual pilgrimage {Hajj}. (June 2013)(10)
Hajj is obligatory on all Muslims who can afford the journey physically and financially. Allah says,
“Pilgrimage to the House is a duty men owe to Allah those who can afford the journey".

The pilgrims wear lhram at Miqat on the 8th of Dhul-Hajj which is an obligatory act and start the
Talbiya, enter Kaba and perform Tawaf-e-Qudoom which are seven circles around Kaba and
then offer two Nawafil at the station of lbrahim which is an important part of Hajj. Afterwards
they drink water of Zam Zam and perform Sa'y between Safa and Marwa. Allah says, "Behold!
As-Safa and Al-Marwa are among the signs of Allah".

They travel to Mina on the 8th spend the night there in remembrance of Allah and recite
Talbiya, it is an important part. Then the next day 9th Dhul-Hajj after Fajr prayer they move to
the Plain of Arafat where they stay during the day, which is an obligatory act, here they recite
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Talbiya, supplication, prayers, the Khutba of Hajj is given and pilgrims offer Zuhr and Asr
together. Holy Prophet says, "Hajj is halting at Arafat".

Then on the same day, they move to Muzdalifa, combine Maghrib, lsha and spend the whole
night. They remember Allah; worship Him and pray for forgiveness, spending night at
Muzdalifa is an important part of Hajj. Allah says, "Then when you pour down from mount
Arafat, celebrate the praises of Allah at the Sacred monument and celebrate His praises as He
has directed you even though before this you went astray".
The next day, on 10th of Dhul-Hajj early in the morning pilgrims collect 49h pebbles and after
the Fajr prayers, they move to Mina to throw pebbles on the three Jamarat, erected pillars.
Then they sacrifice animals at Mina on the same day, get their heads shaved and change back
to the normal clothes. Then they go to the Kaba for Tawaf-e-Ziarat which is an obligatory act.
Allah says" then let them complete the rites prescribed for them, performed their vows and
circumambulate the Ancient House". Then the pilgrims return to Mina and spend here two or
three days which are called ‘Ayyam-ut-Tashriq. After the noon of 11th and 12th they again
perform Rami. After this, when leaving for hometown pilgrims perform Tawaf-al-Wida, which
is an important part of Hajj.
Q. In what ways are the Prophet Ibrahim (AH) and his family important to the annual
Pilgrimage? (June 2008) (4)

Q. Explain the significance of the Prophet Ibrahim in the observances of the pilgrimage.
(November 2009) (4)
Hazrat Ibrahim rebuilt Kaba and performed Tawaf which became obligatory act in Hajj. His
family lived in Makkah and he wanted to give sacrifice of his son, which was replaced with an
animal so the sacrifice became a part of Hajj. Hazrat Hajra, mother of Hazrat Ismail ran
between Safa and Marwa searching for water so Sa'y became part of hajj, and Allah described
Safa and Marwa as His symbols in Holy Quran as the verse says "Verily safa and Marwa are
the symbols of Allah and those who come for Hajj or Umra, there is no sin if they encompass
round them".
The water of Zam Zam was discovered beneath the feet of Hazrat Ismail. It is sacred water.
Hazrat Ibrahim AH when giving sacrifice of his son devil tempted him but he rejected it by
throwing stones so Rami became part of hajj. All the rituals of Hajj are performed in the
remembrance Hazrat Ibrahim and his family. Pilgrims offer two Nawafil at the station of
Hazrat Ibrahim (AS); it was actually done by Hazrat Ibrahim after Tawaf.
Q. Give a brief explanation of the importance of each of the following in Muslim beliefs
and practices in relation to the Hajj:
(a)
The Ka'ba [4)
(b)
lhram [4)
(c)
'Arafat [4)
And (d) Eid al-Adha. (June 2010) (June 2006) [4]

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 (a) The Ka'ba

Kaba was first built by Angels then by Hazrat Adam and then by Hazrat Ibrahim. It is the first
house for the worship of Allah; it is described in the Holy Quran as the ancient house. It was
made Qibla to face in the prayers; Kaba is the most sacred place that it has been described in
the Quran as the place of assembly, purity, sanctity, worship and peace. Allah says "the first
house of worship appointed for men was laid at Bakkah (Makkah) full of blessings and
guidance for all.
During the pilgrimage it is obligatory to perform Tawaf, circumambulate it seven times and
kissing Hajr-e-Aswad. It is the place from where hajj starts. Moreover, offering prayers in Kaba
is equal to one hundred thousand prayers. It has been the center of the followers of Hazrat
Ibrahim throughout history that they came to perform Hajj and Umra.
(b) lhram
lhram is two unstitched sheets first is to cover the upper part of the body and second to cover
the lower part for males and for females lhram is their ordinary clothes covering the whole
body except the face, hands and feet. It is obligatory to wear at Mawaqeet if Muslims are
entering Kaba for the intention of Hajj or Umra. It marks the beginning of Hajj and reminds
Muslims about their death that they will wear the same sheets at the time of death. It brings
the Muslims from the physical world to the spiritual world as it brings them closer to Allah.
After wearing lhram Muslims are subject to all the restrictions associated with it, like using
perfumes cutting nails or killing insects. When all the pilgrims wear lhram, they become equal
in front of Allah that all the status of cast, color are removed as everyone wear the same
sheets. Ihram is taken off on the Dhul-Hajj after shaving
(c) 'Arafat

Arafat is the plain, which is the most sacred place, as it is known the place of forgiveness.
Hazrat Adam's repentance was accepted at Arafat and both Adam and Eve were reunited so
the pilgrims gather here in hope of the forgiveness of Allah as He forgave their father. Wuquf
at Arafat on 9th of Dhu-Hajj is the obligatory part of Hajj, it is standing between noon and dusk
to seek Allah's forgiveness and combine two prayers Zuhr and Asr.
It is described in the Hadith that here the judgment day will take place. Holy Prophet says that
Allah descends to the lowest heaven on the day of Arafat and makes angels to be witness that
He has forgiven all those Muslims who have gathered here on this day.
(d) Eid Al-Adha

Eid al-Adha is celebrated in the remembrance of Hazrat Ibrahim and his great sacrifice of
Hazrat Ismail that was replaced by an animal and Allah made it obligatory for all Muslims who
can afford till the judgment day to remember the sacrifice of his son Hazrat Ismail. Muslims all
over the world celebrate it by slaughtering animals. This sacrifice of Hazrat Ibrahim AH shows
his obedience so we should also obey Allah's commandment.
This actually gives lesson of sacrifice of oneself in the way of Allah. Muslims offer prayer on

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 this day and give sacrifice and then divide the meat into three parts, first part is distributed
amongst the poor, second part distributed amongst the relatives and third part for one's self.
It is given to the poor so that they should also be able to enjoy Id and given to the relatives to
strengthen social ties.
Q. What beliefs and practices are involved in: (June 2011) (10)
(i) stoning the Jamarat
(ii) performing sa'y
(iii) assembling at Arafat

(i) Stoning the Jamarat

Stoning at Jamarat, Rami is one of the part of Hajj. Muslims believe that Hazrat Ibrahim
stoned the devil at three places when he tried to mislead him and his son from the
sacrifice. The three Jamarat pillars are erected at these places in memory of this act these
pillars are stoned by the pilgrims during Hajj.
It teaches the pilgrims that they will also not follow the path of devil in their whole life as
Hazrat Ibrahim did. It also teaches that satan always misleads so we should not follow his
path.
(ii) Performing Sa'y
Performing Sa'y is an important part of Hajj and it is done in remembrance of Hazrat Hajra
who ran between Safa and Marwa, the two hills in search of water for her infant son
Hazrat Ismail because there was no water in the surrounding. Sa'y is performed on this
place by the pilgrims every year, it is the part of Hajj and Umra.
The pilgrims run between Safa and Marwa after performing Tawaf. Holy Quran says "Verily
safa and Marwa are the symbols of Allah and those who come for Hajj or Umra, there is no
sin if they encompass round them".

(iii) Assembling at Arafat

Arafat is the plain, which is the most sacred place, as it is known the Place of Forgiveness.
Hazrat Adam's repentance was accepted at Arafat and both Adam and Eve were reunited
so the pilgrims gather here in hope of the forgiveness of Allah as He forgave their father.
Wuquf at Arafat on 9th of Dhul-Hajj is the obligatory part of Hajj. Holy Prophet says "Hajj is
halting at Arafat".
It is standing between noon and dusk to obtain Allah's forgiveness and combine two
prayers Zuhr and Asr. It is described in the Hadith that here the judgment day will take
place. Holy prophet PBUH says that Allah descends on the lowest heaven on the day of
Arafat and makes angels to be witness that He has forgiven all those Muslims who have
gathered here on this day.
Q. Explain the different kinds of Hajj. [4]

Hajj can be performed in three different ways.

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 1. Hajj-e-lfrad:
In this kind of Hajj the pilgrim is called Mufrid. He puts on lhram on Miqat and continues
wearing lhram till the completion of Hajj. In this kind it is desirable to give sacrifice but not
necessary.
2. Hajj-e-Qiran:
In this kind of Hajj the pilgrim is called Qarin. The pilgrim puts on lhram at Miqat goes to Kaba
first performs Umra but does not shave his head and then continues with Hajj in the same
lhram. He takes off lhram after completion of Hajj. In this kind of Hajj sacrifice is necessary.
3. Hajj-e-Tamatt'u: '

In this kind of Hajj the pilgrim is called Mutamatt'e. He wears lhram at Miqat first for Umra
afterwards he shaves his head and takes of lhram and comes out of all the prohibitions
associated with lhram. Now he can do anything such as business then on the 8th of Zill-Hajj he
again puts on lhram and performs Hajj. In this kind sacrifice is necessary.
Q. Explain the main differences between hajj and umrah. (June 2011) [4]

Hajj and Umra have some fundamental differences like Hajj is obligatory on all healthy
Muslims who have the means to travel to Kaba whereas Umra is not compulsory. Hajj can be
performed only from 8th till 12th of Zil-Hajj whereas Umra can be performed at any time of the
year. Hajj has three main obligatory acts but Umra has only two obligatory acts.
During hajj pilgrims go to Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifa and stay at these places whereas in
Umra staying at these places is not compulsory. There is lhram, Tawaf of Kaba and Sa'y
between Safa and Marwa in both Hajj and Umra. Holy Quran talks about the importance of
both Hajj and Umra as the verse says “And completes Hajj and Umra in the service of Allah."

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