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Chap 1&2

The document discusses soil mechanics and properties including particle size, gradation, specific gravity, mechanical analysis through sieve and hydrometer testing, particle size distribution curves, and particle shape. It provides details on various soil classification systems and parameters such as effective size and uniformity coefficient.

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Parwiz Yosofi
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9 views

Chap 1&2

The document discusses soil mechanics and properties including particle size, gradation, specific gravity, mechanical analysis through sieve and hydrometer testing, particle size distribution curves, and particle shape. It provides details on various soil classification systems and parameters such as effective size and uniformity coefficient.

Uploaded by

Parwiz Yosofi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geotechnical Engineering

(Soil Mechanics)
Chapter 1
Historical Perspective (not Covered)

Chapter 2
Origin of Soil and Grain Size
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Fall 1402 Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 9th Edition, Braja M. Das
Code Lecture
Course Name Credit Laboratory Hr/week
Number Hr/week

Geotechnical
En 325 4 3 2
Engineering

Textbook:
Principles of Geotechnical
Engineering
Ninth Edition

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Fall 1402
Soil Mechanics

 Soil: Defined as the un-cemented aggregate of mineral grains


and decayed organic matter with liquid and gas between the
solid particles

 Soil Mechanics: is a branch of science that deals with the


study of the physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil
masses subjected to various types of forces

 Soil Engineering: is the application of the principle of soil


mechanics to practical problems.

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Fall 1402
Soil Properties Gradation and
Structure

Soil-Water
Relationships

Physical Atterberg’s
Properties Limits

Soil
Compaction

Soil Properties
Permeability

Compressibility
Mechanical
Properties
Shear Strength

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Fall 1402
Historical Perspective

 Geotechnical Engineering as it is known as today began


early in the 18th century
 Banks of Nile river (Egypt)
 Dykes for irrigation purposes (1120 BC—249 BC, China)
 Pyramids in Egypt (2750 BC)
 Leaning Tower of Pisa (1173 AD, Italy)
 Garisenda Tower and Asinelli Tower (12th Century, Italy)

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Fall 1402
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Fall 1402
1 2.2 Rock Cycle and the Origin of Soil

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Fall 1402
2 2.4 Soil-Particle size

 Soils generally called gravel, sand, silt and clay


 Several organizations developed particle-size
classifications
 MIT—Table 2.3
 US Department of Agriculture
 US Army Corps of Engineers
 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials)
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3 2.4 Soil-Particle size

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4 2.4 Soil-Particle size

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5 2.5 Clay Minerals
 Clay minerals are complex aluminum silicates composed of two basic units:
 silica tetrahedron (The combination of tetrahedral silica units gives a silica
sheet)
 alumina octahedron. (the combination of the octahedral
aluminum hydroxyl units gives an octahedral sheet)

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Fall 1402
6 2.6 Specific Gravity (Gs)

 Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the unit weight of a given


material to the unit weight of water.
 Most of the values
fall within a range of 2.6 to 2.9.

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Fall 1402
7 2.7 Mechanical Analysis of Soil
 Mechanical analysis is the determination of the size range of particles
present in a soil, expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight.
Two methods generally are used to and the particle-size distribution of
soil:
(1) sieve analysis—for particle sizes larger than 0.075 mm in diameter, and
(2) hydrometer analysis—for particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm in
diameter.

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Fall 1402
8 Sieve analysis
 Sieve analysis consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that
have progressively smaller openings. The current size designation for U. S.
sieves uses100 mm to 6.3 mm, and they are listed in Table 2.5.

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Fall 1402
9 Mechanical Analysis of Soil

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The calculations are plotted on semi-logarithmic graph paper
Fall 1402
10 Particle-size distribution curve

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11 Hydrometer analysis

 Hydrometer analysis is based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains


in water. When a soil specimen is dispersed in water, the particles settle at
different velocities, depending on their shape, size, weight, and the
viscosity of the water.

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12 Hydrometer analysis

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13 Hydrometer analysis

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14 2.8 Particle-Size Distribution Curve

1. Effective size (D10): This parameter is the diameter in the particle-size


distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer. The effective size of a
granular soil is a good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity
and drainage through soil.
2. Uniformity coefficient (Cu): This parameter is defined as

where D60 = diameter corresponding to 60% finer


3. Coefficient of gradation (Cc): This parameter is defined as

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15 2.8 Particle-Size Distribution Curve

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23 2.9 Particle Shape

1. Bulky: particles are formed mostly by


mechanical weathering of rock and
minerals. Geologists use such terms as
angular, subangular, subrounded, and
rounded to describe the shapes of bulky
particles.

2. Flaky:have very low spherically usually 0.01


or less. These particles are predominantly
clay minerals
3. Needle shaped :Examples of this soils
particles are some coral deposits and
attapulgite clays
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Fall 1402
24 2.10 Summary

 Mechanical Analysis: is a process for determining the size


range of particles present in a soil mass
 Sieve Analysis
 Hydrometer Analysis
 Particle-Size Distribution Curve

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Fall 1402
25 Assignment

 Read Chapter 1 and 2

 Do the Problems 2.2 and 2.3

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Fall 1402

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