Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci.

14(2)(2022) 306–313
© MatDer
DOI : 10.47000/tjmcs.1071829

Matrices with Hyperbolic Number Entries

Ferhat Kürüz1,∗ , Ali Dağdeviren2

1
Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, İstanbul Gelişim University, 34310 Avcilar,
Istanbul, Turkey.
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazak-Turkish University,
Turkistan, Kazakhstan.

Received: 11-02-2022 • Accepted: 14-07-2022

Abstract. In this study, firstly, we will present some properties of hyperbolic numbers. Then, we will intro-
duce hyperbolic matrices, which are matrices with hyperbolic number entries. Additionally, we will examine the
algebraic properties of these matrices and reveal its difference from other matrix structures such as real, dual, and
complex matrices. As a result of comparing the results found in this work with real, dual, and complex matrices, it
will be revealed that there are similarities in additive properties and differences in some multiplicative properties.
Finally, we will define some special hyperbolic matrices and give their properties and relations with real matrices.

2010 AMS Classification: 11C20, 15B33

Keywords: Hyperbolic matrices, hyperbolic numbers, special hyperbolic matrices.

1. Introduction
Hyperbolic numbers are an extension of real numbers which can be defined as
H = R[h] = {x0 + x1 h : x0 , x1 ∈ R, h2 = 1, h < R}.
In the literature, these numbers are also called split-complex numbers, double numbers, or perplex numbers. Hy-
perbolic numbers are being studied at increasing popularity by many researchers because of their substantial algebraic
structures and properties [2, 6, 8]. Beauregard and Suryanarayan examined the Pythagorean triples in terms of hyper-
bolic numbers [3]. Gutin has studied the matrix decomposition over hyperbolic numbers [7]. Motter and Rosa studied
Calculus on hyperbolic numbers [9]. Studies on matrices, which have been examined with different number systems
in the literature, can be seen in [1, 4, 5, 10, 12].
For every h1 = x0 + x1 h and h2 = y0 + y1 h hyperbolic numbers, equality, addition and multiplication are defined by
h1 = h2 iff x0 = y0 and x1 = y1 ,
h1 + h2 = (x0 + y0 ) + (x1 + y1 )h,
h1 h2 = (x0 y0 + x1 y1 ) + (x0 y1 + x1 y0 )h,

*Corresponding Author
Email addresses: [email protected] (F. Kürüz), [email protected], [email protected], (A. Dağdeviren)
F. Kürüz, A. Dağdeviren, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(2)(2022), 306–313 307

respectively. The hyperbolic conjugation of a hyperbolic number h = x0 + x1 h is defined by h = x0 − x1 h. The set of

hyperbolic numbers is a commutative, associative ring, and two-dimensional vector space over the real numbers. The
set of these numbers also corresponds to R1,0 Clifford algebra [9, 11].
Hyperbolic number can be written as h = x0 + x1 h by using the standard base {1, h}. Moreover, there is another
base {h+ , h− } which is called idempotent base regarding with isotropic line which separates the hyperbolic plane. Let
h+ = 12 (1 + h), h− = 12 (1 − h), and x+ = x0 + x1 , x− = x0 − x1 , then every hyperbolic number h can be expressed with
the help of idempotent base as h = x+ h+ + x− h− . Moreover, the following statements satisfy;
(1) h2+ = h+ , h2− = h− ,
(2) h+ h− = 0,
(3) hh+ = x+ h+ ,
(4) hh− = x+ h− , [11].
The powers of hyperbolic numbers can be calculated easily using idempotent bases. Indeed, for every h ∈ H and
k ∈ R, we have
hk = (h+ x+ + h− x− )k = (h+ )k (x+ )k + (h− )k (x− )k = (h+ )k x+ + (h− )k x− .
Furthermore, it can be defined as a function f (h) = f (h+ )x+ f (h− )x− , [11].
Example 1.1. Let f (h) = sin(h) and h = x0 + x1 h, then
f (h) = sin(h) = sin(x0 + x1 h)
1 1
= sin(x0 + x1 ) (1 + h) + sin(x0 − x1 ) (1 − h)
2 2
= sin(x0 )cos(x1 ) + sin(x1 )cos(x0 )h.
Moreover, hyperbolic numbers provide the following expression
p 1 √ √ √ √
x0 + x1 h = [( x0 + x1 + x0 − x1 ) + ( x0 + x1 − x0 − x1 )h]
2
which was given by G. Sobczyk [11]. For further information about hyperbolic numbers and related works, we can
refer to reader [11, 13].
The presentation of the rest of this study is planned as follows. In section 2, we will define hyperbolic matrices
using the hyperbolic numbers, and their fundamental properties such as matrix operations, the inverse of hyperbolic
matrices, and the transpose of these matrices. In section 3, some special hyperbolic matrices will be introduced with
their properties. In the final section, some regarding comments are presented.

2. Hyperbolic Matrices
Let Rm m
n be the set of all m × n real matrices. It is well known that Rn is a vector space with ordinary matrix addition
m
and the matrix multiplication by a scalar over R. Let Hn be the set of m × n matrices with hyperbolic number entries.
A hyperbolic matrix can be shown as follows:
 a11 + ha∗11 a12 + ha∗12 . . . a1n + ha∗1n   a11 a12 . . . a1n   a11 a∗12 . . . a∗1n 
     ∗ 
 a + ha∗ a22 + ha22 . . . a2n + ha2n   a21 a22 . . . a2n 
∗ ∗     a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 ∗ ∗ ∗
 21 21
 =  .. .. .. ..  =  ..

 
 .. .. ..  + h  ..

 
.. .. .. 

 . . . . 
 
 . . . .   . . . . 
am1 + ham1 am2 + ham2 . . . amn + hamn
∗ ∗ ∗
am1 am2 . . . amn am1 am2 . . . amn
     ∗ ∗ ∗ 

= A + hA∗ ,
where A and A∗ are m × n real matrices. Note that every hyperbolic matrix can be written as a combination of two real
matrices. Thus, the set of hyperbolic matrices can be given
H = {Â = A + hA∗ : A, A∗ ∈ Rm
n , h = 1, h < R}.
2

For instance,
1+h
" #
2−h −7h
 =
h 5 + 2h 4−h
Matrices with Hyperbolic Number Entries 308

is a hyperbolic matrix and it can be written as

" # " #
1 2 0 1 −1 −7
 = +h .
0 5 4 1 2 −1

Definition 2.1. Some special types of matrices can be given as follows:

(1) Matrices that include just one column(line) are called column(line) hyperbolic matrices.
(2) If all entries of the matrix are 0, then it is called as zero hyperbolic matrix and it is shown as 0H .
(3) If the number of line equals the number of columns of a hyperbolic matrix, that is n × n type, then the matrix
is called square hyperbolic matrix.
(4) For square hyperbolic matrices in which all the entries on the diagonal are equals to 1 and others are 0 called
unit hyperbolic matrices and denoted by IH . It can be easily seen the unit hyperbolic matrix and the unit real
matrix are equal. Moreover, for all  ∈ Hnn , IH ·  =  · IH = Â.
Example 2.2. Â = [1 + 3h 5 − 2h 7 + h] is a 1 × 3 line matrix.
Definition 2.3. Equality, addition, and multiplication by a scalar are defined as follows. Let  = [ai j + ha∗i j ] and
B̂ = [bi j + hb∗i j ] be two m × n hyperbolic matrices and λ ∈ H be a scalar.
(1) If ai j + ha∗i j = bi j + hb∗i j for all i and j, then these hyperbolic matrices are equal.
(2) The sum of  and B̂ is
 + B̂ = [(ai j + bi j ) + h(a∗i j + b∗i j )] = [ai j + bi j ] + h[a∗i j + b∗i j ].
(3) The product of a matrix by a scalar is
λ = [λ(ai j + ha∗i j )] = [λai j + hλa∗i j ].
Example 2.4. For the following matrices  and B̂,
 3 + 4h
   
 5 − h 2 − h −7h  h 2 − 3h 
 =  h 1 − 2h 8 − h  , B̂ =  3 4 + 3h 3 + 2h
   

3 − h −3h 9 + 2h 1+h 5+h 4h
 

the sum of these matrices is

 8 + 3h
 
2 2 − 10h 
 + B̂ =  3 + h 5 + h 11 + h  .
 
4 5 − 2h 9 + 6h


Theorem 2.5. Let Â, B̂, Ĉ ∈ Hm n be hyperbolic matrices and λ1 , λ2 ∈ H be hyperbolic numbers, then the following
properties are satisfied:
(1) Â + B̂ = B̂ + Â,
(2) Â + ( B̂ + Ĉ) = (Â + B̂) + Ĉ,
(3) Â + 0H = Â,
(4) λ1 (Â + B̂) = λ1 Â + λ1 B̂,
(5) (λ1 + λ2 )Â = λ1 Â + λ2 Â,
(6) (λ1 .λ2 )Â = λ1 (λ2 Â),
(7) The additive inverse of  = A + hA∗ is − = −A − hA∗ .
Proof. Let  = A + hA∗ , B̂ = B + hB∗ , and Ĉ = C + hC ∗ .
(1) Â + B̂ = A + hA∗ + B + hB∗ = (A + B) + h(A∗ + B∗ ) = (B + A) + h(B∗ + A∗ ) = B + hB∗ + A + hA∗ = B̂ + Â.
(2) Â + ( B̂ + Ĉ) = A + hA∗ + (B + hB∗ + C + hC ∗ ) = (A + hA∗ + B + hB∗ ) + C + hC ∗ = (Â + B̂) + Ĉ.
(3) Â + 0H = A + hA∗ + 0 + h0 = (A + 0) + h(A∗ + 0) = A + hA∗ = Â.
(4) λ1 (Â + B̂) = λ1 (A + hA∗ + B + hB∗ ) = λ1 (A + hA∗ ) + λ1 (B + hB∗ ) = λ1 Â + λ1 B̂.
(5) (λ1 + λ2 )Â = (λ1 + λ2 )(A + hA∗ ) = λ1 (A + hA∗ ) + λ2 (A + hA∗ ) = λ1 Â + λ2 Â.
(6) (λ1 .λ2 )Â = (λ1 .λ2 )(A + hA∗ ) = λ1 .(λ2 (A + hA∗ )) = λ1 (λ2 Â).
(7) (A + hA∗ ) + (−A − hA∗ ) = (A − A) + h(A∗ − A∗ ) = 0H .
□
F. Kürüz, A. Dağdeviren, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(2)(2022), 306–313 309

Definition 2.6. Let  = [ai j + ha∗i j ] ∈ Hmp , B̂ = [bi j + hb∗i j ] ∈ Hnp be two hyperbolic matrices, then multiplication of
these matrices is
 p
X
 
Xp 
Â. B̂ = ci j = (aik + haik )(bk j + hbk j ) = ci j = (aik bk j + aik bk j + h(aik bk j + aik bk j ) .
 ∗ ∗ 
  ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

  
k=1 m×n k=1 m×n

If we represent these matrices as a combination of two real matrices  = A + hA∗ and B̂ = B + hB∗ , then we can obtain
the multiplication Â. B̂ in the following form
Â. B̂ = (A.B + A∗ B∗ ) + h(A.B∗ + A∗ B).
Example 2.7. For the following matrices  and B̂,
3 + h 2 + 5h −1 + 5h
" # " #
3
 = , B̂ =
3−h 6+h 4 − 2h 3 − 4h
the multiplication of these matrices is
−5 + 10h
" #
30h
 B̂ = .
14 + 8h 23 − 24h
Theorem 2.8. The following properties are provided:
(1) If  ∈ Hmp , B̂ ∈ Hnp , Ĉ ∈ Hnr , then Â( B̂Ĉ) = ( B̂)Ĉ.
(2) If  ∈ Hmp , B̂, Ĉ ∈ Hnp , then Â( B̂ + Ĉ) =  B̂ + ÂĈ.
(3) If Â, B̂ ∈ Hmp , Ĉ ∈ Hnp , then (Â + B̂)Ĉ = ÂĈ + B̂Ĉ.
(4) If λ ∈ R, Â, ∈ Hmp , B̂ ∈ Hnp , then λ( B̂) = (λÂ) B̂ = Â(λ B̂).
Proof. Straightforward. □
Corollary 2.9. The set of Hnn is a ring with matrix addition and matrix multiplication.
Definition 2.10. If there is a hyperbolic matrix Ĉ satisfying the equation ÂĈ = Ĉ Â = I, then Ĉ is called the inverse of
Â, and additionally  is called an invertible hyperbolic matrix.
Theorem 2.11. If A and A∗ are two real n × n invertible matrices, then inverse of the matrix  = A + hA∗ is
Â−1 = (A − A∗ A−1 A∗ )−1 + h(A∗ − A(A∗ )−1 A)−1 .
Proof. Since the multiplication of matrices is not commutative, the equation must be provided from both the right and
the left sides. Let C + hC ∗ be the inverse of the matrix  = A + hA∗ , then
(A + hA∗ )(C + hC ∗ ) = I,
(AC + A C ∗ ) + h(AC ∗ + A∗C) = I + h0
∗

in order to obtain this equality, AC + A∗C ∗ = I and AC ∗ + A∗C = 0 equations must be provided. Thus, it can be seen
that C = A−1 − A−1 A∗C ∗ and C = −(A∗ )−1 AC ∗ . From last two equation, we have
A−1 − A−1 A∗C ∗ = −(A∗ )−1 AC ∗
A−1 A∗C ∗ − (A∗ )−1 AC ∗ = A−1
(A−1 A∗ − (A∗ )−1 A)C ∗ = A−1
C ∗ = (A∗ − A(A∗ )−1 A)−1 .
Similarly, from equations AC+A∗C ∗ = I and AC ∗ +A∗C = 0, we can obtain C ∗ = (A∗ )−1 −(A∗ )−1 AC and C ∗ = −A−1 A∗C.
Then, we get
(A∗ )−1 − (A∗ )−1 AC = −A−1 A∗C
(A∗ )−1 AC − A−1 A∗C = (A∗ )−1
((A∗ )−1 A − A−1 A∗ )C = (A∗ )−1
C = (A − A∗ A−1 A∗ )−1 .
Matrices with Hyperbolic Number Entries 310

When we apply similar steps from the equation (C + hC ∗ )(A + hA∗ ) = I, we get same C and C ∗ . □
Definition 2.12. The sum of diagonal elements of a square hyperbolic matrix  is called the trace of  and denoted by
tr Â. Let  = A + hA∗ , then
n
X
tr  = (aii + ha∗ii ) = tr(A) + htr(A∗ ).
i=1

Theorem 2.13. The following properties are satisfied;

(1) Let Â, B̂ ∈ Hnn be hyperbolic matrices, then tr(Â + B̂) = tr(Â) + tr( B̂).
(2) Let  ∈ Hnn be a hyperbolic matrix and λ ∈ H be a hyperbolic number, then tr(λÂ) = λtr(Â).
(3) Let Â, B̂ ∈ Hnn , then tr(Â B̂) = tr( B̂Â).
Proof. Let  = [ai j + ha∗i j ], B̂ = [bi j + hb∗i j ] and λ ∈ H.
X n Xn n
X
(1) tr(Â + B̂) = (aii + ha∗ii + bii + hb∗ii ) = (aii + ha∗ii ) + (bii + hb∗ii ) = tr(Â) + tr( B̂).
i=1 i=1 i=1
n
X n
X
(2) tr(λÂ) = (λ(aii + ha∗ii )) = λ (aii + ha∗ii ) = λtr(Â).
i=1 i=1
(3) For A, C ∈ Rnn , it is well known that tr(AC) = tr(CA). With this feature, the desired equality can be obtained
by using the properties of hyperbolic matrices.
□
  T
Theorem 2.14. Let  ∈ Hmp , Ĉ ∈ Hnp , then Â.Ĉ = Ĉ T .ÂT .

Proof. Let  = A + hA∗ , Ĉ = C + hC ∗ . We know that (AC)T = C T AT for A, C ∈ Rnn .

 T
Â.Ĉ = (AC + h(AC ∗ + A∗C))T
= (AC)T + h(AC ∗ + A∗C)T
= (AC)T + h((AC ∗ )T + (A∗C)T )
= C T AT + h((C ∗ )T AT + C T (A∗ )T ) = Ĉ T .ÂT .
□

3. Some Special Hyperbolic Matrices

In this section, we define special types of hyperbolic matrices. They are periodic hyperbolic matrices, symmetric
hyperbolic matrices, skew-symmetric hyperbolic matrices, idempotent hyperbolic matrices, Hermitian hyperbolic ma-
trices, skew Hermitian hyperbolic matrices, and unitary hyperbolic matrices. Thus, the difference between hyperbolic
matrices and other matrix structures is clearly observed.
Definition 3.1. Let  be a square hyperbolic matrix. If Â2 = Â, then  is called idempotent hyperbolic matrix.
Theorem 3.2. If  = A + hA∗ is an idempotent hyperbolic matrix, then A + A∗ is a real idempotent matrix.
Proof. Let  be an idempotent hyperbolic matrix, then
(A2 + (A∗ )2 ) + h(AA∗ + A∗ A) = A + hA∗
From last equation, we have A2 + (A∗ )2 = A and AA∗ + A∗ A = A∗ . If we add these two equations side by side, then
A2 + AA∗ + (A∗ )2 + A∗ A = A + A∗
A(A + A∗ ) + A∗ (A∗ + A) = A + A∗
(A + A∗ )2 = A + A∗ .
□
Definition 3.3. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called a periodic hyperbolic matrix if  p+1
= Â. Also, p is called
period of the matrix.
F. Kürüz, A. Dağdeviren, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(2)(2022), 306–313 311

Definition 3.4. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called a nilpotent hyperbolic matrix if Âq = 0. Also, q is called index
of the matrix.
Definition 3.5. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called a symmetric hyperbolic matrix if ÂT = Â.
Theorem 3.6. Â = A + hA∗ is a symmetric hyperbolic matrix iff A and A∗ are real symmetric matrices.
Proof. If  is a symmetric matrix, then
ÂT = Â ⇐⇒ (A + hA∗ )T = A + hA∗
⇐⇒ AT + h(A∗ )T = A + hA∗
⇐⇒ AT = A and (A∗ )T = A∗ .
□
Definition 3.7. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called a skew symmetric hyperbolic matrix if ÂT = −Â.
Theorem 3.8. Â = A + hA∗ is a skew symmetric hyperbolic matrix iff A and A∗ are real skew symmetric matrices.
Proof. If  is a skew symmetric matrix, then
ÂT = −Â ⇐⇒ (A + hA∗ )T = −A − hA∗
⇐⇒ AT + h(A∗ )T = −A − hA∗
⇐⇒ AT = −A and (A∗ )T = −A∗ .
□
−2 + h
" #
0
Example 3.9. Â = is a skew symmetric hyperbolic matrix. Indeed, it can be obviously seen that
2−h 0
ÂT = −Â.
Definition 3.10. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called a Hermitian hyperbolic matrix if (ÂT ) = Â, where  = A − hA∗
is the conjugate of Â.
Theorem 3.11. Â = A + hA∗ is a Hermitian hyperbolic matrix iff A is a real symmetric hyperbolic matrix and A∗ is
real skew symmetric matrix.
Proof. If  is a Hermitian hyperbolic matrix, then
(ÂT ) = Â ⇐⇒ (A + hA∗ )T = A + hA∗
⇐⇒ AT + h(A∗ )T = A + hA∗
⇐⇒ AT − h(A∗ )T = A + hA∗
⇐⇒ AT = A and (A∗ )T = −A∗ .
□
Definition 3.12. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called a skew Hermitian hyperbolic matrix if (ÂT ) = −Â.
Theorem 3.13. Â = A + hA∗ is a skew Hermitian hyperbolic matrix iff A is a real skew symmetric hyperbolic matrix
and A∗ is real symmetric matrix.
Proof. If  is a skew Hermitian hyperbolic matrix, then
(ÂT ) = −Â ⇐⇒ (A + hA∗ )T = −A − hA∗
⇐⇒ AT + h(A∗ )T = −A − hA∗
⇐⇒ AT − h(A∗ )T = −A − hA∗
⇐⇒ AT = −A and (A∗ )T = A∗ .
□
Matrices with Hyperbolic Number Entries 312

Definition 3.14. A square hyperbolic matrix  is called an involute hyperbolic matrix if Â2 = I.
Theorem 3.15. If  = A + hA∗ is an involute hyperbolic matrix, then A2 + (A∗ )2 = I and (A∗ )n = (−1)n A−1 (−A∗ )n A for
n ∈ Z+ .
Proof. Let  be an involute hyperbolic matrix, then from the equation (A + hA∗ )2 = I we get,
(A2 + (A∗ )2 ) + h(AA∗ + A∗ A) = I + h0
A2 + (A∗ )2 = I and AA∗ + A∗ A = 0.
Since AA∗ + A∗ A = 0, it is clear to see that AA∗ = −A∗ A. Thus, from the last equation desiring result is obtained as
follows:
A∗ = −A−1 A∗ A
(A∗ )2 = A−1 (A∗ )2 A
(A∗ )3 = −A−1 (A∗ )3 A
..
.
(A∗ )n = (−1)n A−1 (−A∗ )n A.
□
Definition 3.16. Let B̂ = B + hB∗ and Ĉ = C + hC ∗ be two n × n hyperbolic matrices. If B̂Ĉ = Ĉ B̂, then these matrices
are called commutative hyperbolic matrices.
Theorem 3.17. If B̂ and Ĉ are commutative, then B + B∗ and C + C ∗ matrices are real commutative matrices.
Proof. Let B̂Ĉ = Ĉ B̂, then
(BC + B∗C ∗ ) + h(BC ∗ + B∗C) = (CB + C ∗ B∗ ) + h(CB∗ + C ∗ B).
We obtain equalities BC + B∗C ∗ = CB + C ∗ B∗ and BC ∗ + B∗C = CB∗ + C ∗ B. If we add these two equations side by
side, then
B(C + C ∗ ) + B∗ (C + C ∗ ) = (C + C ∗ )B + (C + C ∗ )B∗
(B + B∗ )(C + C ∗ ) = (C + C ∗ )(B + B∗ ).
□

Definition 3.18. Let  = A + hA∗ be a square hyperbolic matrix. If ÂT  = ÂÂT = I, then  = A + hA∗ is called unitary
hyperbolic matrix.
Theorem 3.19. Let  = A + hA∗ be a unitary hyperbolic matrix. Then, A + A∗ is a real unitary matrix.

Proof. If ÂT Â = I, then

(AT − h(A∗ )T )(A + hA∗ ) = I + h0
(AT A − (A∗ )T A∗ ) + h(AT A∗ − (A∗ )T A) = I + h0.
From the last equation, it can be easily seen that AT A − (A∗ )T A∗ = I and AT A∗ − (A∗ )T A = 0. Thus, if we add these
equations side by side, then we get
AT (A + A∗ ) − (A∗ )T (A + A∗ ) = I
(AT − (A∗ )T )(A + A∗ ) = I.

Also, if ÂÂT = I, then

(A + hA∗ )(AT − h(A∗ )T ) = I + h0
(AAT − A∗ (A∗ )T ) + h(A∗ AT − A(A∗ )T ) = I + h0.
F. Kürüz, A. Dağdeviren, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(2)(2022), 306–313 313

From the last equation, we obtain AAT − A∗ (A∗ )T = I and A∗ AT − A(A∗ )T = 0. Therefore, if we sum these equations
up side by side, then
(A + A∗ )AT − (A + A∗ )(A∗ )T = I
(A + A∗ )(AT − (A∗ )T ) = I.
□

4. Conclusion
In this study, we examined the properties of hyperbolic matrices. Using these properties, we have defined special
hyperbolic matrices and revealed some of the properties they provide. Thus, the difference between these matrices
and other matrix structures is regularly considered. Thus, it is aimed to form a basis for further studies on hyperbolic
numbers and matrices.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Authors Contribution Statement

All authors have contributed sufficiently in the planning, execution, or analysis of this study to be included as
authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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