Experiment No 1

Parts of a Computer and Their Functions

Parts of a computer with their functions
Here is a complete list of all the common computer hardware components and
common peripherals used with them.

1. The computer case:

This is the part that holds all of the internal components to make up the computer itself.

It is usually designed in such a manner to make fitting a motherboard, wiring, and drives as
easy as possible. Some are designed so well that it is easy to make everything look tidy and
presentable too.
Design elements can vary from being plain to extremely elaborate. You can get a plain grey
case or one that has colored lighting everywhere to make it looks spectacular.

2. Motherboard
The motherboard is the main board that is screwed directly inside the computer case. All other
cards and everything else plugs directly into the motherboard, hence its name. The CPU,
RAM, drives, power supply, and more all get connected to it. Its function is to integrate
all the components so they can communicate and operate together.

3. CPU: Central Processing Unit

The CPU is basically like the brain of a computer. It processes all the information on a
computational level. It takes information from the RAM and processes it to perform the tasks
required from the computer.
It is usually seated in a socket that utilizes a lever or a latch with a hinged plate with a cut out
in the center to secure it onto the motherboard.

4. RAM: Random Access Memory

RAM is a data storage device that can provide fast read and write access. RAM is also volatile,
which means that it loses all the stored data when power is lost. The RAM keeps data ready for
the CPU to process. The speed of the RAM is a big contributor to the overall speed of a
computer. It plugs directly into a long slot that has contacts on either side of the slot. It, too,
has a clock speed, just like a processor. So, it can also be overclocked to deliver increased
performance beyond the intended specification. RAM has evolved like any other component.
RAM used on the motherboard often uses DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM (Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory) type memory.

5. Graphics Card

A graphics card processes the data from the motherboard and sends the appropriate
information to the monitor for it to be displayed. It can do so using an HDMI,
DisplayPort, DVI, or VGA connector. A graphics card can also be referred to as a video
card or a display card. It takes the burden of all the video processing from the main
CPU. This gives a computer a big boost in performance.
6. Sound Card
Most of the time, the sound chip built into the motherboard is used for audio output. But, if you
are a sound enthusiast or prefer higher detailed audio while playing a game, you might be
inclined to use a sound card.
Sound cards plug into a computer in multiple ways. It can be through USB, PCI slot, or
PCI Express x 1 slot.

7. Hard Drive
A hard drive is found in most computers. It’s usually a mechanical drive that
stores all the data. Apart from storing data, it can also be used as a boot drive to
run the operating system from it. An operating system is a software program that
makes a computer useable like Microsoft Windows, for example. The biggest
vulnerability of a mechanical drive is its physically fragile nature.
8. PSU: Power Supply Unit
A power supply mounts inside the computer case. This converts the AC mains supply from the
wall socket and supplies the correct DC voltages to all the components inside the computer.

A computer power supply supplies the following voltages:

• +3.3v: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard.

+5V: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard and other internal components.
• +12V: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard and other internal components.
 • -12V: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard.

9.Monitor or Visual Display Unit (VDU)

A monitor is what you use to visualize the graphics data sent from the computer’s graphics card.
There are various types of monitors on the market. The most commonly used is a LED-backlit
LCD monitor.

There are also a variety of different sizes with different aspect ratios. The aspect ratio is
simply the ratio between height and width.

10. Keyboard
A keyboard is one of the ways to communicate with a computer. Typing a key from the
keyboard sends a small portion of data to tell the computer which key was pressed.

The computer can use this information in many ways. An example could be a command or a
character that can be used in a document.

11. Mouse
A mouse allows the user to move a pointer displayed on the monitor and
experience a more intuitive interaction with the computer. These days mice have more
buttons than the common three.
However, the three main buttons allow the user to select, grab, scroll and access extra menus
and options.

12. Printer
A printer can take an image sent by a computer and deliver it onto a sheet of paper.

It does this by using the data from the computer, and by either using toner or ink, it deposits
one of these in a controlled and accurate manner to form the image.
13. Computer Speakers
Computer speakers can connect up to the sound card at the rear of the
computer. Another way they can be connected is by a monitor that
already has built-in speakers.
Generally, the sound quality is poor from a monitor’s speakers. That’s why most
people buy a set of computer speakers to have on their computer desk.
 Experiment No 2 Introduction to internet
Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with each other and
to the World Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of
computer users worldwide. It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and
networking technologies. At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging information
and data between computers across the world.

How internet works

When you turn on your computer and type a domain name in the browser search bar, your
browser sends a request to the DNS server to get the corresponding IP address. After getting the
IP address, the browser forwards the request to the respective server.

Once the server gets the request to provide information about a particular website, the data starts
flowing. The data is transferred through the optical fiber cables in digital format or in the form of
light pulses. As the servers are placed at distant places, the data may have to travel thousands of
miles through optical fiber cable to reach your computer.

The optical fiber is connected to a router, which converts the light signals into electrical signals.
These electrical signals are transmitted to your laptop using an Ethernet cable. Thus, you receive
the desired information through the internet, which is actually a cable that connects you with the
server.
Different ways to Connect to the Internet

The various methods for connecting to the Internet are briefly discussed below:

o Dial-Up

o Broadband

o Wireless Connection

o Wi-fi

o Mobile Phones

o Satellite

o Integrated Services Digital Network

Advantages of the Internet:

o Instant Messaging

o Online Shopping

o Pay Bills

o Online Banking

o Online Selling

o Work from Home

o Entertainment

o Cloud computing

o Career building

Disadvantages of the Internet

o Time wastage

o Bad impacts on health

o Cyber Crimes

o Effects on children

o Bullying and spreading negativity

Experiment No 3
Introduction to E-mail
E-mail (electronic mail) is a way to send and receive messages across the Internet. It's similar to
traditional mail, but it also has some key differences. E-mail was first introduced by Ray-
Tomlinson in 1972.

Why use E-mail?

The operating principle behind e-mail is relatively simple which has made it the most popular
system as compared to the traditional postal services for your message to reach your recipient.

Email advantages
Email is a free tool: Once you are online, there is no further expense that you need to spend on
in order to send and receive messages.
Email is quick: Once you have finished composing a message, sending it is as simple as
clicking a button. Email, especially if an email system is integrated into the network, is sent,
delivered and read almost immediately.
Email is simple: It is easy to use. Once your account is set up, composing, sending and receiving
messages is simple. Also, email allows for the easy and quick access of information and contacts.
Productivity tools: Email is usually packaged with a calendar, address book, instant messaging,
and more for convenience and productivity.
Access to web services: If you want to sign up for an account like Facebook or order products
from services like Amazon, you will need an email address so you can be safely identified and
contacted.
Easy mail management: Email service providers have tools that allow you to file, label,
prioritize, find, group, and filter your emails for easy management. You can even easily control
spam, or junk email.
Privacy: Your email is delivered to your own personal and private account with a password
required to access and view emails.
Communication with multiple people: You can send an email to multiple people at once,
giving you the option to include as few as or as many people as you want in a conversation.
Accessible anywhere at any time: You don’t have to be at home to get your mail. You can
access it from any computer or mobile device that has an Internet connection.
Disadvantages of E-mail
Email could potentially cause information overload: Some messages may be dismissed or left
unread, especially if there are a lot coming in and the network has not integrated some sort of
email alert system into the computers at work.
Email lacks a personal touch: While some things are better off sent as written and typed
messages, some things should be verbally relayed or written by hand in a note or letter.
Email can be disruptive: Going through each email can be disruptive to work as it does require
a bit of time. This disruption is decreased through the utilization of an email alert system.
Email can cause misunderstandings: Because email does not include nonverbal
communication, recipients may misinterpret the sender’s message. This is particularly true of
senders fail to go through their messages before they send them.
Email messages can contain viruses: It’s best to be aware of this possibility so that you are
careful when opening messages from people you don’t know, or when downloading attachments.
Email requires timely responses: While some people tend to disregard messages, those that
require responses should be replied to as soon as they are received and read. If not, urgent and
important messages may be left untended.

About email providers

In the past, people usually received an email account from the same companies that provided
their Internet access. For example, if AOL provided your Internet connection, you'd have an
AOL email address. While this is still true for some people, today it's increasingly common to
use a free web-based email service, also known as webmail. Anyone can use these services, no
matter who provides their Internet access.

Webmail providers
Today, the top three webmail providers are Yahoo!, Microsoft's Outlook.com (previously
Hotmail), and Google's Gmail. These providers are popular because they allow you to access
your email account from anywhere with an Internet connection. You can also access webmail on
your mobile device.
Introduction to Virus and Anti-virus
Virus:

Virus is an agent that corrupt the computer functions.

Symptoms:

i. The computer slower than normal speed.

ii. Computer programme take long time to load than normal
iii. Programme disappears from computer.
iv. Computer crashes and restart after few minutes.
v. Computer stops responding.
vi. Printing items are different.
vii. Error messages appear rapidly.
viii. New programme cannot be installed.
ix. Strange sound plays from the speaker unexpectedly.

Anti-Virus

Software that is created specifically to help detect, prevent and remove malware (malicious software).

Antivirus is a kind of software used to prevent, scan, detect and delete viruses from a computer. Once
installed, most antivirus software runs automatically in the background to provide real-time protection
against virus attacks. Comprehensive virus protection programs help protect your files and hardware
from malware such as worms, Trojan horses and spyware, and may also offer additional protection such
as customizable firewalls and website blocking.

Common types of cyber threats

As the Internet of Things (IoT) grows, so does the risk of cybercrime for mobile phones and other
internet-connected devices, not just your personal computer.

Malware

Malware, short for “malicious software,” is a blanket term that refers to a wide variety of software programs
designed to do damage or do other unwanted actions to network Common examples include viruses,
spyware and trojan horses. Malware can slow down or crash your device or delete files. Criminals often use
malware to send spam, obtain personal and financial information and even steal your identity.

Spyware

Spyware is a type of malware that attaches itself and hides on a computer’s operating system without
your permission to make unwanted changes to your user experience. It can be used to spy on your
online activity and may generate unwanted advertisements or make your browser display certain
website sites or search results.
Antivirus programs and computer protection software

Antivirus programs and computer protection software are designed to evaluate data such as web pages,
files, software and applications to help find and eradicate malware as quickly as possible.

How does antivirus work?

Antivirus software begins operating by checking your computer programs and files against a database of
known types of malwares. Since new viruses are constantly created and distributed by hackers, it will
also scan computers for the possibility of new or unknown type of malware threats.

Typically, most programs will use three different detection devices: specific detection, which identifies known
malware; generic detection, which looks for known parts or types of malware or patterns that are related by
a common codebase; and heuristic detection, which scans for unknown viruses by identifying known
suspicious file structures. When the program finds a file that contains a virus, it will usually quarantine it
and/or mark it for deletion, making it inaccessible and removing the risk to your device.

Examples of Antivirus

• Avast Free Antivirus

• AVG Antivrus
• Avira Antivrus
• ESET NOD 32
• McAfee Antivirus
• Nano Antivirus
• Norton Antivirus
• Panda Antivirus
• Microsoft windows defender
Experiment No 5
Introduction to MS Word (Word Processor)
What is MS Word?

Word processing like Microsoft word is largely concerned with the production of
textural material. We can create reports, medical transcription, memos, business letters
and articles. Microsoft word allows the medical assistant to produce a document.
Where to find MS Word on your personal computer?
Follow these simple steps to open MS Word on your personal computer:
Start → All Programs → MS Office → MS Word.
Features of MS Word

• Home
This has options like font colour, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing, etc.
All the basic elements which one may need to edit their document is available under the
Home option.

• Insert
Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number, etc. can all be entered in
the document. They are included in the “Insert” category.

• Design
The template or the design in which you want your document to be created can be selected
under the Design tab. Choosing an appropriate tab will enhance the appearance of your
document.

• Page Layout
Under the Page Layout tab comes options like margins, orientation, columns, lines,
indentation, spacing, etc.

• Review
Spell check, grammar, Thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc. can all
be tracked under the review tab. This acts as an advantage for those who get their documents
reviewed on MS Word.
Uses of MS Word
Given below are the different fields in which MS Word is used and simplifies the work of an
individual:

• In Education: It is convenient to make assignments on MS Word and submitting

them online

• In Workplace: Submitting letters, bills, creating reports, letterheads, sample

documents, can all easily be done using MS Word

• Creating & Updating Resume: One of the best tools to create your resumes and is
easy to edit and make changes in it as per your experience
• For Authors: It is the best tool which can be used by authors for writing books and
adjusting it as per the layout and alignment of your choice
Experiment No 6
Introduction to MS Excel
There are numbers of spreadsheet programs but from all of them, Excel is most widely used. The
best part about excel is, it can apply to many business tasks, including statistics, finance, data
management, forecasting, analysis, to track inventory & billing, and business intelligence.

There are three most important components of Excel

1. Cell
A cell is a smallest but most powerful part of a spreadsheet. You can enter your data into a cell
either by typing or by copy-paste.

Every cell is identified by its cell address, cell address contains its column number and row
number (If a cell is on 11th row and on column AB, then its address will be AB11).
2. Worksheet:
A worksheet is made up of individual cells which can contain a value, a formula, or text. It also
has an invisible draw layer, which holds charts, images, and diagrams.

3. Workbook
A workbook is a separate file just like every other application has. Each workbook contains one
or more worksheets. You can also say that a workbook is a collection of multiple worksheets or
can be a single worksheet.

You can add or delete worksheets, hide them within the workbook without deleting them, and
change the order of your worksheets within the workbook.

Spreadsheet Features

• Formulas for calculation purpose

• Graphs like line graph, bar graph, pie chart
• Cell formats (Number, strings, currencies, date and time), Merging rows and columns,
• Cut, copy and paste with single cell or ranges of cell.
• Custom names for column rows and column graphs
• Operations like deleting and inserting column/graphs.
 Experiment NO 7: Introduction to MS PowerPoint
Definition:
PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics software program that allows
you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows.

• It is a presentation-based program that uses graphics, videos, etc. to make a

presentation more interactive and interesting.
• The file extension of a saved PowerPoint presentation is “.ppt”.
• A PowerPoint presentation comprising slides and other features is also known as PPT.

How to open power point

Follow the steps below to open MS PowerPoint on a personal computer:

1. Click on the start button

2. Then choose “All Programs”
3. Next step is to select “MS Office”
4. Under MS Office, click on the “MS PowerPoint”

A blank presentation is open on the screen. According to the requirement, a person can modify
the template for a presentation and start using the program.
Features of MS PowerPoint
There are multiple features that are available in MS PowerPoint which can customize
and optimize a presentation.
• Slide layout
• Insert clipart, video, audio etc.
• Slide design
• Animations
Apart from all these options font size, font style, font colour, word art, date and time, etc.
can also be added.

Uses of PowerPoint Presentation

PowerPoint presentations are useful for both personal and professional usage. Given below are
a few of the major fields where PPT is extremely useful:

• Education – With e-learning and smart classes being chosen as a common mode of
education today, PowerPoint presentations can help in making education more
interactive and attract students towards the modified version of studying
• Marketing – In the field of marketing, PowerPoint presentations can be extremely
important. Using graphs and charts, numbers can be shown more evidently and
clearly which may be ignored by the viewer if being read

• Business – To invite investors or to show the increase or decrease in profits, MS

PowerPoint can be used

• Creating Resumes – Digital resumes can be formed using MS PowerPoint.

Different patterns, photograph, etc. can be added to the resume
• Depicting Growth – Since both graphics and text can be added in a presentation,
depicting the growth of a company, business, student’s marks, etc. is easier using PPT
 Experiment No 8: Introduction of different software applications used
in Pharmacy
A pharmacy software (PS) is any system used in a pharmacy that helps automate the pharmacy
workflow.
Applications
I. Prescription
filling II. Patient profile
III. Drug interaction

V. Medication
ordering VI. E-prescribing

X. Developing a patient care plan

I. Prescription filling
Prescriptions can be filled in PS for future reference. It includes following
a. Patient Name b. Doctor Name
c. Drug Name d. Quantity
e. Prescription Number f. Price Calculation
g. Discount h. Label Printing
II. Patient Profile
Pharmacist can update patient profile whenever a new prescription is filled. Also, if the patient
might have any symptoms like allergies, it can be added to patient profile.
III. Drug Interaction
There is program regarding drug interaction in PS through which pharmacist can check for any
possible drug interactions in the prescription.
IV. Tax and Insurance report
Pharmacist can print the date for medical expense which can be sent to insurance companies
for claim. Also, tax returns can be calculated automatically by the software for filling.
V. Medication Ordering
A PS uses reorder points set up by the pharmacy to generate automatic orders. The system
calculates how many items are needed to raise the stock level and adds this quantity to the order.
 VI. E-prescribing
A doctor creates a medication order and sends it to a patient’s pharmacy via secure connection.
The pharmacy can then communicate that the order was received and filled, and even notify if
the patient hasn’t picked up their medication. Renewal requests can also be made in a couple
of clicks.
VII. Medication Therapy Management
Medication therapy management includes such processes as:
• Creating a medication treatment plan
• Resolving drug-related problems
• Providing patient education and training

VIII. Improving Pharmacist Efficiency

With seamless computer-computer communication in place, prescriptions can be easily
handled by software, freeing more time for pharmacists to interact with patients.
IX. Improving Patient Health Outcomes
Patients are seeking counseling from pharmacists and a PS can directly or indirectly help them
get better counseling.
X. Developing a patient care plan
Here, medication adherence tools in the form of notifications and calendars can be used.
A physician and a pharmacist collaborate on the medication therapy plan and then follow
the results.