Free

English
Grammar
Presented by

www.jonathansenglish.com

1 www.anglais-facile.com
 Free
English
Grammar
 Jonathan Lewis 2011

all rights reserved worldwide

You are free to distribute this ebook to as many people as you wish
You may print this ebook
You MAY NOT sell this ebook
You MAY NOT publish this book or parts of this book on the net

Vous pouvez distribuer ce livre

Vous pouvez l'imprimer
Vous NE POUVEZ PAS vendre ce livre
Vous NE POUVEZ PAS publier ce livre en entier ou en partie sur internet

2 www.anglais-facile.com
Table of contents

Unit
1. I am – You are (to be)
2. I am doing (present progressive)
3. I like/do/go (present simple)
4. Have/Have got (possession)
5. I was/you were (be –simple past)
6. I did/worked/went (simple past)
7. I was doing (past progressive)
8. I have done (present perfect)
9. Is done/was done (passive voice)
10. Used to (finished actions) Get/be used to (changing situations)
11. Will do (future)
12. Going to (planned future)
13. Had done (past perfect)
14. a/an/the (articles, quantities)
15. Some/any (quantities)
16. Much/many/a lot (quantities)
17. Can/could (ability/permission)
18. Must/have to (obligation/prohibition)
19. Big/small/beautiful (adjectives)
20. Big/bigger/biggest (comparatives and superlatives)
21. Should (advice, recommendations)
22. I/me/my/mine (pronouns, possessive adjectives)
23. What/when/where (questions 1)
24. How much/many (questions 2)
25. On/in/at (time prepositions)
26. What would you do? (conditionals)

Click on the play button to watch a video

4 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 1: I am (I’m)
I'm John
Positive
I'm 35
I am (I’m)
I'm a You are (you’re)
salesman He is (he’s)
She is (she’s)
We are (we’re)
I'm single They are (they’re)

I'm interested Negative

I'm I am not (I’m not)
in politics
American You are not (you’re not)
He is not (he’s not)
This is John. He’s American, She is not (she’s not)
he’s thirty-five, he’s a salesman. We are not (we’re not)
They are not (they’re not)

You are  are you?

To make questions, change the verb and the subject:

Positive Question
He is French Is he French?

You are late Are you late?

They are nurses Are they nurses?

Am/is/are are the present forms of the verb to be. We call this verb a
‘state verb’.

State
● Age: I am thirty
• Nationality: I am French
• Status: I am single/married/divorced
• Profession: I am a teacher/secretary/manager
• Physical state: I am tired/hungry/cold
• Emotional state: I am happy/sad/excited

5 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 2 : I am doing

He is reading a book They are running The sun is shining

The verb ‘to be’ can be used as an auxiliary verb before other verbs. The verb that follows always
has the ending ‘-ing’.
‘to be’ represents a present state, so when it’s followed by a verb (-ing) it refers to a present
activity.

• I’m a teacher, but I’m not teaching now, I’m preparing a lesson
• Janet is wearing a pretty dress today
• Take an umbrella, it’s raining

Spelling
Note the following spelling changes:

write  writing run  running lie  lying sit  sitting

come  coming swim  swimming dance  dancing

Negative Questions
Place ‘not’ after the auxiliary: Change the order of words:
● I’m not sleeping ● Are you sleeping?
● They’re not working -or - they • Is he playing?
aren’t working • Where is she going?
● She’s not reading - or - she isn’t
reading
Some verbs are not usually used in the present progressive. Often, these verbs
don't describe physical actions:

● know ● prefer ● want

● understand ● hate ● like
● agree ● appreciate ● love
● trust ● suppose ● remember

The state verb 'to be' is sometimes used in the present progressive:

● Ignore him – he's just being silly

● They said they can't help us, but I think they're being difficult.

6 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 3 : I like/do/go
The Present Simple:

Positive Negative Questions

I like I don’t like Do I like?
You like You don’t like Do you like?
He likes He doesn’t like Does he like?
She likes She doesn’t like Does she like?
We like We don’t like Do we like?
They like They don’t like Do they like?

The present simple is used for things in general, and things that happen sometimes or always:

• The sun rises in the east • I like chocolate

• I work from nine till five • I go to the cinema on Saturdays

To indicate frequency, we use these adverbs:

always usually often sometimes rarely never

100% 0%

examples:

• I always go shopping on Fridays • I never watch American movies

• I usually have coffee with my • I often buy a newspaper on my
breakfast, but sometimes I have tea way to work

Present simple spelling

Note the following spelling changes:

I watch  she watches I judges  he judges
I kiss  he kisses I study  she studies
I wash  she washes I try  he tries
I go  he goes I do  she does

Present simple questions

We use the verb ‘do’ as an auxiliary when we ask questions:
• Do you read a lot? • What do you usually do in your free time?
• Does she like her job? • Do they live here?
• Do you always arrive early?

7 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 4
have/have got

She has blue eyes and black hair

She’s got blue eyes and black hair

(has got)

For possession, have and have got are the same

I’ve got a cold and a high

temperature

Have got in questions

• Have you got the time?

• Has she got a car?

Have got in negatives

• I haven’t got a car

• He hasn’t got a job

8 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 5
I was/you were
The simple past of the verb 'to be'

Present: am/is  past: was

Present: are  past: were

Positive Negative Question

I was I wasn’t (n’t = not) Was I?

You were You weren’t Were you?
He was He wasn’t Was he?
She was She wasn’t Was she?
We were We weren’t Were we?
They were They weren’t Were they?

• Yesterday, I was sick

• She lived in London when she was young
• Were you on time for the meeting?
• No, I wasn’t – I was five minutes late

9 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 6
Past simple – I did/worked/went
They watch television (present simple)
Yesterday, they watched television (past simple)

Past Present Future

I went I worked I stopped

English verbs can be divided into two groups – regular and irregular. In the past simple, regular
verbs end in –ed ; they do not change according to the subject:

• I worked • She worked

• You worked • We worked
• He worked • They worked

Irregular Verbs

These verbs are called irregular because they do not end in ‘ed’ like regular verbs. You must learn
these verbs by heart.

Examples of irregular verbs:

• begin  began • find  found • make  made
• break  broke • get  got • pay  paid
• buy  bought • give  gave • put  put
• come  came • go  went • read  read (pronounced ‘red’)
• do  did • have  had • ring  rang
• drink  drank • know  knew • say  said
• eat  ate • leave  left • think  thought

you will find a list of irregular verbs here:

http://anglais-facile.com/les-temps-anglais/verbes-irreguliers-anglais/

Negative and Questions

Use the auxiliary did for questions and negatives in the past:
Positive Negative Question
I went I didn’t go Did you go?
I worked I didn’t work Did you work?
I had I didn’t have Did you have?

Ago
We use ago for things in the past.
• Giovanni moved to Rome in 1999 • Did you meet The Queen?
• Giovanni moved to Rome 12 years ago • Yes, but that was a long time ago

10 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 7
I was doing
Past progressive

4:00 today: they are watching television 4:00 yesterday: they were jogging

Positive Negative Question

I was doing I wasn’t doing Was I doing?

You were doing You weren’t doing Were you doing?
He/she/it was doing He/she/it wasn’t doing Was he/she/it doing?
We were doing We weren’t doing Were we doing?
They were doing They weren’t doing Were they doing?

Timelines

We use the past progressive when we are more interested in the action itself than the time it
started or stopped.
Compare the past simple with the past progressive:

11:00pm 12:00am 7:00am

I went to bed the telephone I woke up

rang
=
I was sleeping when the telephone rang

time
I was going to the office

It was raining

I stopped to
buy a
newspaper I met an
old friend
She told me
something
I’ll never
forget

11 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 8
I have done
Present Perfect
The cook has made some
pizzas.
Johan has gone out =
- The pizzas are ready NOW
Johan is not here NOW

The present perfect is used to show the present result of something

that has happened.

Present perfect: auxiliary have + past participle (gone/done/been etc)

Compare the present perfect with the simple past:

• Yesterday, I lost my keys. I found them this morning.

• I’ve lost my keys (I can’t find my keys now)
• I bought this book last week, but I haven’t read it.

Positive Negative Question

I have done I haven’t done have I done?

You have done You haven’t done have you done?
He/she/it has He/she/it hasn’t done has he/she/it done?
done We haven’t done have we done?
We have done They haven’t done have they done?
They have done

We can use the present perfect with already, just, yet:

• I don’t want to watch this film, I’ve already seen it

• Are you hungry? – No, I’ve just eaten
• I’m waiting for Sean, he hasn’t arrived yet

How long have you…?

Ivan moved to London in 2002. He lives in London now.

How long has Ivan lived in London?

– Ivan has lived in London for five years

12 www.anglais-facile.com
 This is Juan. Juan is married to Jeanne
They have been married since 1999
Juan’s best friend is Ian.
Juan has known Ian for ten years

Juan likes playing tennis

He has played tennis since he was a child
Juan works for Macroloft corporation.
He has worked for Macroloft for five years
Juan is learning Spanish (present progressive)
He has been learning Spanish for six months (present perfect progressive)

Have you ever…?

Have you ever been to
Italy ?
Yes, I have

Have you ever been No, I haven’t. I’ve

to China ? never been to China

We can use the present perfect to talk about our experiences in life. If you want to know when
something happened, use the simple past.

• Have you ever played poker?

• Yes I have.
• When did you play poker?
• I played when I was on holiday in Las Vegas

Been

When we say ‘have you ever been to Italy?’ been is the past participle of the verb to go.
Been then, is like a return trip.

I went to Italy = I’ve been to Italy (at sometime in my life)

I came back from Italy

For and Since

Compare these sentences:

• I’ve lived in New York for ten years

• I’ve lived in New York since 1998
Since is used for a specific time: For is used for a duration of time:

• I’ve had this car since August • I’ve had this car for six months
• I’ve known Jean since 1980 • I’ve known Jean for 27 years
• I’ve had this headache since this • I’ve had this headache for several hours
morning

13 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 9
is done/was done
The passive voice.

People make cars in Birmingham (active)

Cars are made in Birmingham (passive)

We are not interested in who made the cars (people, somebody, the workers etc). We are
only interested in the cars, and in which city they are made .
This is the passive voice:

To be: am/is/are + past participle done

made
was were washed
built
etc. etc.

Note:

The passive voice is NOT a tense, it does not relate to time. You can change the time by
changing the verb ‘to be’.

• The house was damaged in the storm

• Many people have been taken prisoner
• Five people were killed in the accident
• My car is being repaired today
• More energy will be imported from Russia in the future

14 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 10
used to, get used to, be used to

A few years ago, Today, I live in the

I lived in a big city countryside.

I used to live in a big city.

Used to + verb (infinitive)  something I did in the past but don’t do today.

• I stopped smoking last year. I used to smoke twenty cigarettes a day.

• I used to like her a lot, but then she changed. I don’t like her very much now.
• Before we had children, we used to travel a lot, but now we don’t travel any more.
• You play the piano, don’t you? – I used to, but I don’t have much time these days.

get used to
In Europe, people drive on the right. In England, people drive on the left.

When I came to England for the first time, it was difficult to get used to driving on the
left.

Get used to + verb (-ing) Something that was difficult at first, but becomes normal with
time or practice.

• When you go to live in a foreign country, it takes time to get used to living there.

be used to

If you have got used to doing something, you can say that you are used to doing it

• My job was hard at the beginning, but I’m used to it now

• I’m used to getting up early, but I didn’t like it when I started
• France is very different from England, but I’m used to living here now

15 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 11
I will do
Future 1
I have a shower every day. This morning I had a shower. Tomorrow,
I will have a shower.

Positive/negative
I be
you do
he/she/it will/won't have
we go
they ...etc

Questions
I
go?
you
say?
he she it
Do?
Will we
be?
they
..etc.

Will is used for the future:

• Tomorrow, I will be in Manchester on business

• Don’t call tonight, I won’t be at home
• It will be a hard match, but I’m sure we’ll win

Will often shows we are not sure

• I think it will rain this afternoon

• I don’t know what to do – maybe I’ll ask Jan about it

Will can mean a spontaneous decision:

• The phone’s ringing – I’ll answer it

• If you don’t have a pen I’ll lend you one

Shall

Shall is the same as will when used with I and we:

• I shall be late / I will be late
• We shall buy some souvenirs / we will buy some souvenirs
 This is not an absolute rule! Native speakers sometimes say 'he shall', or 'they shall'

16 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 12
going to
Planned/certain future (2)
Jena Johanna
Tonight there is a Hi Jena,
Yes, I'm going to
football match on do you have plans
watch the football
television. I like football. for tonight?
on television

Past Present Future

I decide “I’m going I do it

to do to do it”
something

I am do
You are walk
She is (not) going to go
We are make
They are etc…

If you have planned something for the future, you can say ‘I’m going to…’

• I’m going to cook Indian food tonight

• I’m going to talk to Ian about his attitude

We often use the present progressive to talk about future events:

“What are you doing tonight?”

- “I’m playing football”

17 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 13
I had done
Past Perfect

My train left at 8:00

I was late, I arrived at 8:10

When I arrived at the station, my train had left

Past perfect = had + past participle

The past perfect is used to show that action 1 happened before action 2.

Past Present

my boss cancelled the meeting I didn't go to the meeting

I didn’t go to the meeting

because my
boss had cancelled it

Past Present

it was raining
I saw that the streets
were wet
The streets were wet,
so I knew it
had been raining

Note again the difference between simple and progressive forms:

present simple: I work in a bank

present progressive: I'm working until five today.

Present perfect (simple) : I've worked here for two years

Present perfect (progressive): I've been working since 8 O'clock

Past perfect (simple) : At my interview I told them that I had worked in a bank before
Past perfect (progressive): I had been working at the bank for one year when I decided to change
jobs

18 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 14
a/an/the
We use 'a' or 'an' to describe what something is:

It's a dog It's a hammer it's an apple

'an' is used before a vowel sound : an orange, an umbrella, but a uniform

(we hear 'y' like “you-niform”)

naming a person's job, we use 'a' or 'an'

She's a secretary (not she's secretary)

When there are many, we use 'a' or 'an'

Is there a bank near here? (there are a lot of banks, I want to know if there is one
near)

When there is only one, or it is clear which one we mean, we use 'the'

You'll need to see the secretary (in this company, there is only one secretary)

I have to go the bank at lunchtime (my bank)

London is the capital of Britain (there is only one capital of Britain)

19 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 15
a/some/any
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. We cannot make plurals with uncountable nouns. We use
‘some’ before plurals and uncountable nouns.

Countable Uncountable

Chairs, tables, sofas furniture

Euros, dollars, pounds money
Jobs, professions work
Clouds, temperatures, winds weather
Loaves, baguettes bread
Articles, reports, stories news

An apple, an orange, a banana, a pear= Some fruit

A dollar

Some money

some/any

Siobhan has some money Yann doesn’t have any money

We usually use some in positive sentences, and any in negative sentences and questions.

John: I have some friends in Chicago

Ian: Really, do you have any friends in Chicago, Sean?
Sean: I haven’t got any friends, anywhere.

It is different when we offer something:

 Would you like some tea?

20 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 16
much/many/a lot

A lot of luggage / a lot of bags

Not much luggage / not many bags

We use much with uncountable nouns, in negative sentences and questions

 How much money have you got?

 I don’t have much time

We use many with plural nouns

 Did you see many people?

 I don’t have many CDs
 I’ve been to many countries

A lot of can be used everywhere!

 I have a lot of money

 I don’t have a lot of friends
 Do you have a lot of furniture?
 I’ve got a lot of ideas

21 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 17
can/could

Can is used to express ability:

 I can play the guitar

 Joan can swim very well
 Ivan hasn’t got a car because he can’t drive
 Can you cook?

We also use can for permission (giving and asking for)

 Can I sit here? Yes, you can

 It’s OK, you can go home now

When asking for things, it’s more polite to use could:

 Could you open the window?

 Could you give me your name, please?

Could is also the past of can. We use it to talk about things we were
able to do before:

 I could skate very well when I was young

 Jane could walk before she was one year old

When talking about ability, we can also use be able to. Can is a modal verb, and has no

future form.

✔ Next year, I will be able to buy my first apartment

22 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 18
must/have to
Obligation
We use must when we believe something is necessary:

 It’s a great book, you must read it

 I must call my parents tonight
 You must come over for dinner

We use have to when we are obliged to do something, even if we don’t

want to do it.

 I have to get up early for work tomorrow

 I have to complete my tax return before Friday
 Do I have to?

Prohibition

When something is not permitted, we use mustn’t:

 You mustn’t smoke here, it’s forbidden

 It’s a secret, you mustn’t tell anyone

Don’t have to
Don’t have to is not the same as mustn’t

23 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 19
big/small/beautiful
Adjectives

In English, the adjective is before the noun:

 An interesting book
 A difficult project
 He’s got blue eyes and brown hair
 I just love Indian food
 This lovely red dress is not expensive

Adjectives always remain the same, they do not change according to

the subject:

o A tall woman
o A tall man
o Some tall people

Here are some of the most common adjectives:

Active Exciting Left Slow

Alive Expensive Little Small
Angry Fair Lonely Special
Awful Famous Long Strange
Bad Fantastic Loud Strong
Beautiful Far Lovely Stupid
Big Fast Lucky Sweet
Black Fat Nasty Tall
Blond Fit Near Terrible
Blue Free Neat Thick
Bored Friendly New Thirsty
Boring Funny Nice Tiny
Brown Golden Noisy Tired
Busy Good Nosy Tiring
Careful Great Old Unfair
Cheap Green Open Unfriendly
Clean Grey Orange Unhappy
Clever Happy Polite Warm
Cold Hard Poor Weak
Dangerous High Pretty Wet
Dark Hungry Quick White
Dead Ill Quiet Wild
Deep Intelligent Ready Wrong
Difficult Interested Red Yellow
Dirty Interesting Right Young
Easy International Rough
Empty Jealous Rude
Exact Late Short

24 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 20
big/bigger/biggest
comparatives and superlatives

Bigger than/ Smaller than

 Box A is bigger than box B and box C

 Box B is smaller than box A, but bigger than box C
 Box C is smaller than box A and B

The biggest/The smallest

 Box A is the biggest. = it’s bigger than all the others.

 Box C is the smallest. =it’s smaller than all the others.

With small adjectives, we add –er to make comparatives:

 small – smaller
 large – larger
 quick – quicker
 slow – slower

We add a consonant to some adjectives that have one consonant at the end:

 big – bigger
 thin – thinner
 fat – fatter

Adjectives that end in –y change to i:

 funny – funnier
 happy – happier
 easy – easier

Long adjectives are different. We cannot add –er, instead we use more before the adjective:

 A Ferrari is more expensive than a BMW

 Korean films are more interesting than American ones
 Paris is more beautiful than London
Superlatives
Small adjectives take the +-est to make superlatives:

 The tallest mountain in the world is Everest.

 The longest river in the world is the Amazon.
 The richest man in the world was Bill Gates.

We put the most before long adjectives:

 The most beautiful woman in the world is probably Monica Bellucci.

 The most difficult thing about English is the pronunciation.
 The most expensive city in the world is Tokyo.

There are three exceptions:

good  better  the best The weather is better today than it was yesterday.
bad  worse  the worst After the war, the situation became worse than before.
far  further  the furthest Sydney is further than Kuala Lumpur.

25 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 21
you should

You should stop

smoking

We use should when something is a good idea; it is a good thing to do.

To be polite, you can say, I think you should…

 I think you shouldn’t eat so much.

 I think you should talk to her about it.
 I think you should reconsider our offer.
 I don’t think he should attend the conference.

Ought to

Ought to is the same as should, but generally used only in positive sentences:

 I think you ought to eat less.

 Perhaps you ought to talk to her about it.
 You ought to think about reconsidering.

Expectation and probability

We can also use should and ought to to talk about something we

expect will happen, or something that is likely to happen:

 Where’s Giovanni? He should be here by now.

 My train is late, but I should arrive around 10pmg.
 I’ve studied hard, so I ought to pass the exam.

26 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 22
I/me/my/mine

She told her the whole story.

Subject Object
I I like Jane Me Jane likes me
You You like Jane You Jane likes you
He He likes Jane Him Jane likes him
She She likes Jane Her Jane likes her
It It's fantastic It Jane loves it
We We like Jane Us Jane likes us
They They like Jane Them Jane likes them

• Those are nice trousers. I like them very much.

• I don’t need this bag. You can have it.
• Answer the phone, it can’t be for me.
• We’re going to the beach, do you want to come with us?

Possession

This is my girlfriend. She’s mine!

I’m her boyfriend. I’m hers!

I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
We Us Our Ours
They Them Their Theirs

• This is my book. It’s mine!

• Our car didn’t start, so I took yours
• No, that’s not our luggage, ours is over there
• Their dog is bigger than his
• Her bag is more expensive than mine

27 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 23
questions
People who?

Who switched off the television? – I did, the film was boring.

Who did you see at the party? – I saw lots of interesting people.

Who are going with? – I’m going with Johan.

Things what?
What’s that? – It’s my new computer.

What are you doing tonight? – I’m playing tennis.

What did you do last night? – I played tennis.

Places where?
Where did you go on holiday? – We went to St.Jean de Luz.

Where is Iain? – He’s at home in bed.

Time when?
When did you last go on holiday? – In 1999.

When is your birthday? – On the eleventh of June

Reason why?
Why did you do that? – Because it was fun.

Why do you like American films? Because they have a lot of action.

Why is London so expensive? Because everyone wants to live there.

Way, Manner of doing something How?

How do you turn on this computer? – There’s a red button, press it.

How can I get to Manchester from here? – Take a train from Kings Cross Station

28 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 24
how much/many

We use how + adjective to ask some questions:

• How old are you? – I’m 18 years old

• How tall are you? – I’m 1 metre 75
• How big is the box? – It’s pretty big!

We use much and many to ask about quantities:

• How much does it cost? - about ten pounds

• How much coffee do we have left? - not much, we'd better buy some more.
• How many people came to your presentation? - A lot, more than I expected.

Note that we usually use the ‘superior’ word to ask questions:

Noun Adjectives Question

Age old/young How old?
Weight heavy/light How heavy?
Quantity much/a little How much?
Quantity many/a few How many?
Length Long/short How long?
Time long/short How long?
Distance far/near How far?
Height high/low How high?
Height tall/short How tall?
Width wide/narrow How wide?
Depth deep/shallow How deep?
Size big/small How big?

29 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 25
on Friday/in June
Time prepositions

On In At
January
The morning The weekend
Monday, Tuesday
The afternoon Night
The weekend
The evening 10 O’clock
The first
The week
The second
Spring

• I’ve got an appointment on Friday at 3 O’clock

• I always feel sleepy in the afternoon
• In the summer there are too many people on the beach
• I always watch the news in the evening
• I was born on the eighteenth of April

30 www.anglais-facile.com
 Unit 26
What would you do?
There are three types of conditionals

Conditional 1

If you send the letter today, he will receive it tomorrow

if + present, + will

This situation is probable, we expect it to happen as we say

Conditional 2

If you won the lottery, what would you do?

– I’d (=I would) buy a Ferrari!

If + past, + would

This situation is not very probable, it is a

hypothetical situation.

We use the verb for the condition (the part with ‘if’) in the past:

If you went to America…

If he didn’t come…
If you could see her …

And the result is ‘would’ + infinitive verb:

… would you find a job?

… would he get into trouble?
… what would you say?

We can suggest things or give advice to someone by saying:

If I were you, I would…

Conditional 3

We can use conditionals in the past to show that it was possible for something to
happen, but didn’t.
Perhaps we regret that it didn’t happen!

- You didn’t win the lottery?

- No.
- What would you have done if you had won the lottery?
- If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a Ferrari!

Condition result_________________

If + had + past participle would have + past participle

If you had seen him would you have spoken to him?

If I had known I wouldn’t have come.

If I had been there I would have told her.

31 www.anglais-facile.com