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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

We come across theft, terrorist attacks on public transportation systems & fraud by
Passengers or conductors by reusing the old tickets. Sometimes there is problem for the
passenger if he does not have the exact change to purchase a ticket; this trivial issue
sometimes leads to big fights between conductor & passengers. Also we know it becomes
difficult for investigating agencies to track the cases in case of accidents or terrorist attacks
with the existing system.
We are proposing a Centralized bus control system where a passenger needs to fill up the
details and purchase a unique ID bus pass card having unique number. Thus the bus
centralized control cell has the passenger’s details in their database. While collecting details
the centralised Cell needs to collect the passenger’s photo, mobile number, ID proof &
address proofs as well. Also this issued card should be valid for only certain time.

In our case we are proposing the validity period for 1 year. After Expiry of the card,
passenger needs to get the card renewed again in the Centralised cell by paying the prescribed
fee. While preparing the data of the passenger, we can use Aadhar number (Unique ID issued
by Govt of India ) so that unique identity of the Passenger is maintained & hence monitoring
& maintenance becomes more easy. Every time Passenger needs to get that card recharged in
the bus stop (Centralized Cell outlets) or in the bus itself by a conductor. With this proposed
system existing old system such as the paper ticket can be removed with an e-ticket. Here E-
ticket is sent to passenger’s mobile number with his journey & amount deduction details in
the message. As the E-ticket will have the timestamp & bus number & journey details, it
cannot be reused & it will be passenger specific. There is an issue of exact change to be given
to the passenger when he buys a ticket. When the conductor/ passenger do not have the exact
change, then it will be problem which sometimes results in fight between them.

Thus by using proposed system by conductor, a RFID reader automatically reads the
unique tag number & Processor processes the transaction & deducts the amount from the
passengers tag (card). A SMS message which we call here as E-ticket is triggered to the
customer/ Passenger stating that certain amount for his journey has been deducted from his
tag no. This SMS again will be used by a passenger as an E-ticket for that journey as the

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message will have timestamp hence valid for that specific journey only & hence no issue of
reuse of it thus preventing the fraud by the passenger. Thus the proposed system will not only
help Indian transport systems such as KSRTC BMTC etc. in preventing fraud but also helps
in maintaining the database & helps Security agencies. KSRTC or BMTC can encourage the
people for using public transportation system by introducing various lucky draw offers by
points system for their journey. Passengers can redeem their accumulated points against their
card no for attractive offers or prizes. If the passengers are regularly using the public
transport system, to encourage them discounts should be offered. To encourage people
occasionally offers need to be given so that they can prefer public transport system over their
own vehicles.

The very need for digitalizing the fares to be error free and easy access to the public transport
system, is achieved using RFID for access into the public transport, where the user has to top
up the card for using it similar to a SIM and when entering the transport system it would
check for the availability of funds in the card, if available it would provide access to the
service, if not it would indicate the same through a red LED and if the user has to leave the
public transport at desired station, the user has to tap the card at the exit., in this manner it
would detect the exact fare for his/her journey.

There being a large scope once digitalized one of the other application which could be
implemented is, when there are children below the age of 16 who would be using their
discount card to travel to and from there school/ college their parents or guardians could
subscribe for a service where in which to let them know when and where their children are. In
this manner there is an opportunity to expand and develop using this system.

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1.1 Existing System

In traditional paper based ticketing, everyday tickets are being printed and sealed with the
date manually by the bus conductor travelling in the bus. After finish travelling, the
passengers usually throw away the used paper made tickets here & there which ultimately
pollutes the environment. Trees are being cut as to make papers and the current system uses
the paper based ticketing.

We come across theft, terrorist attacks on public transportation systems & fraud by
Passengers or conductors by reusing the old tickets. Sometimes there is problem for the
passenger if he does not have the exact change to purchase a ticket; this trivial issue
sometimes leads to big fights between conductor & passengers. Also we know it becomes
difficult for investigating agencies to track the cases in case of accidents or terrorist attacks
with the existing system.

1.2 Proposed System

Our proposed system uses the RFID tagged card carried out by the passengers and does
everything automatically and eventually reduces the complexities faced by the commuters.
Some benefits of RFID based ticketing framework over conventional system (both paper
based tickets & magnetic tickets)

Public transport system using wifi and RFID is designed for user friendly applications and
also LCD is interfaced in order to display the messages, IR sensor are used to identify
whether the passengers is carrying the card or not. Here the RFID is used for ticketing
purpose, Wifi and GPS is used for mobile data transmission and tracking location.

Each unit is use to scan the entry and exit instances of the passengers who will be carrying an
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag that will be scanned by RFID. Each unit has a
GPS module which will repeatedly update the bus location at specific short intervals which
will be helpful in capturing passenger's location at both the instances. The system will
calculate the fare for the distance travelled and reduce the fare amount from the passenger’s.
The system is also capable of tracking live bus location, so that the user can plan the trip as
per that. As all the transactions are recorded in the database they are analyzed for planning
the bus schedules and analyzing the frequency of buses needed on a route.

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1.3 Advantages

• It is an efficient, convenient and highly reliable system which is capable of automated ticket
booking, live bus tracking and strategic planning and management.

• The traditional paper-based tickets can be replaced by the RFID system as they are reusable
and provide higher accuracy and hence they are much better.

• This replaces the existing paper-based bus ticketing system and also prevents
corruption/unaccounted money.

• RFID tags are being used as tickets which are reusable and deducted the fare based on the
distance travelled using GPS system by the user.

• This system minimizes human errors and effort.

• It will eventually make passenger journey peaceful, saving paper through digitalization and
save the effort and time for planning.

1.4 Objectives

 To design a system using RFID GPS message to travelling in BMTC BUS.

 Deduct the amount from their smart card according to the how much kilometer they travel.

 Message sending to the mobile after completion of the journey.

 Seat availability check facility.

 Crowd Management in Buses.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
1. RFID Based Bus Ticket Generation System
Authors : Aman Kaushik; Nitin Jain
Published on : September 2021
Abstract: here is a great deal of confusion among the passengers regarding fares which lead
to corruption. Issues of authorizing the passenger with a current ticket and lose money
requirement for small travel fare from both customer as well as person doing public transport
ticket generation. Proposed ticketing system is used to authorize the passenger travelling and
solve the security as well as general issues related to carrying cash with users as using this
proposed system passengers do not have to carry money with them

2. Automated Toll Collection System Based on RFID Sensor

Authors : Sabbir Ahmed, Tamkin Mahmud Tan, Anna Mary Mondol, Zawad Alam, Noshin
Nawal, Jia Uddin
Published on : July 2019
Abstract: Highways or Toll Roads are provided to enhance the traffic.The problem starts
when here is long queue. This queue occurs because the arriving rate of vehicles to toll gates
is much higher than the servicing rate The proposed system can be used to develop a
completely digital and smart toll collection system. Which will save time and eliminate
corruption in toll plaza

3. Model for Crowd Distribution in Public Transport Buses

Authors : Ved Prakash Mishra, Amna Rafi Chaudhry, Kajal Shah
Published on : May 2019
Abstract: Since public bus services are used globally they provide an opportunity for
economical and user friendly transport but from a user perspective there might be difficulties
in smooth navigation and travelling. This can be attributed to the numerous bus routes and
waiting time involved. In this manuscript is analysis is done on the survey from the daily
commuters by public transport i.e. bus and it was found that commuters have faced the
problem due to the crowd on prime time. Review of past research is also done and on the

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basis of that a model is proposed through which this issue could be resolved in efficient
manner

4. IoT based Crowd Detection System in City Buses

Authors : Pankaj Mudholkar ,Megha Mudholkar
Published on : July 2021
Abstract: During peak hours BEST buses are overcrowded, above capacity and mad
scrambles are common where once there were queues. Passengers often hang on to open
doors, fights over seats are frequent. The proposed system provides the data about the bus, its
crowd and will help the passenger waiting on the bus stop to take a decision of either to board
or not to board the bus

5. Crowd Analysis and Automatic Detection and Tracking of Human.

Authors: Nikitha Shetty, Nagesh U.B, Melody Naorem, Shetty Rachana, Navya Poojary
Publioshed on: September 2019
Abstract: Crowd Management in case of public transports has been of concern, it is usually
noticed that some of the buses are overcrowded and at the same time some of them are half-
empty although they are heading towards the same destination at the same time. The problem
gets even worse if the bus is late. The developed system works as expected and interacts with
all the components properly. Our system has been tested in real-life situations and it predicts
the output accurately

6. Automated Bus Ticketing System Using RFID

Authors:P.Telluri,Manam,S.,andJayasree
Published on:July 2020
Abstract: The passenger needs to keep his ticket along with him till the end of travel, the
conductor should ensure that everyone has got the ticket, the time taken for ticketing is
comparatively more and more amount of paper needed to print the Ticket. This replaces the
existing paper-based bus ticketing system and also prevents corruption/unaccounted money.
RFID tags are being used as tickets which are reusable and deducted the fare based on the
distance travelled using GPS system by the user. This system minimizes human errors and
effort.

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CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

System requirements are a broad and also narrow subject that could be implemented to
many items. It specifies the hardware and software requirement that are in order to run the
system properly. Often manufacturers of games will provide the consumer with a set of
requirements that are different from those that are needed to run a software. These
requirements are usually called the recommended requirements. These requirements are
almost always of a significantly higher level than the minimum requirements, and represent
the ideal situation in which to run the software.

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. Arduino UNO

2. LCD

3. IR Sensors

4. RFID Reader

5. RFID Tag

6. Node MCU (ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module)

7. Motor Driver

8. Power Supply

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. Arduino IDE

2. Embedded C

3. Telegram

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3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

ARDUINO UNO MICROCONTROLLER:

Figure 3.1.1 shows the Arduino Microcontroller.

The Arduino is an open- source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. [2][3] The board is equipped with sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards
(shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM
output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. [4] It can be powered by the USB cable
or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release of
Arduino Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it and
version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have now
evolved to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes preprogrammed with a boot
loader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer.

Features:
 ATMega328P Processor

 Memory

o AVR CPU at up to 16 MHz

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o 32KB Flash

o 2KB SRAM

o 1KB EEPROM

 Security
o Power On Reset (POR)

o Brown Out Detection (BOD)

 Peripherals
o 2x 8-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register and compare channel.

o 1x 16-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register, input capture and compare
channels

o 1x USART with fractional baud rate generator and start-of-frame detection

o 1x controller/peripheral Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

o 1x Dual mode controller/peripheral I2C

o 1x Analog Comparator (AC) with a scalable reference input

o Watchdog Timer with separate on-chip oscillator

o Six PWM channels

o Interrupt and wake-up on pin change

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Figure 3.1.2. Specification Board Specifications are shown

o ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the ATmel family. The
processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash),
Analog to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and internal
interrupts.
o ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program using the
firmware of the Arduino board.
o Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When the
power is OFF, the LED will not light up.

o Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins numbered from
D0 to D13 are digital pins.

o TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these
LED's.

o AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a reference voltage to

the Arduino UNO board from the external power supply.

o Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.

o USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming
of the Arduino UNO board.

o Crystal Oscillator- The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the

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Arduino UNO a powerful board.

o Voltage Regulator- The voltage regulator converts the input voltage to 5V.

o GND- Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.

o Vin- It is the input voltage.

o Analog Pins- The pins numbered from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The function of Analog
pins is to read the analog sensor used in the connection. It can also act as GPIO (General
Purpose Input Output) pins.

Communication:

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX)and 1 (TX). An ATmega328 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent
to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows serial communication on
any of the Uno's digital pins.

LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

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Figure 3.1.3 shows a LCD display.

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile
phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-
segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module
are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for
displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.

 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the
supply pin of the power source.

 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.

 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register, used
to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 =
command mode).

 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write
Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).

 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and
it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.

 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In4- wire mode, only four
pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are
connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.

 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V

 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND

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Features of LCD16x2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.

 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight

 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box

 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers

 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit

 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight

 It displays a few custom generated characters

Registers of LCD
A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register. The RS (register
select) is mainly used to change from one register to another. When the register set is ‗0‘,
then it is known as command register. Similarly, when the register set is ‗1‘, then it is known
as data register.

Command Register
The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of command which are
given to the display. So that predefined tasks can be performed such as clearing the display,
initializing, set the cursor place, and display control. Here commands processing can occur
within the register.

Data Register
The main function of the data register is to store the information which is to be exhibited on
the LCD screen. Here, the ASCII value of the character is the information which is to be
exhibited on the screen of LCD. Whenever we send the information to LCD, it transmits to
the data register, and then the process will be starting there. When register set =1, then the
data register will be selected.

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IR SENSOR:
Figure 3.1.4 shows a IR sensor.

IR technology is used in daily life and also in industries for different purposes. For example,
TVs use an IR sensor to understand the signals which are transmitted from a remote control.
The main benefits of IR sensors are low power usage, their simple design & their convenient
features. IR signals are not noticeable by the human eye. The IR radiation in the
electromagnetic spectrum can be found in the regions of the visible & microwave. Usually,
the wavelengths of these waves range from 0.7 µm 5 to 1000µm. The IR spectrum can be
divided into three regions like near- infrared, mid, and far- infrared. The near IR region‘s
wavelength ranges from 0.75 – 3µm, the mid- infrared region‘s wavelength ranges from 3 to
6µm & the far IR region‘s infrared radiation‘s wavelength is higher than 6µm.

An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspectsof the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
These types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called a
passive IR sensor. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation.

These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by an infrared
sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR
LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will change
in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

Working Principle
The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor. This

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sensor includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be formed as
a photo-coupler otherwise opto coupler. The physics laws used in this sensor are planks
radiation, Stephan Boltzmann & weins displacement.

IR LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR radiations. This LED looks similar to a
standard LED and the radiation which is generated by this is not visible to the human eye.
Infrared receivers mainly detect the radiation using an infrared transmitter. These infrared
receivers are available in photodiodes form.

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IR Photodiodes are dissimilar as compared with usual photodiodes because they detect
simply IR radiation. Different kinds of infrared receivers mainly exist depending on the
voltage, wavelength, package, etc.

Once it is used as the combination of an IR transmitter & receiver, then the receiver‘s
wavelength must equal the transmitter. Here, the transmitter is IR LED whereas the receiver is
IR photodiode. The infrared photodiode is responsive to the infrared light that is generated
through an infrared LED. The resistance of photo- diode & the change in output voltage is
in proportion to the infrared light obtained. This is the IR sensor‘s fundamental working
principle.

Once the infrared transmitter generates emission, then it arrives at the object & some of the
emission will reflect back toward the infrared receiver. The sensor output can be decided
by the IR receiver depending on the intensity of the response.

RFID READER:
RFID Reader Modules are an unfinished unit needing memory, a power supply, an antenna, a
processor and a case. The characteristics are type, frequency, interface, and package/case.

Radio frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless identification technology that uses

radio waves to identify the presence of RFID tags. Just like Bar code reader, RFID
technology is used for identification of people, object etc. presence. In barcode technology, we
need to optically scan the barcode by keeping it in front of reader, whereas in RFID
technology we just need to bring RFID tags in range of readers. Also, barcodes can get
damaged or unreadable, which is not in

the case for most of the RFID. presence of RFID tags. Just like Bar code reader, RFID
technology is used for identification of people, object etc. presence. In barcode technology,
we need to optically scan the barcode by keeping it in front of reader, whereas in RFID
technology we just need to bring RFID tags in range of readers. Also, barcodes can get
damaged or unreadable, which is not in the case for most of the RFID. RFID is used in
many applications like attendance system in which every person will have their separate
RFID tag which will help identify person and their attendance. RFID is used in many
companies to provide access to their authorized employees. It is also helpful to keep track of

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goods and in automated toll collection system on highway by embedding Tag (having
unique ID) on them.

Figure 3.1.5 shows the RFID reader.

RFID Reader Description:

RFID Reader Module, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves retuned
from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of
it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to
communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and
widely used and supported by our reader is 125 kHz. RFIDreaders or receivers are
composed of a radio frequency module, a control unit and an antenna to interrogate
electronic tags via radio frequency (RF) communication. The reader powers an antenna to
generate an RF field. When a tag passes through the field, the information stored on the
chip in the tag is interpreted by reader and send to the server, which, in turn,
communicates with the data base system when RFID system is interfaced with it. RFID
exit gate sensors (Readers) at exits are basically two types. One type reads the information
on the tag(s) going by and communicates that information to a server.

An RFID reader typically contains a module (transmitter and receiver), a control unit and a
coupling element (antenna). The reader as three main functions: energizing, demodulating
and decoding. In addition, readers can be fitted with an additional interface that converts
the radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can then be passed onto
another system, like a computer or any programmable logic controller. Anti-collision
algorithms permit the simultaneous reading of large numbers of tagged objects, while
ensuring that each tag is read only once.

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RFID Module Implementation:

The heart of the system is the RFID tag. This tag is equipped with a programmable chip
and an antenna. Each paper –thin tag contains an engraved antenna and a microchip with a
capacity of at least 64bits, which contains the information about the book like name of the
book etc. RFID is a combination of radio-frequency- based technology and microchip
technology.

RF (radio frequency) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used to transmit signals.

An RFID system consists of an antenna and a transceiver, which read the radio frequency
and transfers the information to a processing device (reader) and a transponder, or RF tag,
which contains the RF circuitry and information to be transmitted. The antenna provides
the means for the integrated circuit to transmit its information to the reader that converts
the radio waves reflected back from the RFID tag into digital information that can then be
passed on to computers that can analyze the data. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned
to the same frequency in order to communicate effectively. RFID systems typically use one
of the following frequency ranges: low frequency (or LF, around125 KHz), high frequency
(or HF, around 13.56 MHz), ultra-high frequency (or UHF, around 868 and 928MHz), or
microwave (around 2.45 and 5.8 GHz).

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in a variety of ways including automatic

identification and data capture (AIDC) solutions. We pride ourselves in providing
customers with inexpensive RFID solutions that integrate well with other systems. The
reader has been designed as a plug & plays Module and can be plugged on a standard 300
MIL-28 Pin IC socket form factor.

Functions:

 Supports reading of 64-bit Manchester encoded cards

 Pins for external antenna connection

 Serial interface (TTL)

 Customer application on request

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RFID Features:

Frequency 125 KHz

Reading distance 6cm

Interface UART

Antenna Built in / External

Supply Voltage 5V

Operating Temperature -10°C to +50°C

Tag Types Unique, TK 5530

Output Format ASCII, Wiegand 26

RFID TAG
The basic function of an RFID tag is to store data and transmit data to the interrogator. At
its most basic, a tag consists of an electronics chip and an antenna encapsulated in a
package to form a usable.

RFID
TA

0010468883 159, 48659

Figure 3.1.6 RFID Tag

Generally, the chip contains memory where data may be stored and read from and
sometimes written, too, in addition to other important circuitry. Some tags also contain
batteries, and this is what differentiates active tags from passive tags. In our project we use
passive tag. The tag components are shown in Figure 3.2.7.

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Figure 3.1.7 RFID Tag components

TYPES OF TAGS

Passive tags

 Also called ‗pure passive‘, ‗reflective‘ or ‗beam powered‘

 obtains operating power from the reader

 the reader sends electromagnetic waves that induce current in the tag‘s antenna, the tag
reflects the RF signal transmitted and adds information by modulating the reflected
signal

Active tags

 powered by an internal battery, used to run the microchip‘s circuitry and to broadcast a
signal to the reader

 Generally, ensures a longer read range than passive tags

 More expensive than passive tags (especial because usually are read/write)

 The batteries must be replaced periodically

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Semi-passive tags

 Semi passive tags have three main advantages

 Greater sensitivity than passive tags.

 Better battery life than active tags.

 Can perform active functions (such as temperature logging) under its own power, even
when no reader is present.

ESP8266 WI-FI MODULE

Figure 3.1.8 ESP8266 Wi-Fi module

Figure 3.2.8 shows a Node MCU which is an open-source Lua based firm ware and
development board specially targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs
on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espress if Systems, and hardware which is based on the
ESP-12 module. 33 connection pads — 8 pads along each side and one large
thermal/ground pad in the center. The Node MCU ESP8266 development board comes
with the ESP-12E module containing the ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit
LX106 RISC microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at
80MHz to 160 MHz adjustable clock frequency. Node MCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB
of Flash memory to store data and programs. Its high processing power with in- built Wi-
Fi / Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IoT projects. Node
MCU can be powered using a Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply Pin).

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NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V

 Input Voltage: 7-12V

 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1

 UARTs: 1

 SPIs: 1

 I2Cs: 1

 Flash Memory: 4 MB

 SRAM: 64 KB

 Clock Speed: 80 MHz

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3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

ARDUINO IDE:

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and

software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.

Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro- controller
into a more accessible package.

A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language for a compiler that
produces binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development
environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE),
which is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It
originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor
with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click
mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy
of operation menus.

A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension. ino. Arduino Software (IDE)
saved sketches with the extension. pde.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the
GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. A minimal Arduino C/C++
sketch, as seen by the Arduino IDE programmer, consist of only two functions as shown in
Figure 3.3.1

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 setup (): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It
is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries
needed in the sketch.
 loop (): After setup () has been called, function loop () is executed repeatedly.

Figure 3.2.1 Arduino IDE

EMBEDDED C:

Embedded C is one of the most popular and most commonly used Programming
Languages in the development of Embedded Systems. Embedded C is perhaps the most
popular languages among Embedded Programmers for programming Embedded Systems.
There are many popular programming languages like Assembly, BASIC, C++ etc. that are
often used for developing embedded Systems but Embedded C remains popular due to its
efficiency, less development time and portability.

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Programming Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems consists of both Hardware and Software. If we consider a simple

Embedded System, the main Hardware Module is the Processor. The Processor is the heart
of the Embedded System and it can be anything like a Microprocessor, Microcontroller,
DSP, CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and FPGA (Field Programmable
Gated Array).

All these devices have one thing in common: they are programmable i.e. we can write a
program (which is the software part of the Embedded System) to define how the device
actually works.

Embedded Software or Program allow Hardware to monitor external events (Inputs) and
control external devices (Outputs) accordingly. During this process, theprogram for an
Embedded System may have to directly manipulate the internal architecture of the
Embedded Hardware (usually the processor) such as Timers, Serial Communications
Interface, Interrupt Handling, and I/O Ports etc. From the above statement, it is clear that the
Software part of an Embedded System is equally important to the Hardware part. There is
no point in having advanced Hardware Components with poorly written programs
(Software).There are many programming languages that are used for Embedded Systems
like Assembly (low- level Programming Language), C, C++, JAVA (high-level
programming languages), Visual Basic, JAVA Script (Application level Programming
Languages), etc. In the process of making a better embedded system, the programming of
the system plays a vital role and hence, the selection of the Programming Language is very
important.

Introduction to Embedded C Programming Language

Before going in to the details of Embedded C Programming Language and basics of

Embedded C Program, we will first talk about the C Programming Language. The C
Programming Language, developed by Dennis Ritchie in the late 60‘s and early 70‘s, is the
most popular and widely used programming language. The C Programming Language
provided low level memory access using an uncomplicated compiler (a software that
converts programs to machine code) and achieved efficient mapping to machine
instructions. The C Programming Language became so popular that it is used in a wide

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range of applications ranging from Embedded Systems to Super Computers.

Embedded C Programming Language, which is widely used in the development of

Embedded Systems, is an extension of C Program Language. The Embedded C
Programming Language uses the same syntax and semantics of the C Programming
Language like main function, declaration of datatypes, defining variables, loops, functions,
statements, etc. The extension in Embedded C from standard C Programming include I/O
Hardware Addressing, fixed point arithmetic operations, accessing address spaces, etc.

Difference between C and Embedded C

There is actually not much difference between C and Embedded C apart from few
extensions and the operating environment. Both C and Embedded C are ISO Standards that
have almost same syntax, datatypes, functions, etc. Embedded C is basically an extension
to the Standard C Programming Language with additional features like Addressing I/O,
multiple memory addressing and fixed- point arithmetic, etc. C Programming Language is
generally used for developing desktop applications whereas Embedded C is used in the
development of Microcontroller based applications.

TELEGRAM :
Telegram is a freemium, cross-platform, cloud-based instant messaging (IM) service. The
service also provides end-to-end encrypted video calling,[10] VoIP, file sharing and several
other features. It was launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android on 20 October 2013.
The servers of Telegram are distributed worldwide with five data centers in different
regions, while the operational center is based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[11][12][13][14]
Various client apps are available for desktop and mobile platforms including official apps
for Android, iOS, Windows, macOS and Linux (although registration requires an iOS or
Android device and a working phone number).[15][16][17] There are also two official
Telegram web twin apps, WebK and WebZ,[18] and numerous unofficial clients that make
use of Telegram's protocol. All of Telegram's official components are open source,[19] with
the exception of the server which is closed-sourced and proprietary.[8]

Telegram provides optional end-to-end encrypted chats. Cloud chats and groups are
encrypted between the app and the server, so that ISPs and other third-parties on the

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network can't access data, but the Telegram server can. Users can send text and voice
messages, make voice and video calls, and share an unlimited number of images,
documents (2 GB per file), user locations, animated stickers, contacts, and audio files.

Figure 3.3.2 Telegram

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CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

System design is the process of the defining the architecture, components, modules,
interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements.

Systems design could be seen as the application of systems theory to product development.
Object- oriented analysis and methods are becoming the most widely used methods for
computer systems design. Systems design is therefore the process of defining and
developing systems to satisfy specified requirements of the user. The UML has become the
standard language in object-oriented analysis and design.

4.1.1 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

System architecture as shown in Figure 4.1.1 is a conceptual model that defines the
structure and behavior of the system. It comprises of the system components and the
relationship describing how they work together to implement the overall system.

Figure 4.1.1 Architectural Design

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4.1.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

A dataflow diagram as shown below in Figure 4.1.2 is a graphical representation of the

"flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects.A DFD is
often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system without going into
great detail, which can later be elaborated. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of
data processing. A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from
the system, how the data will advancethrough the system, and where the data will be
stored.

Figure 4.1.2 Data Flow Diagram

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4.1.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram as given below in Figure 4.1.3 shows object interactions arranged in
time sequence. It depicts the objects and classes involved in thescenario and the sequence
of messages exchanged between the objects needed to carry out the functionality of the
scenario. Sequence diagrams are typically associated with use case realizations in the
Logical View of the system under development.

Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams or event scenarios. A sequence
diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines (lifelines), different processes or objects that live
simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the
order in which they occur. This allows the specification of simple runtime scenarios in a
graphical manner.

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Figure 4.1.3 Sequence Diagram

4.1.4 USE CASE DIAGRAM

A use case diagram as indicated below in Figure 4.1.4 at its simplest is a representation of
a user's interaction with the system that shows the relationship between the user and the
different use cases in which the user is involved. A use case diagram can identify the
different types of users of a system and the different use cases and will often be
accompanied by other types of diagrams aswell. While a use case itself might drill into a
lot of detail about every possibility, a use case diagram can help provide a higher-level
view of the system. It has been said before that "Use case diagrams are the blueprints for
your system". They provide the simplified and graphical representation of what the system
must actually do.

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Figure 4.1.4 Use Case Diagram

4.1.5 CLASS DIAGRAM

The class diagram as shown below in Figure 4.1.5 is the main building block of object-
oriented modeling. It is used for general conceptual modeling of the structure of the
application, and for detailed modeling translating the models into programming code.
Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling.

Figure 4.1.5 Class Diagram

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4.1.6 FLOWCHART

The flowchart diagram as shown below in Figure 4.1.6 is the flow sequence of each step of
the automated bus control system. It shows about incase of a accident occurs in the bus.

Figure 4.1.6 Flowchart Diagram

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4.2 IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 4.2 Block Diagram

In these present days, as the man is very busy trying to compete with the challenging
world, he does not prefer to waste his valuable time in doing regular things routinely. In
bus stations, persons have to monitor in all timings to issue the tickets for buses or general
bus tickets. And passengers also have to wait for long time even for this metro buses and
reservation tickets.

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The person can book the tickets even by online services, but sometimes the network
connections may be down or the services may not be updated very often. To avoid this risk
and reduce the manpower, we are developing this low cost metro bus ticketing system
using smart card and GPS. In this project, each user contains one smart card which has
some amount of money which is used for bus tickets and to reserve tickets.

When the user goes on bus he just insert the card into smart card reader and using GPS the
fares will be deducted i.e., GPS receiver gives values and using that values u can
calculate how much distance you travelled. Depending on the distance the fares will be
deducted from your card. If the amount is insufficient in the card, the system does not issue
the ticket. Once the amount is over, the user has to recharge the same smartcard from bus
departments. When the card runs out of balance, the system alerts the buzzer indicating no
balance in the card.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a

network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was
originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the
system available for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the
world, 24 hours a day. We are checking the Passengers count and safety of each person,
managing the crowd by using IR sensors to avoid the spreading of the corona virus from
one person to other persons.

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This project greatly helps in reducing man power, saves time and is more efficient way for
handling the ticketing system. This project is helpful in managing the crowd in the bus by
telling us the number of seats available and the number of seats available in the bus. The
card when swiped sends a message at the start and end of the ride here we have used
Telegram as a way to send these messages. Then the amount is deducted from their smart
card. Another implementation is when an accident occurs the GPS provision in the system
helps to send the live location to the passenger‘s mobile as well as to the nearest hospital
for further medical assistance. The following figures depict the various possibilities. Figure
5.1.1 shows the image of the LED asking to scan the card and the image of the name and
ID of the card holder after smart card is being scanned.

Here we use two switches for the start and end of the journey where time is being
calculated between the switch on and off and this is in turn being converted into distance
by using the formula.

distance= speed*time

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1. System is powered on

Figure 5.1 System is powered on

The above figure 5.1 shows the system powering on when the power supply is given to the
bus control system.

2. Start of the journey

Figure 5.2 Initiation

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The above figure 5.2 shows the initiation process, where the bus starts working and is
ready to receive the passengers.

3.Case when seats are filled

Figure 5.3 Message displayed when seats are filled

This figure shows the message when seats are filled.

4. Case when seats are available

Figure 5.10 Message displayed when seats are availiable.

This figure shows the message when seats are availiable.

1. Next step if there is no bus

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Figure 5.11 Message displayed showing the next step when seats are filled.
This figure shows the next step to be taken when seats are filled
5. Swiping the card

Figure 5.3 Action to swipe the card

The above figure 5.3 shows the automated smart bus system asking the user to swipe the
card.

6. Valid card

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Figure 5.7 Message displayed when card has balance

1. Insufficient Balance

Figure 5.8 Message displayed when card doesn’t have balance

This figure shows the message when card doesn’t have balance

7. This figure shows the message when card has

balanceDetails of the passenger

Figure 5.5 Starting of the journey

The above figure 5.4 shows the lcd screen displaying the details of the user. It tells them
that the ride is started.

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8. Calculation of distance and speed

Figure 5.5 Distance and speed is calculated

The screen displays the distance travelled by the passenger. It also shows the speed at
which the vehicle runs. This is helpful for users to know how much distance they have
travelled throughout the ride.

1. Fare amount and Balance in the card

Figure 5.6 The fare amount and balance is displayed

This figure shows the fare amount and the remaining balance.

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CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

a. APPLICATIONS

 Cabs – For security of passengers

 Public Transport System

 School Buses – For children‘s safety and Parents‘ Concern

 Cargo Tracking – For better control over cargo and distribution management

b. ADVANTAGES

 Cashless ticketing.

 Stop cheating from conductors.

 Reduces man power.

 Passengers can know their amount which is deducted during his/her journey.

 Avoids Spread of Virus

c. DISADVANTAGES

 GPS and GSM modules are very sensitive.

 Network problem

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The system is expected to be fully automated reliable, transparent, convenient and very
effective in transport facilities. It has been implemented in many of the developed
countries. Since we are one of the emerging countries, we do can make the transport
system in an efficient manner.

Using automatic ticket systems enables operators such as transportation authorities to save
time and personal costs; fare collection can be organized much more efficiently. These
systems low maintenance costs and reduced fraud-induced losses. The whole system can
also be used in railway ticketing system.

The card being reusable, they are much more convenient compare to the paper based
ticketing. We can significantly cut manpower, save time, and operate more efficiently by
implementing this project plan.

In addition, it can be used in BMTC/KSRTC applications. Human/Child Tracking is a term

that refers to the tracking of people or children. This project is the initial step toward
accomplishing the targeted objectives.

This project is useful in managing the crowd in the bus; if the bus is full, it will send a
message; it will deduct the amount from the passenger's smart card based on how far they
have travelled; and it will send messages to the passenger before and after their trip

These are the main features of the project that will aid in preventing the corona virus from
spreading from one person to another. This project can be adapted to any other mode of
transportation by making minor changes. The project's major goal is to keep the bus throng
under control, provide seat availability, and provide an emergency alarm switch

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FUTURE SCOPE

The GPS provision in this system can be improved by providing further facilities, so that
people will get an idea about how much time is required for a bus to reach the passengers
destination. A hand held device for visually impaired people which constitutes of RF
module through which when the bus driver will be heading towards a particular bus station
will press a key which will initiate the transmission of the details of the bus to the hand
held module of the visually impaired person. Message can be sent to the nearest emergency
center in case of accident. Finally, this project can be adapted to any other mode of
transportation my making minor changes

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References

[1] Maria Grazia GNONI, Alessandra ROLLO, Piergiuseppe TUNDO, "A smart model for
urban ticketing based on RFID applications," IEEE Transaction. Page-0572, 2009

[2] Hasan, Tangim Islam.M. “RFID-based ticketing for Public Transport system”: IEEE
Publication, Vol: 6, Page: 459-462

[3] “Global positioning system: signals, and performance‖ by Pratap Misra, 2 nd edition.

[4] DALY.P, Navstar GPS and GLONASS: “Global satellite navigation systems”,
electronics and communication Engg. July 2005.

[5] Garfinkal,S and B.ROSENBERG, RFID: “Application, Security & Privacy, Addition
Wesley Professional, Upper Saddle Rider”, Edition 2005

[6] Hodges,S and D.Mc Farlance,RFID:“ Technology, Application & Impact”,2005 [7]
Global Positioning System: “ Principles and Application” by Satheesh Gopi, Tata
McGraw-Hill Education,2005

[8] Vijay K Garg, “Principles and Applications of GSM”, Mc Graw Hills Publication.
Edition 1998

[9] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D.McKinlay, Danny Causey, „P89V51 Microcontroller
and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C for P89V51‟,Pearson Education, 2008

[10] Bo Yan, Danyu Lee; "Ticketing System Based on RFID", International Conference
on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing, pp.496 - 499,
2009

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