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Lexical Transformations

The document matches terms describing translation techniques to their short descriptions. It lists the terms conservationist, valenki, and S. Yesenin as examples and provides descriptions of concretization, description, transcription, functional substitution, generalization, implication, emphatization, neutralization, commentary, and calque as translation techniques.

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14 views

Lexical Transformations

The document matches terms describing translation techniques to their short descriptions. It lists the terms conservationist, valenki, and S. Yesenin as examples and provides descriptions of concretization, description, transcription, functional substitution, generalization, implication, emphatization, neutralization, commentary, and calque as translation techniques.

Uploaded by

cexiya5693
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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,Match the terms to their short descriptions.

Concretization is used to substitute a more general SL word The English word man has a rather general meaning and can
with a more specific TL counterpart be used to denote both ‘a human being’ and ‘a male
individual’. Its Russian counterpart мужчина is more
specific. When we translate the word man as мужчина we
use this technique.
Description consists in providing an explanation or a conservationist — сторонник охраны окружающей среды
definition of the SL word, i.e. in making explicit the meaning валенки — traditional Russian winter footwear
which in the SL was implied.
Transcription is a formal representation of the phonemes of C. Есенин — S. Yesenin
the SL word with the TL graphical means
Functional Substitution consists in using a TL counterpart The pill was sugar-coated as
which is logically connected with the SL word. The logical Таблетка была покрыта сладкой оболочкой
connection may be of various types. The most common There is a logical connection: sugar is sweet.
though are
1) reason and result and Relaxation of a well-earned rest as
2) a part and the whole наслаждаясь заслуженным отдыхом. Enjoyment comes as a
result of relaxation.
Implication is the opposite of explication. It consists in to sing a song — петь
avoiding redundant information. twenty four hours — сутки
Emphatization is aimed at preserving evaluative and stylistic contemplate — созерцать, and not смотреть
semes of the word.
Generalization consists in using a more general TL The English word watch is more specific than the Russian
counterpart to render the meaning of a more specific SL word word часы. It has a differential seme ‘worn on a strap on
one’s wrist’. The Russian word doesn’t have differential
semes and can be defined as ‘a timepiece’. When we translate
the word watch as часы we use this transformation
Commentary is similar to explication. But unlike explication The fame and humility ofstaretz1 Seraphim brought a steady
which is introduced inside the text, this translation device is stream of visitors, religious and royalty alike, to him for
provided at the end of the text or in a footnote. advice.
A monk distinguished by his great piety, long experience of
the spiritual life, and gift for guiding other souls. Lay folk
frequently resort to startsi for spiritual council; in a monastery
a new member of the community is attached to a starets, who
trains and teaches him.
Calque consists in rendering the meaning of the morphemes superpower — сверхдержава
constituting a SL word or in rendering the meaning of the mass culture — массовая культура
words constituting a SL collocation.
Neutralization He is a skunk —
is the opposite of emphatization. It consists in eliminating the Он нечистоплотен.
evaluative or stylistic semes of the word.
Transliteration consists in creating a formal representation of C. Eceнин — S. Esenin
the letters of the SL word with the TL graphical means.
Transliteration - a) 11
Transcription - b) 3
Calque - c) 9
Concretization - d) 1
Generalization - e) 7
Functional Substitution - f) 4
Description - g) 2
Implication - h) 5
Emphatization - i) 6
Neutralization - j) 10
Commentary - k) 8

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