Electric Charges and Electric fields

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Electric Charges & Electric Fields
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Charge :
Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical
and magnetic effects.
The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body gives the concept of charge.

Properties:
1. Charge is a scalar quantity
2. Charge is transferable
3. Charge is always associated with mass
4. Charge is quantised
5. Charge is conserved
6. Charge is invariant
7. At rest charge produces only E(electric field)
8. At v = constant charge produces both E and B but no radiation
9. At v ≠ constant (accelerated) charge produces E, B and radiates energy
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Charging by Friction:
Positive charge :
Glass rod , Woollen cloth , Dry hair, cat skin

Negative charge
Silk cloth, Rubber shoes, Amber, Plastic objects , Ebonite rod, Comb

Charging by Induction:
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Charging by Friction:
Positive charge :
Glass rod , Woollen cloth , Dry hair, cat skin

Negative charge
Silk cloth, Rubber shoes, Amber, Plastic objects , Ebonite rod, Comb

Charging by Induction:
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

If we comb our hair on a dry day and bring the comb near small pieces of paper, the comb attracts
the pieces, why?
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Why a third hole in a socket provided for grounding?

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Coulomb’s law :

The electric force F exerted by one point charge on another acts along the line between the
charges.

It varies inversely as the square of the distance separating the charges and is proportional to the
product of charges.

The force is repulsive if the charges have the same sign and attractive if the charges have
opposite signs
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Coulomb’s law :
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

NOTE : Although net electric force on both particles change in the presence of dielectric but force
due to one charge particle on another charge particle does not depend on the medium between
them.

A thin insulator rod is placed between two unlike point charges.

How will the forces acting on the charges change?

Due to polarization of the insulator rod AB, the point charge +q1 will be acted upon, in addition to the
point charge —q2, by the polarization charges formed at the ends of the rod

The attractive force exerted by the negative charge induced at the end A will be stronger than the
repulsive force exerted by the positive charge induced at the end B. Thus, the total force acting
on the charge q1 will increase.
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Superposition Principle:
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Two identical balls each having a density ρ are suspended from a common point by two insulating
strings of equal length. Both the balls have equal mass and charge. In equilibrium each string makes
an angle θ with vertical. Now, both the balls are immersed in a liquid. As a result the angle θ does
not change. The density of the liquid is σ. Find the dielectric constant of the liquid.
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Coulomb’s law states that the electric force becomes weaker with increasing distance. Suppose
that instead, the electric force between two charged particles were independent of distance. In
this case, would a neutral insulator still be attracted towards the comb.
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

The electric force on a charge q1 due to q2 is 4i - 3j N. What is the force on q2 due to q1?
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

A particle of mass m carrying charge '+q1' is revolving around a fixed charge '–q2' in a circular path
of radius r. Calculate the period of revolution
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Five point charges, each of value +q are placed on five vertices of a regular hexagon of side L. What
is the magnitude of the force on a point charge of value –q coulomb placed at the centre of the
hexagon?
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field :

An electric field of 105 N/C points due west at a certain spot. What are the magnitude and direction
of the force that acts on a charge of + 2 µC and - 5 µC at this spot?
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Two positive point charges q1 = 16 µ C and q2 = 4µC, are separated in vacuum by a distance of 3.0 m.
Find the point on the line between the charges where the net electric field is zero ?
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Lines

1. The tangent to a line at any point gives the direction of E at that point. This is also the path on
which a positive test charge will tend to move if free to do so.
2. Electric field lines always begin on a positive charge and end on a negative charge and do not start
or stop in mid-space.
3. The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge is proportional to the
magnitude of the charge. This means, for example that if 100 lines are drawn leaving a + 4 µC
charge then 75 lines would have to end on a –3 µC charge.
4. Two lines can never intersect. If it happens then two tangents can be drawn at their point of
intersection, i.e. intensity at that point will have two directions which is absurd.
5. The electric field lines can never form closed loops as a line can never start and end on the
same charge .
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Lines

7. Electric field lines also give us an indication of the equipotential surface (surface which has the
same potential)
8. Electric field lines always flow from higher potential to lower potential.
9. In a region where there is no electric field, lines are absent. This is why inside a conductor (where
electric field is zero) there, cannot be any electric field line.
10. Electric lines of force ends or starts normally from the surface of a conductor
Electric Charges & Electric Fields
Electric Charges & Electric Fields
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Lines

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Graph

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Graph

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Graph

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Due to Charge Distribution:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Due to Charge Distribution:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Due to Ring:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field Due to Ring:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field due to Line Charge:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field due to Line Charge:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field due to Line Charge:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric Field due to Line Charge:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Dipole:
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Dipole:
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Gauss Law :
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Application of Gauss Law:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Application of Gauss Law:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Application of Gauss Law:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Application of Gauss Law:

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric field and Conductor :

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric field and Conductor :

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Electric field and Conductor :

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Figure shows an imaginary cube of side a. A uniformly charged rod of length l a moves towards right at
a constant speed v. At t = 0, the right end of the rod just touches the left face of the cube. Plot a graph
between electric flux passing through the cube versus time
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Draw E-r graph :

 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

A charged particle of mass m = 1 kg and charge q = 2 µC is thrown from a horizontal ground at an

angle θ = 45 with speed 20 m/s. In space a horizontal electric field E = 2 x 107 V/m exist. Find the
range on horizontal ground of the projectile thrown.
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

Calculate the electric field intensity E which would be just sufficient to balance the weight of an electron.
If this electric field is produced by a second electron located below the first one what would be the
distance between them?
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

A block having mass m = 4 kg and charge q = 50 microC is connected to a spring having a force
constant k = 100 N/m. The b lock lies on a frictionless horizontal track and a uniform electric field
E = 5 × 105 V/m acts on the system. The block is released from rest when the spring
is unstretched (at x = 0)
(a) By what maximum amount does the spring expand?
(b) What is the equilibrium position of the block?
(c) Show that the block's motion is simple harmonic and determine the amplitude and time period of the
motion
 Electric Charges & Electric Fields

For a spherically symmetrical charge distribution, electric field at a distance r from the centre of sphere
is E =kr7 ,where k is a constant. What will be the volume charge density at a distance r from the centre
of sphere ?
Electric Charges & Electric Fields
Electric Charges & Electric Fields
Electric Charges & Electric Fields
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