Chap4 Eng Flow Part1
Chap4 Eng Flow Part1
Flow measurement
4.2.1.1. Principle
- A fluid containing electric charges (like blood) flows in a magnetic
field, an electromotive force is generated
- The blood velocity is
not uniform but the flow F = q(U x B)
rate by replacing Um by qE + q(U x B) = 0
mean velocity (Um /2) as V = S.E = - S.(U x B)
long as the velocity
profile is longitudinal V = d.U.B
axis symmetric
d 2U dV
Q= =
4 4B
2 a
2B
V=
a U (r , ) W (r , ) r da d
0 0
I r = (Z1 − Z2 ) (Z1 + Z2 ) Ii
2 I(x) = I(0)e −2x
p(x) = p(0)e − x
Parabolic velocity profile → actual flow > 33% estimated flow with
uniform profile
c + U cos
f1 = fs
c
c
f2 = f1
c − U cos
c + U cos
f = f 2 − f s = fs − fs
c − U cos
U (cos + cos )
fs
c
2U cos
f fs
c
2 1
Beat frequency corresponding to (1 - 2) appears when Doppler shift
= 0 and increase or decrease up to positive or negative
Flow direction can be discriminated
4.2.3.1. Principle
tp
➢ Earpiece densitometer
- Measures dye’s concentration by light absorption in the ear lobe
- If the dye remains only in the earlobe’s blood vessels, Beer–Lambert’s
law is valid approximately
- Calibration
+ Sampling blood when the dye is uniformly mixed
+ Deflection at the terminal of the dilution curve corresponds to the
concentration of dye in the blood sample
(C )
•
Q = V O2 aO2 − CvO2
(C )
•
Q = V CO2 aCO2 − CvCO2
•
V CO2 : carbon dioxide output
CaCO2 : carbon dioxide contents of the arterial blood
+ Rebreathing
+ Breath-holding
➢ Rebreathing
- Subject
•
breathes the air from an anesthetic bag for 15–30 s
- V CO of air in the bag is equilibrated to that of the mixed venous blood
2
function
➢ Breath-holding
- Estimate CO2 in mixed venous blood from time course of in the
alveolar gas during breath-holding
+ Inhale gas with CO2 concentration from 5 7% before holding
breath about 20 s•
+ Plot rate of V CO change in expired: point where change is 0
2
- The rate of heat dissipation from a heated element in the blood stream
+ Blood velocity
+ Temperature difference between the element and outer environment
+ The element size and shape
+ Viscosity, thermal conductivity, density, state of the flow…
- Rate of heat dissipation
H = a + bU m
where: U is flow velocity
a, b are constant determined by calibration
m: 0.5
If R changes with
temperature → using
bridge circuit with
feedback
As the electrode moved past near the atrium, the height and shape of the
P-wave changed
sharply → the electrode is placed slightly below the estimated position
of the left atrium for ventricular volume recording
- Blood flow velocity in a small vessel can be measured as the red blood
cell velocity under microscopic observation
➢ Two slits method
- Place 2 photodetectors with fixed
separation on the image of a vessel
- The red blood cells intercept the light
- Each photodetector provides output
when a plasma spacing between red
Using projection microscope
blood cells passes through the and photodetectors
photodetector slit
- Plasma transit time: from time it appears at downstream to time it
appears at upstream slit
- The separation of the two slits < size red blood cell on the image
() = g1 (x) g 2 (x + ) dx
Rotameter
d Vibration flowmeter
F = 2QL
dt
Drop. counters: (a) optical detection (b) vibration detection (c) collecting electrode
and (d) electrical conductivity