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IPv4 Addressing

The document discusses IPv4 addressing concepts including network and host portions of IPv4 addresses, subnet masks, network and broadcast addresses, private and public IP addresses, multicast and broadcast ranges, and IPv4 address classes.

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szymongazinski
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9 views

IPv4 Addressing

The document discusses IPv4 addressing concepts including network and host portions of IPv4 addresses, subnet masks, network and broadcast addresses, private and public IP addresses, multicast and broadcast ranges, and IPv4 address classes.

Uploaded by

szymongazinski
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IPv4 addresses contain:

 network portion (devices in the same LAN have to have it the same)
 Host portion (devices in the same LAN have to have it different

IPv4 address host requires the following:


 IPv4 address, unique for every host in LAN
 Subnet mask, identifies the network and host portion of the IPv4 address

To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is compared to the IPv4
address bit for bit.
Instead of dotted decimal format we can also use prefix, slash format, counted as how many 1s do we
have in subnet for example /24

The AND operation is used in determining the network addresses like this:
 1 and 0 = 0
 0 and 0 = 0
 0 and 1 = 0
 1 and 1 = 1
 ANDing between IPv4 address and subnet mask bit by bit determine the network address.
 It tells the host which network it belongs.
 To determine the broadcast address, we take network address and change the host portion to all
binary ones
 First address in the network is network address, the last broadcast address

Unicast refers to one-to-one end devices communication, range is from


1.1.1.1 to 253.255.255.255.
Broadcast:
 sends IP packets to all devices in the LAN, with all one (1) bit in the host portion,
 broadcast can be directed (sends in LAN) or limited (sends also to address 255.255.255.255), but
 routers do not provide broadcast by default.
 Subdividing networks can provide better broadcast traffic.

Multicast:
 IPv4 has reserved the 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 addresses as a multicast range
 each multicast group has a single IPv4 multicast address
 Routing protocols as OSPF use reserved OSPF address – 224.0.0.5, only devices with OSPF
enabled will receive these packets addressed like that
Public IPv4 addresses are globally routed between ISP routers.

With the introduction of WWW, and depletion of IPv4 addresses, private IPv4 addresses were made and
they are not unique

ISP translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4 addresses using NAT.

Organizations such as web servers do not have private IPv4 addresses, this is called demilitarized zone.

Loopback addresses, are used to control for example TCP/IP message, by sending it to itself. 127.0.0.1.
We can use the command ping to determine it.

Link local addresses are used by DCHP clients to address the host and there are no DHCP servers available.
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) has addresses 169.254.0.0/16 to 169.254.255.254

Classful addressing:
 Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
 Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 - 191.255.0.0 /16)
 Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 - 223.255.255.0 /24)
 Class D (224.0.0.0 - 239.0.0.0) - used for multicast
 Class E (240.0.0.0 - 255.0.0.0) - experimental

As WWW introduction, class system became legacy and only used in private networks.
RIR is responsible for forwarding packets over the internet to ISPs

Subnets:
 Subnets are used to create smaller broadcast domains.
 Longer prefix lengths decreases the number of hosts of each network in subnet.
 Bigger Subnets are done by borrowing the host portion to network portion.
 Next subnets are numbered by next number in network portion.
 In public networks, to minimalize the number of unused hosts we use Variable Subnet Length
Masking (VSLM)
 VSLM can take 1 subnet from for example 4 subnets, and split this one into 2 new subnets with 1
bit more in the subnet (for example from /26 to /27), as long as the space for IP addresses affect
only this 1 subnet space. In this situation we do not have to use 8 subnets to create 5 subnet
network.

It is important to plan IPv4 network addressing before actual addressing. This will prevent us from
mistakes in the process.

Device address assignment:


 End user clients (they can use DHCP to obtain address)
 Servers and peripherals (they should have Static IPv4 address)
 Servers accessible from the internet must have static public IP address
 Intermediary devices (routers, switches, they should have static)
 Gateway (used to examine the default gateway for end devices and intermediary devices)

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