Worked solutions

Modelling constant rates of change:

5 linear functions
Skills check
x
1 a 5x 
2
10  2x  x multiply by 2
10  3x add 2x 
10
x
3
 divide by 3
b x  x  4
2x  4 add x 
x 2  divide by 2
2

3 y  2x  4

Exercise 5A
1 a One-to-many b One-to-one
c Many-to-one d One-to-many
e Many-to-many
2 a R1 is a function as every independent variable is mapped to one and only one dependent
variable.
b R2 is not a function as the input value 1 is mapped to two distinct output value (6 and 4).
c R3 is a function as every input value is mapped to one and only one output value.
3 a R(−1)=(−1) + 1 = 2, R(0) = −0 + 1 = 1, R(0.5) = −0.5 + 1 = 0.5, R(1) = −1 + 1 = 0,
R(2) = −2 + 1 = −1.
B  1,0,0.5,1,2 .

b R(−1) = 2(1 + −1) = 2(0) = 0, R(0) = 2(1 + 0) = 2(1) = 2, R(0.5) = 2(1 + 0.5) = 2(1.5) = 3,
R(1) = 2(1 + 1) = 2(2) = 4, R(2) = 2(1 + 2) = 2(3) = 6.
B  0,2,3, 4,6 .

c R(−1) = (−1)2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2, R(0) = 02 + 1 = 1, R(0.5) = 0.52 + 1 = 0.25 + 1 = 1.25,

R(1) = 12 + 1 = 2, R(2) = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
B  1,1.25,2,5.

1
4 a x .
x
b R is a function as every input value is mapped to one and only one output value
1
c R 2   .
2

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 Worked solutions

1
d R  a  3
a
1  3a multiply by a
1
a
3
 divide by 3

y   1  1.
3
5 a The output is  1 when the input is  1.

b y  x3  64

x  3 64 take the cube root 

x  4
If the output is −64 then the input is −4.
c x = −1, y = (−1)3 = −1, x = 0, y = 03 = 0, x = 1, y = 13 = 1, x = 2, y = 23 = 8,
x = 3, y = 33 = 27, x = 4, y = 43 = 64.
B  1, 0, 1, 8, 27, 64 .

d The mapping y = x3 from A to B is a function since every input value is mapped to one and
only one output

Exercise 5B
1 a x = −1, y = −1 + 3 = 2, x = 0, y = 0 + 3 = 3, x = 1, y = 1 + 3 = 4, x = 2, y = 2 + 3 = 5.
Range is 2,3, 4,5.

b Range is y : 2  y  5 .

c Range is R .
2 a i x  1, y  2  1  3  2  3  5 .

ii x  3, y  2 3  3  6  3  3.

b y  2  2x  3
1  2x  subtract 3
2x  1 multiply by  1
1
x
2
divide by 2 
c

d Range of the function is y : 3  y  5.

3 b and d are both functions as every input value is mapped to one and only once output. a, c
and e all have at least one input which is mapped to at least two distinct output elements so do
not correspond to functions.
4 a The domain is 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 2, 4 and the range is 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 .

b The domain is x : 8  x  6 and the range is y : 4  y  3 .

c The domain is x : 7  x  9 and the range is{y : 0  y  4} .

d The domain is x : 7  x  7 and the range is{y : 4  y  3} .

e The domain is x : 2  x  1 and the range is y : 2  y  2 .

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 Worked solutions

5 a i True ii False iii True

b i True ii False iii True
c i True ii True iii False
d i True ii True iii False
e i False ii True iii True
6 a If −3 = 2x + 1 then 2x = −4 and x = −2. If −2 = 2x + 1 then 2x = −3 and x = −1.5.
If −1 = 2x + 1 then 2x = −2 and x = −1. If 0 = 2x + 1 then 2x = −1 and x = −0.5.
If 1 = 2x + 1 then 2x = 0 and x = 0. If 2 = 2x + 1 then 2x = 1 and x = 0.5.
The domain is 2,  1.5,  1,  0.5, 0, 0.5

x x x x
b If  3  then x  6. If  2  then x  4. If  1  then x  2. If 0  then x  0.
2 2 2 2
x x
If 1  then x  2. If 2  then x  4.
2 2
The domain is 6,  4,  2, 0, 2, 4.

c If  3  x  2 then x  5. If  2  x  2 then x  4. If  1  x  2 then x  3.

If 0  x  2 then x  2. If 1  x  2 then x  1. If 2  x  2 then x  0.
The domain is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

7 a The relation is a function since every input value is mapped to one and only one output
value.
b The domain is t : 0  t  2 the range is V : 0  V  4. The domain is the period of
time in which the persons temperature is not optimal. The range is the various differences in
temperature between the persons temperature and the optimal temperature.
c 0.2,3.6 , 0.8,2.9 , 1.5,2 , 2,0.
d 40o C .
e 2 hours.
f The temperature increased in the first half an hour. The temperature of the person
decreased between half an hour and 2 hours.

Exercise 5C
1 a The average temperature on the second of January was 25o C.
b The domain is 1, 2, 3, , 31 .

c An estimate for the range is y : 20  y  28 .

2 a The independent variable is x.

b i f 2  10  4 2  10  8  2.

 1  1
ii f     10  4     10  2  12.
 2   2
c f 2.5  10  4 2.5  10  10  0.

d f  x   6  10  4x

4x  16 subtract10

x4 divide by  4
3 a g  10  100  2  10  100  20  80.

b i g 0  100  2 0  100.

0,100 .

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 Worked solutions

ii g  x   100  2x  0.

2x  100 subtract100
x  50 divide by2
 50,0
iii g  x   100  2x  50

2x  50 subtract100
x  25 divide by2
 25,50
c

4 a i 5 ii −3
b i x 0 ii x 3
c {x  3}
5 a i ii iii

iv v

b Graphs i,ii,iiiand v are functions.

c Any straight line that has a gradient, so is not vertical, can represent a function. A vertical
line cannot represent a function.
6 a Every value of t is mapped to one and only one value of N.
b The independent variable is t. The dependent variable is N.
c 4
d 8
e 12
f t :16  t  20
g The range is N : 4  N  128

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 Worked solutions

7 a C 30  150  5 30  150  150  300 ,

$300
b C 72  150  5 72  150  360  510

$510
c C  k   1275  150  5k

5k  1125 subtract150
k  225  divide by5
225 kilometres.
8 a v 0  50  8 0  50ms1. This is the initial speed.

b v 2  50  8 2  50  16  34ms1.

c v t   15.6  50  8t

34.4  8t subtract50

t  4.3s divide by  8
d v t   0  50  8t. So 8t  50. t  6.25. The body comes to rest at 6.25 seconds.

Exercise 5D
1 a Linear b Linear c Non-linear d Linear
2 a i The independent variable is time, which is measured in hours, the dependent variable is
price, which is measured in dollars.
ii A linear relation does exist between the time, t, and the price, P(t). The rate of change is
$12.50 per hour.
b i The independent variable is time, measured in years, while the dependent variable is the
population of fish.
ii No linear relation, rate of change is not constant.
c i The independent variable is price of purchase, in euros, while the dependent variable is
amount of VAT, in euros.
ii A linear relation does exist. The rate of change is 0.22 cents per euro.
d i The independent variable is temperature, measured in °C, the dependent variable is the
number of passes sold.
ii A linear relationship does exist, the rate of change is  8 passes per degree.
3 a i Increasing ii Increasing iii Decreasing iv Neither
b i ii

iii iv

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 Worked solutions

4 Calculate the rate of change between successive values of x :

62 4
Between 1 and 3 : m   2.
3 1 2
15  10 5
Between 5 and 7 : m   2.5.
75 2
These are different so the function is not linear as it does not have a constant rate of change.
5 a 8
6.5  5 1.5
b m   0.75
3 1 2
c f 1  0.75 1  c  5

c  5  0.75  4.25  find c by subtracting0.75

f 0  0.75 0  4.25  4.25

1150  1000 150

6 a m   50. N 1  1000  50 1  c
2019  2016 3
So c  950.
A model for the number of students in the school is N t   50t  950.

b N 0  50 0  950. So the number of students in the school in 2015 is 950.

1  5 4
7 a m   1. f 1  1 1  c  5. c  6.
5 1 4
So the formula for f  x   x  6.

b f  3    3  6  3  6  9.

8 a 120ms1 b 8seconds
0  120 120
c m   15. The rate of change of velocity with respect to time is  15ms 2.
80 8
d v 0  m 0  c  c  120.

A model for v is v t   15t  120.

Exercise 5E
12  0 4 4
1 a Any point, e.g. (9,12) b m  . Gradient is .
90 3 3
4
c u  0  0  c  c  0.
3
4
u x  x
3
d i The exchange rate is that £1  $1.33

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 Worked solutions

4
ii 100  x.
3
x  75
$100  £75
8
2 a a  1.6.
5
b k 0  0  m  c  0.

k  m  1.6m.

Exercise 5F
1 a x  1  f  x   g  x   2x

x  1 subtract x 
y  1  1  2. substitute x to find y 

Point of intersection is  1, 2 .

b 2x  3  f  x   g  x   1  4x

6x  3  1 add 4x 
6x  2 subtract3
1
x
3
divide by6
7
y 
3
substitute x to find y 

 1 7
Point of intersection is   , 
 3 3
2 a

b 800  2p  3p.
800  5p  p  160.
Equilibrium point when p  $160. 160  S 160  480.

c D(100) = 800 – 200 = 600. S(100) = 3(100) = 300. When the price is $100 the demand is
twice the supply.
d D(250) = 800 −2(250) = 300. S(250) = 750. When the price is $250 the supply is 2 and a
half times the demand.
3 a i 5  100  500. $500
ii 150  2.30  100  150  230  380. $380.
b For option A the total cost is A  x   5x. For option B the total cost is B  x   2.3x  150

c 5k  A  k   B  k   2.3k  150.

2.7k  150.
27  1500

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 Worked solutions

500 500
k  . k is kilometres .
9 9
4 a g  5  9  5m  3.

12  5m  m  2.4.

b g  x   0  2.4x  3

24x  30  0
x  1.25
g  x intersects the x  axis at the point  1.25,0 .

Exercise 5G
1 a All three functions have an inverse as every distinct input value is mapped to a distinct
output value, so they are one-to-one.
p
b The inverse to function b is k 
2.2
100
The inverse to function c is R  P.
85
The inverse to function d is W  0.9V.
2 a Does not have an inverse as two numbers, −2 and 2, are mapped to 4, so it is not one-to-
one.
b Has an inverse as every distinct input is mapped to a distinct output, so it is one-to-one.
c Has an inverse as every distinct input is mapped to a distinct output, so it is one-to-one.
d Does not have an inverse as both −1 and 1 are mapped to 2, so it is not one-to-one.
3 a f 1 exists as f is one to one.
b i 1 ii 5 iii 3 iv −3
c

4 a B, C and D are all one-to-one as every distinct value of x is mapped to a distinct value of y.
A is not one-to-one as every value of x is mapped to the same value of y.
b A linear function with a non-zero gradient will have an inverse, while any linear function with
a gradient of zero will not have an inverse.
5 a A  x : 2  x  1

b B  y : 1  y  2

c f is a one to one function as it has a positive gradient.

d i 2 ii 0 iii 0 iv −2
6 a False: a many to one function sends two inputs to the same output. An inverse function
would only be able to send this output to one of the inputs, so an inverse does not exist.
Only one to one functions have an inverse.
b False: The linear function y = 3 on the domain {x: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1} is a many to one function
that does not have an inverse.

Exercise 5H
4
1 C 1 8  . This is the radius of a circle with a circumference of 8.


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 Worked solutions

2 a b c

3 a

b b  2.5.
c Function Domain Range
f 0 x 3 2.5  y  5

f 1 2.5  x  5 0y 3
d

e f 1  x   0.4x  2  f  x   2.5x  5

2.1x  3
10
x 
7
4 10
y  2 
7 7
 10 10 
The point on both lines is  , .
 7 7 
4 a The domain is x : 1  x  2 and the range is y : y  0

b 1 c Decreasing d x  f 0  2.

Exercise 5I
1 a 23, 28, 33 b 13, 21, 34 c 17, 23, 30 d 16, 32, 64
5 6 7
e −1, 1, -1 f , , g 0, -25, -50
6 7 8
2 a 2, 3, 4 b 4, 7, 10 c 2, 4, 8 d 3.5, 3, 2.5

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 Worked solutions

2
3 a un  n2 b un  n3 c un  n d un 
n
4 a u6  3  4  6  1  3  4  5  23

b un  3  4   n  1  207

4  n  1  204

n  1  51  n  52
c un  111  3  4  n  1

108  4  n  1

27  n  1
n  28
d 400  3  4  n  1

397  4  n  1

397 is not a multiple of 4, so 400 is not a term in the sequence.

Exercise 5J
1 a 6d  1   10  9

d  1.5
b u15  10  14  1.5  10  21  11

2 a b1  1 2  1  3, b2  2  4  1  10, b3  3 6  1  21.

b b2  b1  7, b3  b2  11. The difference between consecutive terms is not the same, so it is not
arithmetic.
3 a un  5  4  n  1

b 116  5  4  n  1

111  4  n  1

Not a term as 111 is not a multiple of 4.

4 a 12  u1  2d. 40  u1  9d .

b 7d  28. d  4.  Take the difference of both equations in part a

u1  12  2  4  12  8  4. d  4
c u100  4  99  4  400.
5 a During the second year there were 95 employees and during the third year there were 105
employees.
b 175
c 285  85  10  n  1

200  10  n  1
n  1  20
The company will have 285 employees after 20 years
6 a un  55  3  n  1

b u12  55  3 12  1  55  33  22. $22

c 0  55  3  n  1

n  1  18.3333

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 Worked solutions

Pablo makes his last payment in the20th month

d u19  55  3 19  1  55  54  1

The final payment is for $1.

7 a an  2.6  1.22  n  1

b a28  2.6  1.22 28  1  2.6  32.94  35.54. 35.54m.

c 84  2.6  1.22  n  1

81.4  1.22  n  1

n  1  66.7
The tree will reach this heigh in the year 2065

8 a −25
b a10  1000  9  25  1000  225  775.

c an  1000  25  n  1  225

1225  25  n  1

n  1  49
There are 50 terms in the sequence.
9 a The difference between successive terms is constant.
b 2
c −2
d un  2  2  n  1 .

e u20  2  2 20  1  2  2  19  2  38  36

20,36 does lie on this graph.

10 a Pattern 5 requires 16 sticks and pattern 6 requires 19 sticks.
b un  4  3  n  1 .

u20  4  3 20  1  4  57  61. Pattern 20 needs 61 sticks.

c un  127  4  3  n  1

123  3  n  1

n  1  41
Pattern 42 uses 127 sticks.
11 a The common difference is 2. un  1  2  n  1 . 61  1  2  n  1 .

60  2  n  1

30   n  1

There are 31 terms in the series.

Exercise 5K
17
1 S17 
2
2  15  17  1 0.5  17
2
30  8  17 19  323
20
2 S20 
2
2  6  20  1  3  10 12  57  10  45  450
30
3 S30 
2
2  8  30  1 8  15 16  232  3720
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 Worked solutions

462  52
4 a d  62  52  10. n 1   41.
10
There are 42 terms.
42
b S42 
2
52  462  10794
n
5 a Sn 
2

2  7  n  1 
n
b 5500 
2
2  7  n  1
11000  7n2  5n
7n  275  n  40  0
So S40  5500
n
6 a Sn 
2

8  3  n  1 
10
b S10 
2
8  3 10  1  5 8  27  5  19  95
n
c 250 
2
11  3n
3n2  11n  500  0

11  2 112  4  3  500
n  14.87 
23
n  15 is the smallest n with Sn  250

7 a u10  3  0.5 10  1  3  4.5  7.5. 7.5km

15
b S15 
2
2  3  0.5 15  1  97.5. 97.5km

8 a 2d  14  5  9. d  4.5
b a  5  4.5  9.5. b  14  4.5  18.5
10
c S10 
2
2  5  4.5 10  1  252.5
n
d Sn 
2
10  4.5  n  1  500
9n2  11n  2000  0

11  2 112  4  9  2000

n  14.308 
29
n  15 is the smallest such value of n.
9 a 2k  1  d  k  10. k  10  d  k  1
3k  9  2k  11
5k  20
k 4
b 9, 6, 3
c −3
20
d S20 
2
2  9  3 20  1  390
10 a 10, 13, 16
b x 2

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 Worked solutions

x 2
c 520 
2
10  2  3  x  3
1040   x  2 3x  11

3x2  5x  1062  0
3x  59  x  18  0
x  18

Exercise 5L
1 a 9000  0.05  3  1350. $1350
b 10000  0.085  1.5  1275. $1275
41
c 6500  0.07   1554.58  $1554.58
12
2 9000  x  0.075  7
x  17142.86 
$17142.86
3 8000  r  5  1840
r  0.046
4.6% interest
4 8600  0.065  t  8600
t  15.38 
16 years
5 Interest paid after n years is 1000 × 0.003n = 3n. So, the final amount is, 1000 + 3n.
Therefore, the statement is false.

Exercise 5M
1 a X 9 5 2 0.5 0.1
y 1 5 8 9.5 9.9
b y  x   10  x

c i x : 0  x  10
ii y : 0  y  10
d

e The rate of change is −1. This means that for every centimetre the base increases, the
height decreases by the same amount.
2 a Width(xm) 5 8 20 34
Length(ym) 60 54 30 2
b

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 Worked solutions

Linear modal

c y  70  2x

d It is not reasonable as a width of 36m would require more than 72m fence.
e The domain is x : 0  x  35 and the range is{y : 0  y  70}

3 a

b Linear model because the three points seem to lie on a straight line.
c From GDC, S  0.888x  6.14

d The model fits the data well.

e i S 7  0.8875  7  6.225  12.4 

$12.4 million
ii S 15  0.8875  15  6.225  19.5 

$19.5million

Chapter review

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 Worked solutions

1 a R  3, 1 ,  2, 2 ,  1,1 , 0,2 , 1,2 , 2,0

b Every value of x is mapped to one and only one value of y.
c 3, 2, 1,0,1,2
d 2, 1,0,1,2
2 a Not a function: fails vertical line test.
b A function: every value of x is mapped to one and only one value of y.
c A function: every value of x is mapped to one and only one value of y.
d Not a function: fails vertical line test.
3 a i One to one ii x : 5  x  5 iii y : 5.5  y  9.5
b i Many to one ii x : x  4 iii y : 8  y  8
c i Many to one ii x : 3  x  4 iii y : 2  y  3
d i Many to one ii x : 2  x  1 iii y : 2  y  2
4 a 12  2m  b. 10.5  5m  b
1.5  3m
m  0.5.
12  1  b. b  13. m  0.5.
b f 3  0.5 3  13  1.5  13  11.5

c 3  0.5c  13.
c  20
5 a x : 3  x  4
b f  3  2  3  5  6  5  11

c 4  2x  5
2x  1
x  0.5
d

e y : 3  y  11
6 5, 4, 0, 2.5, 0
7 a R
b

c R
d i f 1  0.5 1  3  2.5. A is on the graph.

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 Worked solutions

ii f 100  0.5 100  3  50  3  47. B is not on the graph.

8 a i −1 ii 1 iii 1
b i 4 and −4 ii 0 iii −7
c −8
d {x : 5  x  5}
9 a T  x   150  2.5x

b T(6) = 150 − 2.5(6) = 150 – 15 = 135. This is the amount on the card after the card has
been used 6 times.
c 105  150  2.5x
2.5x  45.
x  18. Therefore it has been used 18 times.
d i 0  150  2.5x.
x  60
The domain of the function is 0, 1, 2, 3, ,60

ii The range of the function is 150, 147.5, 145, 0

80  200
10 a m  40. d 10  40 10  c  80. c  480.
10  7
d t   40t  480

b 480m
c 0  40t  480. t  12. 12 minutes.
d

11 a f 2  0  2m  c. f  2  1  2m  c

1  2c. c  0.5. m  0.25.

f  x   0.25x  0.5

b f 5  0.25 5  0.5  1.25  0.5  0.75

12 a 70  1.73  121.1. £70  AUD121.10

b

c a  p  1.73p

d a 100  1.73 100  173. This is the amount of AUD equivalent to £100

50
e a1 50   28.90  This is the amount of UK£ equivalent to AUD50
1.73
13 x  5  f  x   g  x   0.5x  4
1  1.5x

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 Worked solutions

2
x  .
3
2 2 13
f     5  .
3 3 3

 2 13 
Intersection point is  , 
3 3 
14 a No inverse function as -1 and 1 are mapped to the same output, 1, so it is a many to one
function and many to one functions do not have inverses.
b This has an inverse function as it is a linear function with a non-zero gradient.
c No inverse function as all inputs are mapped to 3 and so this is a many to one function and
many to one functions do not have inverses.
d This has an inverse function as it is a one to one function.
15 a c  x   70x

b t  x   60x  200

c 70x  c  x   t  x   60x  200

130x  200
20 20
x . They are the same distance from sun city after hours
13 13
 20   20  1400 1400
d    70   . At this time they are both km from sun city.
 13   13  13 13

8
16 a i 8 ii
3
b i −1 ii −1
c The domain is x : 7  x  8 and the range is y : 1  y  4.
d

17 a u2  5  2.5  7.5. u3  7.5  2.5  10

b un  5  2.5  n  1

c un  5  2.5  n  1  377

2.5  n  1  372

 n  1  148.8
n  150is the smallest such value of n
18 a 20.4  20  0.4  d.
37.6  20
n 1   44
0.4
45 terms in the series
45
b S
2
37.6  20  1296

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 Worked solutions

n
19 a Sn 
2
2  105   5  n  1  2n 215  5n
n
b 1140 
2
215  5n
5n2  215n  2280  0
5n  95  n  24  0
n  19or 24
20 a un  3  2  n  1

u7  3  2 7  1  15

b 251  3  2  n  1

248  2  n  1

n  1  124. n  125
100
c S100  (2  3  2 100  1  10200
2
21 a The difference between successive terms is
an1  an  3  10n  10  3  10n  10. This is constant, so the sequence is arithmetic.

b ak  3  10k  1000
10k  1003
k  100.3
Smallest value of k is 101
22 a 1800  0.18  324. £324
r
b 1800   3  54r  324
100
324
r   6.
54
23 a

b Linear model
c From GDC P  x   28.6x  144 . The model fits the data well.

d i P 27  28.6  27  144  $916.20

ii P  40  28.6  40  144  $1288

e The 27km is more appropriate as 27 is within the given data range, while 40km is less
appropriate as 40 is outside the data range.
24 a 24  f  x   26 A1A1
b f  x   4, 2,0,2, 4,6 A1A1
c 0  f  x   100 A1A1
d 125  f  x   250 A1A1

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 Worked solutions

25 a

M1A1A1
b The standing charge for a single journey A1
c The cost per km of travel A1
d 2.8  C  15.6 A1A1
e Approximately £4.50 M1A1
26 a u1  23 A1
b u50  23  7  50  373 M1A1
c Solving 23  7n  1007 gives n  140.6 M1A1
n is not an integer, therefore 1007 is not a term in this sequence R1
27 a C  430  14.5P M1A1
b C  430  14.5  25  $792.50 M1A1
c 1000  430  14.5P M1
1000  430
P   39.3 A1
14.5
She can therefore invite a maximum of 39 people A1
d C  430  14.5  16  $662 M1
662
 41.375 A1
16
Denise will therefore need to charge a minimum of $41.38 per head A1
28 a Solving 3x  10  5 and 3x  10  50 M1A1A1
Domain is 5  x  20 M1A1
b Range is 5  f 1  x   20 A1A1
29 a P  1200T  850 M1A1
b 5000  1200T  850  T  4.875 M1A1
So a total of 5 months A1
30 a

M1A1A1
b €60 M1A1
c $37 M1A1
31 a NOT a function, since, eg. the value of x  5 is related to more than one co-ordinate on
the y-axis A1R1
b This is a function. Each value of x is related to only one value for y A1R1
c This is a function. Each value of x is related to only one value for y A1R1
d This is a function. Each value of x is related to only one value for y A1R1
32 Consider V  25600  1150t M1A1
and V  18000  480t M1A1
Plot respective graphs and read off intersection point, or solve the equation
25600  1150t  18000  480t M1
t  11.3 A1
£12555 A1

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 Worked solutions

3
33 a f  x   128    15  177 M1A1
2
b f  3  128  3  15  399 M1A1
f 15  128 15  15  1905 A1
Range is 399  f  x   1905 A1
c Solving 128a  15  1162.6 M1
a  9.2 A1
34 a £1200 M1A1
b Using GDC M1
a  1200 A1
b  75 A1
c V  1200  75  50  £4950 M1A1
d This is probably not a realistic model, A1
as it indicates the value of the painting will increase indefinitely R1
35 a Domain is 3  x  3 A1A1
Range is 1  f  x   1 A1A1
b Domain is 1.5  x  5 A1A1
Range is 5  f  x   4 A1A1
c Domain is 0  x  24 A1A1
Range is 0  f  x   12 A1A1
d Domain is 3  x  3 A1A1
Range is 0  f  x   9 A1A1
36 a a  4.5 M1A1
b  25 A1
b 4.5  23  25  128.5 mg. M1A1
c The relationship may no longer be linear outside the range of children’s weights.
R1
Using the relationship involves extrapolation to adults’ weights, which is not
mathematically sound. R1
37 a Substituting C  0 gives 32 F A1
9C
b Solving C   32 M1A1
5
4C
  32
5
C  40 A1
9C
c Attempting to make C the subject of F   32 M1
5
9C
F  32  A1
5
5  F  32
C  A1
9
d 46.4 F  8 C M1A1
84.2 F  29 C A1
The range is therefore 8 C to 29 C
38 a Solving 30  12.5d  70  8.35d M1
d  9.64 A1
So Abel’s holiday lasts a minimum of 10 days A1
b Using C  70  8.35d M1
70  8.35  14  £186.90 A1
70  8.35  21  £245.35 A1
So £186.90  C  £245.35 A1

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 Worked solutions

© Oxford University Press 2019 21

 Worked solutions

Modelling relationships: linear

6 correlation of bivariate data
Skills check
1 a The gradient is 3. For every unit x increases, y increases by 3.
1
b The gradient is  . For every unit x increases, y decreases by a half.
2
2 a Strong and negative
b No correlation
c Weak and positive

Exercise 6A
1 a i positive ii nonlinear
b i Positive ii Linear
c i Positive ii Linear
d i Positive ii Linear
e i No correlation
f i Positive ii Non-linear
2 a Zero correlation b Positive perfect linear
c Strong negative linear d Weak negative linear
e Weak positive linear f Perfect negative linear
g Moderate negative linear

Exercise 6B
1 a No b Yes c No
2 a

b Sx  10.679, Sy  2070.803. Sxy  10164.84

r  0.945
c The correlation is a strong positive correlation.
3 a

b Sx  973.519, Sy  11.657, Sxy  11206.25.

r  0.987
c A strong positive correlation.
.

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 Worked solutions

4 a

b Sx  0.2738, Sy  35.2205, Sxy  8.3196 , r  0.863

c Strong positive correlation.

Exercise 6C
1 a 0.9 b 1 c −0.6
2 a −0.9 b 0 c 0.7
3 a −1 b −0.3 c 0.5
4 a Ss  29.086, Sg  5.840, Ssg  150 , r  0.883
b Strong positive correlation
c The more hours spent studying the better the grade achieved.
5 a Sx  271.827, Sy  15.681, Sxy  4206. , r  0.987
b Strong positive correlation

Exercise 6D
1 a

b Sx  8.0113, Sy  7.7578, Sxy  24.182.

r  0.389
c The outlier is (4,12). It does not follow the trend.
d If the outlier is removed then
Sx  7.975, Sy  4.111, Sxy  29.2 and r  0.891.
2 a

b Sx  9.3901, Sy  7.7577, Sxy  61.8182, r  0.849.

c The outlier is (10,12).

d If the outlier is removed then
Sx  7.9750, Sy  4.1110, Sxy  29.2, r  0.891.

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 Worked solutions

3 a

b Sx  35.166, Sy  632.869, Sxy  26.667, r  0.01.

c The two outliers are (15,20) and (30,800).

d With the two outliers removed: Sx  34.322, Sy  281.013, Sxy  4370, r  0.865

Exercise 6E
1 a i, iv

ii Positive strong correlation iii Mean of x is 14.6 and mean of y is 23.4

b i, iv

ii Strong negative correlation

3  2  1    6
iii Mean value of x is:  1.5
10
15  13  10    0
Mean value of y is:  6.5
10
2 a, e, f

b Moderate positive correlation.

c Mean area is
2.7  2.2  1.8  2.6  1.8  2.2  2.7  2  1.4  1
 2.04 million sqft
10

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 Worked solutions

d Mean number of visitors is

28  27  26  25  23  22  22  21  20  18
 23.2 million people.
10
3 a, e, f

b Strong positive linear correlation

7904  10326  7616    50169
c The mean GDP is  26845
15
2.2  2.9  3.0    17.0
d Mean number of books is  8.9
15

Exercise 6F
1 a Sx  79.866, Sy  16.719, Sxy  1025.525, r  0.768. Strong positive correlation

b x y xy X2
128 25.95 3321.6 16384
150 40 6000 22500
102 24.85 2534.7 10404
140 31.8 4452 19600
140 30.2 4228 19600
98 28.95 2837.1 9604
75 21.85 1638.75 5625
130 34.5 4485 16900
80 23.25 1860 6400
132 26 3432 17424
Totals 1175 287.35 34789.15 144441
287.35 1025.525  1175 
y  x    y  0.161x  9.84
10 79.8662  10 
1175
c Mean travel times is  117.5 minutes.
10
287.35
d The mean for the price is  28.74 euros.
10
e

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 Worked solutions

2 a Sx  8.922, Sy  0.7642, Sxy  5.62, r  0.824 . Strong positive correlation.

b x y xy x2
12 1.9 22.8 144
16 2.2 35.2 256
9 1.7 15.3 81
10 2 20 100
14 2 28 196
18 2.5 45 324
12 2.3 27.6 144
15 2.2 33 225
17 2.4 40.8 289
15 2.4 36 225
Totals 138 21.6 303.7 1984
21.6  5.62   138 
y  2 
x   y  0.0706x  1.19
10  8.922   10 
138
c Mean number of objects is  13.8 .
10
21.6
d Mean time is  2.16 minutes.
10
e

3 a Sx  0.2045, Sy  20.601, Sxy  3.918, r  0.930. Strong positive linear correlation.

b x y xy x2
1.9 275 522.5 3.61
1.83 267 488.61 3.3489
1.81 260 470.6 3.2761
1.79 257 460.03 3.2041
1.74 258 448.92 3.0276
1.91 272 519.52 3.6481
1.93 273 526.89 3.7249
1.86 268 498.48 3.4596
1.81 261 472.41 3.2761
1.95 273 532.35 3.8025
Totals 18.53 2664 4940.31 34.3779
2664 3.918  18.53 
y  x    y  93.7x + 92.8
10 0.20452  10 

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 Worked solutions

18.53 2664
c Mean height is  1.853 m d Mean weight is  266.4 kg
10 10
e

4 a Sx  5.292, Sy  0.9150, Sxy  4.7, r  0.971. Strong negative correlation.

b x y x2 xy
12 4.2 144 50.4
13 4 169 52
14 3.9 196 54.6
15 3.5 225 52.5
16 3.4 256 54.4
17 3.4 289 57.8
18 3.2 324 57.6
Total 105 25.6 1603 379.3
25.6 4.7  105 
y  x    y  0.168x  6.18
 
2
7 5.292  7 

 105 25.6 
c Mean point is  ,   15,3.66 
 7 7 
d

e An 11 year old might have 0.168 11  6.18  4.332 . 4 absences. Not a reliable estimate
as 11 is outside the range of given data.

Exercise 6G
1 a

b Strong positive linear correlation. Can use the regression line as the correlation is linear and
strong.

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 Worked solutions

c x  190, y  11.6, Sxy  1540, Sx  231.95.

 1540 
2 
y  11.6   x  190  y  0.0286x  6.16
 231.95 
d y 280  0.0286 280  6.16  14.168. Around 14 errors.

e It would not be reliable as 400 is outside the given data range.

2 a Sx  7.0781, Sy  11.954, Sxy  65.3, r  0.772 .
b There is a strong negative correlation
c x y xy x2
3 10 30 9
4 15 60 16
5 14 70 25
3 12 36 9
7 7 49 49
7 12 84 49
8 6 48 64
9 5 45 81
9 6 54 81
8 4 32 64
Total 63 91 508 447
91 65.3  63 
y   x    y  1.30x  17.3
10  7.0781 10 

d y 6  1.30 6  17.3  9.5 minutes

3 a Because the correlation is moderate and linear.

b Because x = 0 is quite far out of the given date range.
c Because x = 10 is inside the given data range.
d The regression line of y on x is used to predict the value of y for a given value of x and not
the other way round.

Exercise 6H
1 a i x : 3  x  10.
ii

iii f 3  4, f  3  2.

b i R
ii

iii f 3  3, f  3  3.

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 Worked solutions

 x  5, 4  x  0  3  x, 2  x  2
2 a f x   b f x  
 5, 0  x  3 x  1 ,2  x  4
3 a Can be modelled by a piecewise linear model as the points can be split into two parts each
of which each show a linear correlation.
b This correlation is not linear and cannot be modelled well by a piecewise linear function.
c This correlation can be modelled by a single linear model and so does not need a piecewise
linear model.
4 a

b Around 15.
5 a

b For the first section:

Sx  10.086, Sxy  27.463,

29.8 27.463  52.5 

y  x  
8 10.0862  8 
y  0.270x  5.50
For the second section
Sx  5.292, Sxy  57

58.8 57  105 
y  x  
7 5.2922  7 
y  2.04x  22.1
0.270x  5.50, 0  x  12
f x  
 2.04x  22.1, 12  x  20
c

d i f 8 0.27 8  5.5  3.34. ii f 15.5  9.52.

Exercise 6I
1 a False, if the gradient is positive then the correlation is positive.
b True.
c False.

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 Worked solutions

2 a i Gradient is 1.04. This means that every mark gained in the last year in of high school
increases the marks in the first year of university by 1.04.
ii The y intercept is −2.50. This has no meaning, as it is not possible to get negative
marks.
b i Gradient is 0.87. This means for every centimetre of height increase corresponds to an
increase in 0.87kg of weight.
ii The y intercept is −70. This has no meaning as it is impossible to have a negative weight
or no height.
c i The gradient is −250. This means for every year after a car is bought, it is worth $250
less.
ii The y intercept is 9000. This means that when the car is bought it is worth $9000.
3 a Sx  264.575, Sy  24.142, Sxy  6100, r  0.955.
b Strong positive correlation.
Sxy 6100
c i a 2
  0.0871 For every gram the weight goes up the length goes up
Sx 264.5752
0.0871.

ii by
   279 
x Sxy 6100

1750
 18.1 . This is not relevant as it is outside the
Sx2 7 264.5752 7
data range.

Chapter review
1 a I b V c III d II
2 a 0 b 0.86 c −1 d 1 e −0.99 f −0.9
3 a

b The mean point M is denoted by the cross.

c Approximately 62cm
d This is reliable as 6.5 months is inside the data range.
4 a Sx  5.033, Sy  0.4157, Sxy  1.652, r  0.790
b There is a negative strong correlation between the two variables.
34.7 1.652  252.2 
c y  x    y  0.0652x  5.11
10 5.0332  10 
d It is not reliable as 40 is outside the data range.
5 a i f 30  100  30  130

ii f 80  2 80  250  160  250  90

c The range is y : 50  y  150

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 Worked solutions

6 a Sx  9.0676, Sy  68862.87, Sxy  561093.6, r  0.899

b It shows a strong negative correlation.

561093.6
c i m  6824.11
9.06762
ii For every position lower in the league the average attendance goes down by 6824.2.
327682 561093.6  50 
d c  y  mx      74321.
9 9.06762  9 

e 6824.2 5  74321  40200.

f Because 15 is outside of the given data range.

7 a Sx  63.290, Sy  54.577, Sxy  3399.333, r  0.984
b There is a strong positive linear correlation between the scores in the two tests.
c It is appropriate to find the regression line of y on x because the correlation between the
two variables is strong and linear.
644 3399.333  670 
d y  x  
12 63.2902  12 
y  0.849x  6.28
Defined for 25  x  85
e 0.849 55  6.28  52.975. 53%

f They should leave this data point out of their analysis as it is an outlier and so including it
will weaken the correlation that the data shows.
8 i perfect positive A1
ii strong negative A1
iii weak positive A1
iv weak negative A1
v zero A1
9 a

A1 scales A3 points (A2 6 points, A1 3 points)

b Strong, negative A1A1
c i x  4.625
ii x  5.875
iii See above A2A2A1
d See above M1 thru average A1
e 3.2, see above for lines drawn on A1A1

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 Worked solutions

10 a 100  70m  c
140  100m  c
40  30m
4 20
m ,c (M1)A1A1
3 3
b Positive A1
c Line goes through  x, y  (R1)
4 2 2
y  90  6  126 (M1)A1
3 3 3
4 2 2
d Estimate is 60  6  86 (M1)A1
3 3 3
11 a 40 C A1
b 70 C A1
c 100 C A1
d i

A1
ii T  80
40  2t  80  t  20
130  t  80  t  50 M1
Interval is 20  t  50 A1A1
12 a

A3 (A2 for 5 A1 for 3)

b r  0.0695 (3 s.f.) A2

c Very weak (negative) correlation so line of best fit is meaningless R1

25-year-old would be extrapolation R1

0.6
13 i Gradient m   0.2 M1A1
3
ii l  0.6 A1
iii k  3 A1

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 Worked solutions

iv a  5 A1
v b  0.6 A1
0.9  0.6
vi Gradient p   0.1 M1A1
8 5
vii 0.6  0.1  5  q  q  0.1 M1A1
viii r  8 A1
14 a r  0.358 (3 s.f.) A2
b Q1  12.3 Q3  12.7 A1A1
IQR  0.4 12.3  1.5  0.4  11.7 R1
So 10.8 is an outlier A1
c r  0.860 (3 s.f.) A2
d Changed from weak negative to strong negative A1
e t  0.0627y  138.63 A1A1
f 0.0627  2010  138.63  12.6s (3 s.f.) M1A1
15 a 0.51  120  7.5  68.7 M1A1
b The line of best fit goes through  x, y  R1
y  0.51  100  7.5  58.5 A1
c Strong, positive A1A1
d x on y A1
16 a r  0.979 (3 s.f.) A2
b Strong, positive A1A1
c i y  1.23x  21.3 A1A1
ii x  0.776y  20.8 A1A1
d 1.23  105  21.3  108 A1
e 0.776  95  20.8  95 A1
f It is extrapolation R1
17 a i 0.849 (3 s.f.) A2
ii Strong, positive A1A1
iii y  0.937x  0.242 A1A1
b i 0.267 (3 s.f.) A2
ii Weak, positive A1A1
iii The r value is too small for this to be particularly meaningful R1

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