SHREE NEELKANTH VIDHYAPEETH

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL , HYDERABAD

PHYSICS PROJECT

Submitted by
Piyush Choudhary
12th SCI
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction (5)

1.1. Classification of electromagnetic materials (6)

1.2. Properties of NIMS different from normal materials (7)

1.3. Fabrication and dispersion relations (9)

1.4. Phenomena exhibited by NIMs (15)

1.5. Theory of diffraction limit (18)

2. Applications:-

2.1. Perfect lens (19)

2.2. Cloaking (21)

3. Conclusion (22)

4. References (23)
Abstract

Negative index metamaterials (NIMS) are materials having negative refractive index because of
simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability in a certain frequency range. Theoretical
concept of NIMS was introduced by a Russian Physicist; Vaselago in 1967. But the natural
incurrence of these materials hampered the advancement in this field for a long time. It was around
2000 that the design of NIMS became possible using structured materials (composite of split ring
resonator and thin wire), whose inhomogeneities are on length scales much smaller than the
wavelength of radiation. A variety of resonance can be performed to obtain these materials in the
various frequency ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Up till now we are able to work in the
microwave and terahertz frequencies. NIMS are found to show phenomena like reversed Snell’s
law, reversed Doppler Effect, obtuse angle Cherenkov radiation etc. The most striking application
of NIMS is the perfect lens wherein sub wavelength image resolution is made possible using a
single slab of NIM as a lens. The possibility of soliton formation in NIMs is also the current area of
study. Experimental work is still on the pace to fabricate metamaterials which can work in higher
frequencies like visible range. In this project, attempt is made to understand NIMs in detail.
 1. INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index (R.I.) of a material is conventionally taken to be a measure of optical density and is
defined as

n=𝑐,
𝑣

where c is the velocity of light in vacuum and v is the velocity of the electromagnetic plane wave in the medium.

From Maxwell’s equation, we have

n2 = √sµ

This implies n = ±√sµ ,

where ε is the relative permittivity and µ is the relative permeability of the medium.

Naturally occurring materials has n= +ve value and they are termed as Positive Index Materials (PIM) or Right Handed
Materials (RHM). But for the case where ε<0 and µ<0, Vaselago in 1967
[1] proposed that

n =√(−s)(−µ)

= √s𝑒i𝑀√µ𝑒i𝑀

= −√sµ

Such materials with simultaneous negative values of both ε and µ so that we can have refractive index negative at
overlapping frequencies are known as Negative Index Metamaterials (NIMs) also known as Negative Refractive
Material (NRM) or Left Handed Materials (LHM). Since ε and µ are dispersive it is necessary to take into account that
n depends on frequency otherwise the energy of the field given by

W = εE2+µH2,

will be negative when ε and µ are negative , which is impossible. When frequency dispersion exists the energy W must
be given in a different manner:

W = 6(𝗌𝜔) E2+ 6(µ𝜔) H2,

6𝜔 6𝜔

which is positive for a very broad class of dispersion equations for ε (ω) and µ(ω) [2].

All causal materials are dispersive which means ε and µ are complex functions of the frequency.
They are negative below the plasma frequency,

𝜔2
𝜔2
2
1.1. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

The electromagnetic (EM) response of a medium is determined by the values of ε and µ of that
medium. Based on the relative signs of these two, the EM materials can be classified into four types
in shown in figure (1) below.
 Fig (1): Re (ϵ) vs Re (µ) plane classifying em materials.

First quadrant- This corresponds to the normal material with ε>0 and µ>0. In such material we
have propagating waves.

Second quadrant- ε <0 and µ>0 is the electric plasma material and here we get evanescent
decaying waves. This material can support a host of resonant states localized at the surface known
as surface plasmons.

Third quadrant- ε<0 and µ< 0 is the artificial NRM where we obtain propagating waves.

Fourth quadrant- ε >0 and µ <0 .This is the magnetic plasma material in which evanescent waves
are obtained and can also support surface plasmons.

Our aim is to make a material of third quadrant using a composite of second and fourth quadrant
materials over a common frequency range.

1.2 PROPERTIES OF NIMS WHICH MAKE THEM DIFFERENT FROM

NORMAL MATERIAL

To study the electrodynamics of NIMs [1] which make them counter intuitive w.r.t the normal
material let us consider the Maxwell’s curl equations,

̅ →
A × (a) For a plane harmonic wave 𝑒i(𝑘.𝑟−𝜔𝑡)
̅→ (1.2a) and (1.2b) reduce to
𝐸 =
̅→
1 𝑘 ×
−
̅→
𝑑𝐵
̅→ 𝐸 =
𝑐 𝜔µµ0
𝑑
𝑡 𝐻̅→
̅ →
̅A→ 𝑘 ×
× ̅→
𝐻
̅H→ =−
1
𝜔ϵϵ0𝐸̅
= →
𝑑𝐷̅→

𝑐
𝑑
𝑡
(1.2a)

(1.2b)
 .

Fig (2): right handed and left handed triad.

̅ ̅→ ̅→
For a medium with negative real parts of ϵ and µ with imaginary parts negligibly small𝐸 , 𝑘 and

̅→
𝐻 form a left-handed triple of vectors whereas they form a right handed triple in normal materials.

→ ̅→ ̅→
(b) Poynting vector, 𝑆 = 𝐸 × 𝐻 and

̅→
𝑘 = 𝑛𝜔 𝑛^ ,
𝑐

̅→ ̅ ̅→ ̅ → ̅→
̅
where 𝑛^ is a unit vector along 𝐸 ×𝐻 . This shows that 𝑆 and 𝑘 are parallel for n > 0 and

antiparallel for n < 0. Thus in NIMs, waves propagate in a reverse phase. We also know that the
̅→ →
phase velocity of the wave coincides with the direction of 𝑘 and group velocity with 𝑆 .
̅̅→
Therefore 𝑆 is antiparallel to phase velocity in NIMs which means the phase wavefronts move

backward.
(c) Group velocity, vg is opposite to phase velocity, v p in
LHM. Since v = 𝜔 𝑘^
𝑘

= 𝜔𝑐 𝑘^
𝑛𝜔

Phase velocity in LHM is opposite to that in RHM. In linear, isotropic non dissipative media, group
→
velocity is equal to the energy flow velocity associated with 𝑆 which does not depend on material

properties.

Hence for LHM phase velocity and group velocity are of opposite sign and wavefront travels
towards the source.
1.3. FABRICATION OF NIMs

In nature we do not find any material exhibiting negative refraction at any frequency. But the
theoretical implications suggest various useful applications for such material. So NIMs are
artificially fabricated for the first time in the year 2000 and the fabrication consists of making a
composite of an array of thin wires showing negative permittivity and split ring resonators (SRR)
with negative permeability such that it has artificially designed arrays of LC oscillators mounted on
electronic circuit plates capable to interact with em fields with frequency around 10 GHz. Graphing
the general dispersive curve for SRRs, a region of propagation occurs from 0 up to a lower band
edge followed by a gap and then an upper passband. When wires are symmetrically added between
the splits rings a passband occurs within the forbidden gap.

Fig (3): composite of thin wire and SRRs

Most materials exhibiting a good electrical response can be found at almost any frequency from
radiofrequency to ultraviolet frequencies but the magnetic response of most materials is limited to
low microwave frequency as the magnetic polarization usually results from either unpaired electron
spins or orbital electron currents. Therefore the collective excitations of these usually tend to occur
at low frequency (microwave).

Let us study these components separately.

Thin wire medium: Mesh wire structures which consist of composites of randomly oriented long
conducting fibers have been known to exhibit very high values of permittivity even at low
concentration. Effective medium theories describe these systems when the wavelength of the
incident radiation is much larger than the intrinsic length scales of the structure. However the
radiation probes only the end surfaces of the metallic structures and hence it is hard to make it
penetrate well into the bulk of the structure for the appearance of three dimensional effective
medium to hold true in many cases. Pendry et al [3] and Sievenpiper [4] independently
demonstrated that metallic wire-mesh structures have a low frequency stop band from zero
frequency up to a cut off frequency which they attributed to the motion of electrons in the metal
wires and therefore we can obtain a negative dielectric at low frequency.

Fig (4): wire-mesh metallic structure as effective negative permittivity medium

By inherent property of thin wire medium, it has negative permittivity at frequencies below plasma
frequency. Due to spatial confinement of the electrons to thin wires, the effective electron
concentration in the volume of the structure is reduced which also decreases the plasma frequency.
Thus an array of thin metallic wires by virtue of its macroscopic plasma like behaviour produces an
effectively negative permittivity at microwave frequency.

For obtaining negative permittivity we exclude sphere and disc type media since the finite
dimensions of these conducting inclusions transverse to applied field make the effective medium a
diamagnetic response.
DISPERSION RELATION FOR PERMITIVITY ε (ω)

The dispersion relation is obtained using Drude-Lorentz model [5] as discussed below. The
free electrons of conductors are considered to as negatively charged plasma. The long wavelength
dielectric response ϵ (ω) of an electron gas is obtained from the equation of motion in an electric
field.

m 𝑥¨ = −e E

If x and E have time dependence 𝑒−iw𝑡, then

−ω2 m x = −e E

=> x= 𝑒𝐸
𝑚𝜔

The dipole moment of one

electron is −e x = − 𝑒2
𝑚𝜔 𝐸.

The polarization defined as dipole moment per unit volume is

P
= 𝐸,
−
ne
x

=
𝑛
𝑒

2
𝑚𝜔

where n is electron concentration.

= 1+4л 𝐷(𝜔)
𝐸(𝜔)
Since we know that, ε (ω) = 𝐷(𝜔)
𝐸(𝜔)

⟹ε (ω) = 1 (− 𝑛𝑒2 ) (c.g.s)

𝑚𝜔
o r
 ε 𝑒2 𝑛 𝜔2
(
( =1− 1
ω )
)
=
1
−

𝗀0 𝑚𝜔
2 𝜔2

If we consider the dissipation into account the

relation is

ε (ω) = 1 − 𝑒2 𝑛 ;
𝗀0 𝜔(𝜔+i𝛾)

𝛾 is the damping or dissipation factor.

This is the dispersion relation for ε (ω) and it is negative for ω < ω p (plasma frequency).

Plasma frequency is defined by the relation

ωp2 =ne2/ε0m or ωp2 = 4лne2/m

Split Ring Resonator (SRR): It consists of two rings with oppositely oriented splits. The splits in
the rings are responsible for resonance at wavelengths much larger than the diameter of the rings
[6]. The second split is oppositely oriented to generate a large capacitance at the small gap. With a
single split a large electric dipole moment will be generated across the capacitive gap and this could
well dominate over the weaker magnetic dipole moment generated in the ring. When there are two
oppositely oriented splits, the dipole moment across opposite splits cancel each other and one only
gets weak electric quadrupole moment whose effects can be dominated by the magnetic dipole
moment. The periodic array of SRRs allows material to behave as a medium with effective µ at
resonance since the incident wavelength cannot sense each individual unit. What we get is a
response average over all the units. It works on the principle that a magnetic flux penetrating the
metal rings will induce rotating currents in the rings which produce their own flux enhancing or
opposing the incident field depending on the spin. This field pattern is dipolar.

Fig (5): SRR

The magnetic flux produced can be understood as magnetic response. In other word, we can say
that when an alternating magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of split ring resonator,
it behaves like a magnetic driven LC circuit exhibiting a resonance response at frequency Ωm
associated with the resonant circular currents in the SRR.

Where, Ω=1
𝐿𝐶

This resonant circular currents give rise to a resonant magnetic dipole moment thereby we can
recognize a SRRs system as a resonant effective permeability.

DISPERSION RELATION FOR PERMEABILITY μ (ω)

Consider the SRRs to be placed in a square lattice of lattice constant, a. In a SRR assuming the gap
to be very small compared with the radius (r) and that the capacitance due to the large gaps in any
single ring is negligible, we balance emf around the circuit with the ohmic drop in potential (Lenz
Law).

By Lenz Law, − 𝑑ɸ = − 𝑑 ∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 − j
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 i
𝜔
𝑐

⟹iωμ л 𝑟 (𝐻 + j− z𝑟2 j) = 2л r ρ j− j ,
0 0 𝑎2 i𝜔𝑐

Here we use, B= 𝜇0H and j= σ E

H= 𝐻 + j − z𝑟2 j, is the axial magnetic field inside the SRR

0 𝑎2

𝐻0 = applied magnetic field, j = induced current per unit length.

And third term is the depolarizing field due the induced current. 𝜌 is the resistance per unit length.

C = 𝗀0
s𝜋𝑟 is the effective capacitance with ε as the relative dielectric

3𝑑
permittivity of the material in the gap, d. Now for a homogeneous system of SRRs the effective
= 𝐻0
magnetic field 𝐻𝑒ƒƒ
− 𝑟
.
z 2 𝑎

Then 𝐵𝑒ƒƒ= 𝜇0𝐻0

 𝜇 = 𝐵𝑒ƒƒ
𝑒ƒƒ 𝜇0𝐻
𝑒ƒƒ

= 1− z𝑟
2
𝑎2
Solving we get,
𝜇
3𝑑 2𝜌
𝑒ƒƒ 1−( / 2 3 2)+ i( /𝜇 𝜔 𝑟 )

𝜇0𝗀0𝗀z 𝑟 𝜔 0

=1+
ƒ𝜔
20

Here 𝜔 = √( 3𝑑 ) is the resonant frequency and f= z𝑟2 is

the filling fraction of the material.
0 2 3 𝑎2
𝜇0𝗀0𝗀z 𝑟

For frequencies larger than 𝜔0 , the response is out of phase with the driving magnetic field and
𝜇𝑒ƒƒ is negative upto the magnetic plasma frequency given by

(2)
𝜔 = 3𝑑
2 3
(1−ƒ)𝜇0𝗀0𝗀z 𝑟

TO SHOW NIMs WORK IN MICROWAVE REGION

Using the dispersion relation,

𝜔2
ϵ=1
𝜔(𝜔+i𝛾)

Where, γ = damping factor and 𝜔𝑝 = plasma frequency.

For small damping γ = 0, from (1) we get

𝜔
2
/𝑚3
𝜔
2

For density of plasma (n) in the wires ~1017

 2
𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝗀0

And putting the values of m= mass of electron, e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

c0 = 8.85 × 10−12 N 𝑚2 𝐶−2

We get 𝜔𝑝 ∼ 1010 𝑠−1 which corresponds to wavelength ∼ 10−2 m i.e in the microwave region.
For ϵ to be negative ω < 𝜔𝑝 and it is possible in the microwave region.

Similarly in (2) if we put the values of r = 1.5 mm, a = 5 mm, d = 0.2 mm we have a resonant
frequency in the microwave region where µ is negative.

1.4. PHENOMENA EXHIBITED BY NIMs

Some of the strange phenomena exhibited by NIMs are discussed as below.

(a) Reversed Snell's Law

According to Snell’s Law,

𝑛1 sin 𝜃1= 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2

Where 𝑛1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 are the refractive indices (R.I) of the rarer medium and denser medium and 𝜃1 , 𝜃2
are the angles of incidence and refraction respectively. When both 𝑛1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 are positive refracted
ray is on the opposite side of the normal while it is refracted on the same side of normal when n1 >
0 but n2 < 0 as shown in figure 6 below.

Fig (6): diagram shows positive and negative refraction

When n1 > 0 but n2 < 0 modified Snell’s Law becomes

𝑛1 sin 𝜃1= − sin 𝜃2

𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = sin(− 𝜃2) ,

and hence the negative refraction.

(b) Reversed Doppler Effect

In Doppler Effect the frequency of a source increases or decreases when a detector is moving
towards or away from it. But the thing is reversed in case of Reversed Doppler Effect.

Suppose if a source emits radiation at frequency ω and a detector is moving w.r.t source at velocity
v, then the frequency received by the detector is given by

𝜔 = γ (ω + 𝑘̅→. →)
= 1
ω (1 +𝑛𝑣) where ̅𝑘̅→ = 𝑛𝜔
2 2
√𝑐 −𝑣 𝑐 𝑐

Fig (7): Doppler Effect in a right-handed substance; b) Doppler

Effect in a left-handed substance. The letter A represents the source
of the radiation, the letter B the receiver.

If n = +1,

𝜔 = ω√𝑐+𝑣 .
𝑐−𝑣

̅→
But for NRM, 𝑘 has negative sign since n (refractive index) is negative and

𝜔=ω 𝑐−𝑣
𝑐+𝑣
Thus the frequency received by the detector will increase as the source is receding from it and vice
versa.

(c) Obtuse angled Cherenkov’s radiation

Cherenkov radiation is the cone of electromagnetic radiation when a charge particle such as
electron passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light that
medium. The charged particles polarize the molecules of the medium which then turn back rapidly
to their ground state emitting radiation in the process.

Fig (8): Cherenkov radiation.

Suppose at time t = 0, charge particle is situated at left hand corner of the diagram and traverses to
the right corner with velocity phase velocity equal to βc in time t as shown in fig. 8 above. Distance
traversed will be equal to βc t. If n is the R.I of the medium the cone will have traversed a distance
𝑐
t. Hence the acute angle of this cone is given by,
𝑛

cos 𝜃 = 𝑐/𝑛 = 1
𝛽𝑐 𝛽𝑛

For positive value of n, θ is acute while for the case of NRM n is negative and hence we will have
radiation from a cone of obtuse angle.
1.5. THEORY OF DIFRACTION LIMIT

Consider an object and a lens placed along the z-axis so that the rays from the object are travelling
along the z direction. The field emanating from the object can be written in terms of superposition
of plane waves.

𝐸(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = ∑ 𝐴(𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘𝑦)𝑒i(𝑘z𝑧+𝑘𝑦𝑦+𝑘𝑥𝑥−𝜔𝑡)

𝑘𝑥𝑘𝑦

Where, 𝑘 = √𝜔2 − (𝑘2 + 𝑘2)

𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
𝑐2

Only positive square root is taken as the energy is going in the +z direction. All the components of
the angular spectrum of the image for which 𝑘𝑧 is real, are transmitted and refocused by an ordinary
lens.
becomes imaginary and the wave is an
However if 𝑘 + 𝑘 >
2 2 𝜔
2 (higher resolution case),
then 𝑘
𝑥 𝑦 𝑐2 𝑧

evanescent wave whose amplitude decays as the wave propagate along the z- axis. The result is the
loss of high frequency components of the wave which contain information about the high frequency
features of the object being imaged. The highest resolution that can be obtained in a conventional
lens is

𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜔 = 2𝜋
𝑐

∴ 𝑥𝑚i𝑛 λ

If the lens is placed at a distance larger than the operating wavelength, λ then 𝑘𝑧 component will not
be seen. In Pendry’s Perfect lens, the transport of energy in the +z direction requires 𝑘𝑧 to have
opposite sign.

𝑘 = −√𝜔2 − (𝑘2 + 𝑘2)

𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
𝑐2
For large angular frequencies, the evanescent wave grows so with proper lens thickness, all
components of the angular spectrum can be transmitted through the lens undistorted. Thus the
perfect lens is capable of capturing the near field components.

2. APPLICATIONS

2.1. PERFECT LENS

We consider a Vaselago’s perfect lens [1] which consists of a slab of NRM with ϵ = −1 and µ= −1
capable of focusing both the propagating and evanescent waves emitted by an object.

Fig 9 (a): Conventional lens Fig 9 (b): perfect lens

When an object is placed in front of an material with n = −1, the waves are refracted so that they
focus once inside the lens and once outside it. Such refraction allows for sub-wavelength resolution.
Hence a perfect lens allows the near field rays to occur once within the lens and once outside
enabling sub-wavelength imaging.

Inside the perfect lens, the amplification of the evanescent waves take place by producing excited
states at the NRM surfaces. For this the surface current matches the evanescent waves from the
object. We can mathematically show it using Pendry’s Proposal.

Consider a Vaselago’s lens consisting of a slab of thickness d with ϵ = −1 and µ= −1 surrounded

by vacuum as shown in figure above. Source is at z = 0 (object plane). We are to calculate the fields
at z = 2d (image plane).

The transmission and reflection coefficients at the interfaces are

 i𝑘z2𝑑
T= 𝑡21𝑡32𝑒
2i𝑘 𝑑
1−𝑟12𝑟21𝑒 z2

R= 𝑟21+𝑟32𝑒2i𝑘z2𝑑
2i𝑘 𝑑
1−𝑟12𝑟21𝑒 z2

When NRM has c− = −c+ = −1, µ− = µ+ = −1 , we obtain trivially for propagating waves
𝑘𝑧2 = −𝑘𝑧1 , 𝑡j𝑘 = 1 and 𝑟j𝑘 = 0 due to matched impedance.

lim 𝑇 = 𝑒−i𝑘z1𝑑
𝗀−→
−1
µ−→
−1

And R=0
lim
𝗀−→−1

µ−→−1

This clearly shows that the total phase change for propagation from the object plane to the image plane
is zero.
= i√𝑘2 + 𝑘2 − c µ 𝜔
For evanescent waves with 2
+
= i𝑘𝑧 𝑐2
𝑘𝑧1

Then 𝑘𝑧2 = 𝑘𝑧1 and the partial coefficients 𝑡j𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟j𝑘 diverge.

However the transmission and the reflection coefficients of the slab are still well defined in this
limit.
𝑇 = 𝑒𝑘z𝑑
lim
𝗀−→−1
µ−→−1

lim R=0
𝗀−→−1

µ−→−1

i.e the slab actually increases exponentially the amplitude of the evanescent wave at the same rate
by which it decays in free space.
Differences between conventional and perfect lens

Conventional lens Perfect lens

(a) Its resolution is limited by the diffraction (a) Its resolution is not subjected to the
limit. diffraction limit.

(b) It focuses only the propagating wave of (b) It can focus both the propagating
the electromagnetic radiation. and evanescent waves of the
electromagnetic radiation.
(c) A convex lens shows a converging nature (c) A concave lens shows a converging
and a concave lens a diverging one. nature and a convex lens a diverging one.

2.2. CLOAKING

The phenomenon of concealing an object from view is called cloaking. The principle of cloaking
was first achieved in the microwave frequency on Oct 19, 2006. An object is made invisible by
covering it with a metamaterial cloak due to its ability to deflect the electromagnetic radiation. The
radiation flows around the object as if nothing were there at all. We know that the bending of light
is determined by refractive index. Metamaterials have a gradient in refractive index since it is
inhomogeneous. The existence of this gradient in NIMs makes possible the creation of cloaking
devices. Moreover the bending of light can be explained by Transformation Optics.

Fig 10 (a): diagram showing bending of light Fig 10 (b): twisting space coordinate
By transformation optics [7], if we twist the optical metamaterial it will affect its space into new
coordinates. Maxwell’s equations remain intact but change in the values of ε and μ by a common
factor takes place and hence is the change in the value of refractive index. Then the light will travel
in real space with a curved fashion in the twisted space.

Before conclusion we would like to point out an interesting aspect of EM propagation

through NIMs. There is possibility of soliton formation in NIMs when EM waves propagate
through it. So soliton formation in NIMs is an area of current research. Solitons [8] or solitary
waves are the waves which are of localized shape and continue to travel with constant velocity for a
long time without dissipating their energy. It is produced when non-linearity is cancelled out by
dispersion. In a metamaterial, most of the electrostatic energy of the capacitor is located in the gap
between the two rings which results in an enormously enhanced energy density making it a non-
linear material and hence possibility for soliton formation. Such waves have been seen in many
natural systems such as water waves [9], non-linear optics [10], BEC systems [11] and in quantum
field theory (in 1, 2, 3 dimensions) [12]. Dispersive coefficient GHNLSE is a prototype equation
which describes the propagation of EM waves in NIMs or non-linear optical fiber. Study of
localized solutions in such media is current research interest.

3. CONCLUSION

In this project, the physics of the NIMs are studied with the values of ε and μ negative at
overlapping frequencies when the wavelength of the incident radiation is very large compared to the
inhomogeneities of the length scale. The most common method of fabrication is found to be the
composite of thin wire medium and SRRs. The various properties of such materials have been
discussed and the various strange phenomena exhibited by them are due to the fact that the
propagation vector moves towards the source. It is also shown that the diffraction limit is being
removed with perfect lens made of a slab of such material and the possibility to cloak an object in
the microwave region. Soliton formation in NIMs will also be an effective tool for communication
since it is it is non-dissipating. The future prospect is to make NIMs capable to work in the visible
region which will be possible if we have the advanced technology to scale down the size of the unit
structure.
4. REFERENCES

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