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화학수학 220526 153936

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화학수학 220526 153936

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cmc107
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Section 6.

3 Fourier Series 173

shorter and shorter wavelengths, having different amplitudes adjusted to represent


the function correctly. This is analogous to the constructive and destructive inter-
ference of waves resulting from the addition of their displacements.
There are some important mathematical questions about Fourier series, includ-
ing the convergence of a Fourier series and the completeness of the basis functions.
A set of basis functions is said to be complete for representation of a set of func-
tions if a series in these functions can accurately represent any function from the
set. We do not discuss the mathematics, but state the facts that were proved by
Fourier: (1) any Fourier series in x is uniformly convergent for all real values of
x; (2) the set of sine and cosine basis functions in Eq. (6.39) is a complete set for
the representation of periodic functions of period 2L. In many cases of functional
series, the completeness of the set of basis functions has not been proved, but most
people assume completeness and proceed.

Finding the Coefficients of a Fourier Series—Orthogonality

In a power series, we found the coefficients by demanding that the function and
the series have equal derivatives at the point about which we were expanding. In a
Fourier series, we use a different procedure, utilizing a property of the basis func-
tions that is called orthogonality. This property is expressed by the three equations:

5 !
L % mπx & % nπx & L if m = n
cos cos dx = Lδmn = (6.40)
−L L L 0 if m 4= n

5 L % mπx & % nπx &


cos sin dx = 0 (6.41)
−L L L

5 L % mπx & % nπx &


sin sin dx = Lδmn . (6.42)
−L L L

The quantity δmn is called the Kronecker delta. It is equal to unity if its two indices
are equal and is equal to zero otherwise. Equations (6.40) and (6.42) do not apply
if m and n are both equal to zero. The integral in Eq. (6.40) is equal to 2L if
m = n = 0, and the integral in Eq. (6.42) is equal to zero if m = n = 0.
Two different functions that yield zero when multiplied together and integrated
are said to be orthogonal to each other. Equations (6.40), (6.41), and (6.42) indi-
cate that all the basis functions for the Fourier series of period 2L are orthogonal
to each other. An integral of the product of two functions is sometimes called a
scalar product of the two functions. This terminology is analogous to that used
with vectors. If two vectors are at right angles to each other, they are said to be
orthogonal to each other, and their scalar product is zero (see Chapter 2). Since
each of the basis functions is orthogonal to the others, its scalar product with a
different basis function vanishes, just as the scalar product of any two of the unit
vectors i, j, and k vanishes.

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