Assessment#02

Analyzing data using JASP

Student Name

University Name

Course Code: Advanced Statistics

Instructors Name

Turn in Date
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Abstract

This report offers a thorough summary of a statistical analysis that was carried out using

the JASP program. Descriptive statistics, Bayesian independent t-tests, linear mixed models, and

two-way mixed ANOVA were among the many approaches used in the investigation.

Characteristics related to personality, surroundings, cognitive test performance, hearing loss, and

beauty perception were all included in the dataset that was analyzed. Every analytical strategy

was carefully customized to fulfill the unique demands mentioned in each work and was

interpreted in compliance with the guidelines established by the American Psychological

Association (APA). The Analyses utilized descriptive statistics to obtain an initial

understanding of the distribution of the primary variable, "attract." Important statistical

characteristics including mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were obtained

through JASP representations like density plots and histograms. These measures made it easier to

describe the distribution in detail and gave information about how typical it was. To determine if

men and women have different personality qualities, Bayesian independent t-tests were used.

Beyond the limitations of traditional frequentist approaches, the Bayesian framework allowed for

the quantification of evidence supporting or refuting the existence of differences. A two-way

mixed ANOVA was used to examine the effects of environmental noise levels and hearing

impairment on cognitive test results. By making it easier to examine main effects and interaction

effects, our analysis clarified how these variables interact. In order to identify significant

predictors while controlling for potential random effects, predictors of perceived attractiveness

were investigated using linear Regression. In order to identify potential differences in personality

between men and women, a second Bayesian independent t-test was performed, offering more

information about gender-related variations in psychological traits. Every analysis was carried
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out meticulously using the JASP program, following APA requirements for reporting and

interpretation. This strategy made sure that the dataset was thoroughly explored, which produced

insightful information on the intricate relationships between the variables being studied.
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Analyzing data using JASP

In modern psychology research, advanced statistical approaches are essential because

they provide complex insights into the complex interactions between factors. This work attempts

to perform a comprehensive dataset analysis using JASP, a modern statistical program. This

analysis seeks to clarify a number of important scientific questions on personality differences,

how environmental circumstances affect cognitive function, and what makes a person appear

attractive. It does this by carefully examining the data. Through the utilization of JASP, scientists

can explore the complex aspects of human thought and behavior. By using sophisticated

statistical techniques, it is possible to investigate complex correlations across datasets and gain a

greater understanding of psychological processes. In this regard, JASP is an effective tool that

helps researchers explore and rigorously evaluate complex datasets. Examining gender variations

in personality is one of the main goals of this investigation. Researchers can measure evidence

for or against the existence of substantial differences in personality traits between men and

women by utilizing Bayesian independent t-tests within JASP. This methodology facilitates a

sophisticated analysis of gender-related differences in psychological traits, adding to a more

thorough comprehension of human behavior.

This analysis also aims to investigate how environmental influences affect cognitive

outcomes. Researchers can evaluate the primary impacts of ambient noise levels and hearing

impairment on cognitive function by utilizing a two-way mixed ANOVA with JASP. The

discovery of possible interactions between these factors is made possible by this thorough

approach, which clarifies the intricate dynamics at work. Additionally, the analysis uses linear

regression to find predictors of subjective beauty. Researchers can test the prediction capacity of

different elements while taking potential random effects into consideration by utilizing JASP's
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capabilities. This method offers insightful information about social perception and interpersonal

dynamics while facilitating a nuanced investigation of the elements influencing perceived

attractiveness.

In conclusion, JASP's use in this analysis allows researchers to thoroughly investigate

intricate psychological processes. This analysis uses sophisticated statistical approaches to try

and sort out the complex interactions between variables, which will help us better understand

how people think and behave in different situations.

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Task#01
Normal distribution test on given dataset
Data Evaluation:

 To view the data, open the given CSV file in JASP.

 Determine the significant variable (such as "attract").
 Select the 'Descriptive Statistics' module in JASP.
 Choose "attract" as the primary variable.
 To see its distribution, select the appropriate visualization (such as a density plot or
histogram).
 Obtain descriptive statistics for the key variable in the same module.
 The mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis are important statistics.
 Assess the distribution's skewness, kurtosis, and visual appearance to ascertain its
normalcy.

Results:

Table 1: Results for Distribution Normalcy Assessment

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Figure 1: Histogram Depicting Results

Interpretation:

The data for the variable "attract" do not seem to be fully normally distributed, according
to the statistics given. The distribution may not be entirely symmetrical, as indicated by the
distribution's small rightward skew, as indicated by the positive skewness score of 0.343.
Skewness in a normal distribution would be almost zero.

The distribution appears to be platykurtic, which means it is flatter and has thinner tails
than a normal distribution, based on the negative kurtosis score of -0.462. The kurtosis value of a
normal distribution is usually near zero. Although the mean and median reveal the data's central
tendency, they do not prove that the data are normally distributed.

Thus, the data for the variable "attract" do not seem to be perfectly normally distributed
based on the skewness and kurtosis values. It is important to remember, nevertheless, that in
certain situations—particularly when dealing with larger sample sizes—deviations from
normalcy may not have a significant effect on the validity of statistical studies.
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Task#02
Determine existence of significant personality differences between men and
women in given dataset
Data Evaluation:

 Launch JASP and open the given CSV file.

 Determine the important factors, such as gender and the personality traits.
 We use an independent samples t-test to compare the personality differences between
men and women.
 Select the 'Independent Samples T-test' module in JASP.
 Make gender the independent variable and the personality traits the dependent variable.
 Run the analysis.
 We want to know if there are any notable personality differences between men and
women so, we look for the significance level (p-value).

Results:

Table 2: Results for Independent T-Test

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Figure 2(a)

Figure 2(b)
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Figure 2(c)

Figure 2(d)
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Figure 2(e): Figure 2 Comparing Results for each Personality Trait

Interpretation:

The five personality factors (extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness,

and openness) yielded the following findings on the conventional independent samples t-tests:

Extraversion: The p-value is 0.166 and the t-value is -1.387. Given that the p-value is higher
than the usual alpha threshold of 0.05, this indicates that there is no discernible difference in
extraversion scores between men and women.

Neuroticism: The p-value is less than 0.001 and the t-value is 4.889. Given that the p-value is
below the alpha threshold, this suggests a substantial difference in neuroticism scores between
men and women. More specifically, when it comes to neuroticism, women tend to score higher
than men.

Agreeableness: The p-value is less than 0.001 and the t-value is -6.049. This indicates that there
is a substantial variation in the agreeableness scores of men and women, with women scoring
higher than males.

Conscientiousness: 0.658 is the p-value, while the t-value is -0.442. Given that the p-value is
higher than 0.05, this suggests that there is no discernible difference in the conscientiousness
scores between men and women.
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Openness: The p-value is less than 0.001 and the t-value is 4.911. This shows that there is a
substantial difference in the openness ratings of men and women, with women scoring higher
than males.

In conclusion, the results show that there are substantial variations between men and women's
scores for neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness, but not for extraversion or
conscientiousness.

Task#03
Implement ANOVA to address given hypotheses
Data Evaluation:

 Launch JASP and open the given CSV file.

 Determine the factors that affect hearing impairment, cognitive test results, and loud
settings.
 Perform a two-way ANOVA as the environment noise level and hearing impairment are
our two categorical factors.
 Navigate to the 'ANOVA' module in JASP.
 Choose the environment noise level and hearing impairment as independent factors, and
the cognitive test result as the dependent variable.
 Execute the analysis.
 Analyze the primary impacts of ambient noise level and hearing impairment, along with
the ways in which they interact.
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Results:

Table 3: Results for Two-Way ANOVA

Interpretation:

For noise level, the p-value (0.241) and F-statistic (1.394) are not statistically significant.
This shows that there is insufficient data to draw the conclusion that the sample's cognitive test
scores are mostly impacted by noise level (loud vs. quiet). Put another way, regardless of the
noise level, people's average performance on the cognitive test was comparable.

The p-value (0.582) and F-statistic (0.304) for hearing impairment are not statistically
significant, much like noise level. This suggests that there is insufficient data to conclude that
hearing loss has a major impact on cognitive test results. The study found that the average
performance of those with and without hearing impairment was identical.

For the interaction effect, the p-value (0.522) and F-statistic (0.409) are likewise not
statistically significant. This implies that hearing impairment is not a prerequisite for the impact
of noise level on cognitive test scores (and vice versa). Put differently, the impact of noise level
on cognitive test performance appears to be independent of hearing impairment.
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Task#04
Determine whether perceived attractiveness is predicted by the provided
predictor variables in given dataset
Data Evaluation:

 Launch JASP and open the given CSV file.

 Determine the perceived beauty variable as well as the predictor variables.
 We choose multiple regression analysis since our goal is to forecast subjective
attractiveness based on predictor variables.
 Navigate to the 'Regression' module in JASP.
 Decide which variables are independent and which are dependent on perceived beauty.
 Execute the analysis.
 Analyze the predictor variables' coefficients, significance thresholds, and effect sizes.

Results:

Table 4: Linear Regression Results

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Interpretation:

The findings show that our model outperforms a model without any predictors in terms of
statistical data fit. The low R2 value, however, indicates that only a tiny percentage of the
variance in perceived attractiveness can be explained by the variables that are included.
Furthermore, after considering the other variables in the model, none of the individual predictor
variables had a statistically significant impact on ratings.

Task#05
Use an appropriate statistical test to address given hypothesis using given
dataset
Data Evaluation:

 Launch JASP and open the given CSV file.

 Determine the gender variables and personality measure.
 In order to compare the personalities of men and women, an independent samples t-test
should be performed.
 Go to the 'Bayesian Independent Samples T-test' module in JASP to begin.
 Make gender the independent variable and the personality test the dependent variable.
 Execute the analysis.
 In order to ascertain whether there are noteworthy distinctions in personality between
men and women, look at the significance level (p-value).
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Results:

Table 5: Results for Bayesian Independent T-Test

Figure 3(a)
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Figure 3(b)

Figure 3(c)
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Figure 3(d)

Figure 3(e: Figure 3 Comparing Results for Each Personality trait

Interpretation:

Extraversion: With an error rate of 0.081, the Bayes Factor (BF10) is 0.252. This suggests
evidence in favor of the null hypothesis, i.e., insufficient data to draw the conclusion that men
and women differ in terms of extraversion.
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Neuroticism: The error rate (1.844 x 10^-7) is exceptionally low and the BF10 is very high
(141865.228). This points to compelling evidence in favor of the alternative theory, according to
which men and women have different neuroticism scores. In this sample, women most likely had
higher neuroticism scores.

Agreeableness: Like neuroticism, agreeableness has a very low error rate (4.850 x 10^-21) and
an exceptionally high BF10 (4.268 x 10^14). This provides more proof that there is a variation in
agreeableness. In this sample, women most likely scored higher than men on agreeableness.

Conscientiousness: With an error rate of 0.148, the BF10 is 0.135. This finding is equivocal,
indicating that there is insufficient data to conclude if gender differences exist in
conscientiousness.

Openness: The error rate is 0.006 and the BF10 is 3.506. This supports the alternative theory,
which states that there is a good chance that men and women scored differently on openness.
However, because of the way Bayesian t-tests work, it is difficult to determine which way the
difference is headed.

The findings show that there is a difference in neuroticism and agreeableness between
men and women's personalities, with women in this group scoring higher on both dimensions.
The results for conscientiousness and extraversion are equivocal, and it's not apparent which way
the difference lies in openness.