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Probability - Short Notes

Jee

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29 views

Probability - Short Notes

Jee

Uploaded by

legendhere121
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics

Probability
Introduction to Probability:
Probability
The branch of mathematics that measures the uncertainty of the occurrence of an event using numbers is called
probability. The chance that an event will or will not occur is expressed on a scale ranging from 0 to 1.
It can also be represented as a percentage, where 0% denotes an impossible event and 100 % implies a certain
event.
Event and outcome
An Outcome is a result of a random experiment. For example, when we roll a dice getting six
is an outcome.
An Event is a set of outcomes. For example: when we roll a dice the probability of getting a number less than
four is an event.
Experimental Probability
Experimental probability can be applied to any event associated with an experiment that is repeated a large
number of times.
A trial is when the experiment is performed once. It is also known as empirical probability.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑


Experimental or empirical probability: P(E) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

Theoretical Probability:

● In the theoretical approach, we predict the results without performing the experiment actually. The other
name of theoretical probability is classical probability.

Theoretical Probability

Here we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
Elementary Event :
An event having only one outcome of the experiment is called an elementary event. Example: Take the experiment of
tossing a coin n number of times. One trial of this experiment has two possible outcomes: Heads(H) or Tails(T).
So for an individual toss, it has only one outcome, i.e., Heads or Tails.
Sum of Probabilities :

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The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is one. Example : take the coin tossing

experiment. P(Heads) + P(Tails) = .

Impossible event :
An event that has no chance of occurring is called an Impossible event, i.e. P(E) = 0.
E.g: Probability of getting a 8 on a roll of a die is 0. As 8 can never be an outcome of this trial.
Sure event :
An event that has a 100% probability of occurrence is called a sure event. The probability of occurrence of a sure
event is one.
Example: What is the probability that a number obtained after throwing a die is less than 7?

So, P(E) = P(Getting a number less than 7) =

Range of Probability of an event:


The range of probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 inclusive of 0 and 1, i.e.
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
Complementary event:
Complementary events are two outcomes of an event that are the only two possible outcomes. This is like flipping

a coin and getting heads or tails. , where and are the complementary events.

The event , representing 'not E ', is called the complement of the event E.

Some Important Experiment and their outcomes:

Tossing a Coin:

When flipping a coin, two outcomes are possible, such as head and tail. Therefore the sample space for this
experiment is given as,
S = { H, T } = { Head, Tail }

A Die is Thrown :

When a single die is thrown, it has 6 outcomes since it has 6 faces. Therefore, the sample Space is given as
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Two Dice are thrown:

In a dice there are six faces with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6


So, when two dice are thrown, then we have two faces of dice (one of each) show any two Combination of
numbers from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Thus, the number of elements in sample space = 62 = 36
S= {(1, 1),(1, 2),(1,3),(1, 4),(1,5),(1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),

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(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}

For Deck of Cards:

There are total 52 playing cards which are divided into 4 suits – Spade, Heart, Diamond and Club. 13 cards in
each suit contains 4 Aces, 4 Kings, 4 Queens and 4 jacks.

● Only two colours of cards in each deck Red and Black.


● Face cards (court card) are King , Queen and Jack .
● Total face cards = 3x4 = 12
● All the cards from 2 to 10 in any suits are called the number card.

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