APP 003:

POINTERS FOR QE 2.

1. Akademikong sulatin
 Bionote – isang maikling tala ng personal na impormasyon ukol sa isang awtor.
KATANGIAN
1. Maikli ang nilalaman
2. Gumagamit ng pangatlong panauhang pananaw
3. Kinikilala ang mambabasa
4. Gumagamit ng baligtad na tatsulok a.ula sa pinakamahalaga hanggang sa hindi gaanong
pinakamahalaga.
 Katitikan ng pulong – (minutes of meeting) dokumento o sulatin na kung saan naka saad ang mga
mahahalagang pinag-usapan
BAHAGI
1. Pamagat, lugar, petsa at oras
2. Pangalan ng mga nagsidalo, kasama ang kanilang katungkulan at hindi dumalo
3. Mga napag-usapan/adyenda sa pulong
4. Pangalan at lagda ng sumulat ng katitikan ng pulong.
 Agenda – mahalagang elemento sa pagpupulong.
MGA BAHAGI
1. Pamagat
2. Petsa, Lokasyon at mga Dadalo
3. Layunin ng Agenda
4. Iskedyul
5. Tungkulin
 Posisyong papel – paglalahad ng kuro-kuro o sariling paninindigan hinggil sa isang paksa.
HAKBANG
1. Tiyakin ang Paksa
2. Gumawa ng panimulang saliksik
3. Bumuo ng posisyon o paninidigan batay sa inihanay na mga katwiran.
4. Gawa ng malalim na saliksik.
5. Bumuo ng balangkas
6. Sumulat ang posisyong papel
7. Ibahagi ang posisyong papel
 Panukalang proyekto – panghiling o panghingi ng tulong na pinansiyal para maisagawa ang isang
proyekto.
GABAY SA PAGSULAT
1. Kailangang malinaw ang nakasulat kung paano at kailan matatapos ang proyekto.
2. Kailangang ipakita ang pangangailangan ng kumunidad.
3. Dapat maayos, malinis at walang nakasulat na mga impormasyong walang kinalaman sa
proyekto.
4. Patunayang ang proyekto ay karapat-dapat na tustusan.
 Sintesis – hango sa Griyego na syntithenai (syn- magkasama, tithenai- ilagay kaya ibiig sabihin sama-
samang ilagay). Maikling paraan at sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama-sama ng ideya.
DALAWANG URI
1. Padayagram na Anyo – napagsama-sama ang mga impormasyon gamit ang grapiko.
2. Patalatang Anyo – sa paraang patalata nailalahad amg impormasyon.

2. Yugto sa Pagsulat ng Akademikong Sulatin

 Bago Sumulat (prewriting) – estratihiya tungo sa pormal na pagsulat.
 Pagsulat ng Burador (drafting) – pagsulat ng tuloy tuloy na hindi isanasaalang-alang ang maaring
pagkakamali
 Pagrerebisa (revising) – pagbabago at muling pasulat bilang tugon sa sagot sa mga payo.
 Pag-eedit (editing) – pagwawasto sa gramatika, ispeling at pangugusap
 Paglalathala (publishing) – ibabahagi ang nabuong ponal na kopya ng sulatin sa mga mambabasa.

3. Salik sa Pagsulat ng Akademikong Sulatin.

 Ang manunulat
  Ang kanyang layunin
 Ang mambabasa
 Ang paksa

4. Hulwaran
 Paghahalimbawa – ginagamit ito lalo na sa mga paksang abstrak na mahirap unawain.
 Pagbibigay Kahulugan – ay paarang eksposisyon na tumatalakay o nagbibigay-kahulugan sa
isang salita.
a) Maanyo – tumutokoy sa isang pagpapayahag ng mga salita na nagbibigay ng malaking
kaalaman.
3 BAHAGI
i. Katawagan (form) – salitang ipinaliliwanag o binibigyang kahulugan.
ii. Klase o uri (genus) – kategoryang kinabibilangan o pangkat na binubuo ng mga
katulad na bagay.
iii. Mga katangian na ikinakiiba ng salita (difference) – paglalarawan na ikinaiiba ng
salitang binibigyang-depinisyon sa iba pang salita o katawagan.
b) Pasanaysay – isang uri ng depinisyon na nagbibigay ng karagdagang pagpapaliwanag sa
salita.
ABM 006:
POINTERS

Marketing:
4Ps of Marketing
 Product – anything offered for sale by a firm or business to buyers
 Price – is the money, good and service exchange for the ownership or use of a good and/ service.
 Place – refers to how or where you get your product
 Promotion – all the activities and methods you use to promote your products/ services to your target
market.
Pricing (tong akong gi send nga softcopy sa module)
Price is the only “p” in the marketing mix that provides revenues to a firm. The rest – product, place, and
Promotions generate expenses.
PRICING OBJECTIVES
i. Meet their profit objective. Every company sets a specific profit target for a particular product at a
Particular time. This profit objective or target becomes the motivating force for companies’ marketing
Efforts.
ii. Maintain or improve market share. Right pricing scheme can enormously build customer traffic and an
Important factor for brand shift decision of a market.
iii. Control entry of new players in the market offering competing brands. Companies do this by offering
Low prices and sometimes much lower than industry standard.

IMPORTANCE OF PRICE
i. Price dictates product demand. Market patronizes products because of their prices. Some factors must
Be considered, like product quality and type of services given to customers by the company’s staff.
ii. Price determines the level of expenditures of the market. Price influences buyers’ decision whether to
Buy the product or not.

PRICING STRATEGIES
Pricing Strategy Price Quality
Premium High High
Economy Low Low
Value Low High
Overcharging High Low

 Premium pricing strategy – involves setting high price to products with high quality.
 Economy pricing strategy – involves setting the price low because the product is of low quality.
 Value pricing strategy – companies that offer the same high quality products but offer the customers
with more value for their money
 Overcharging pricing strategy – products are priced high but the quality of the products is low.
Other pricing strategies
 Penetration pricing strategy – involves setting low initial price for new products offered in the market.
The objective is to be able to enter the market immediately.
 Market skimming pricing strategy – involves setting high initial price for a product or services offered,
And after a definite period of time, companies either lower the price of the offering or maintain its price.
 Bundle pricing strategy – involves setting one price for a set of complimentary products. For example,
Spaghetti pasta and spaghetti sauce are bundled and given a price of P100.
 Geographical pricing strategy – involves setting price differently in different locations. Producers of
Goods or channels of distribution like wholesalers set geographical pricing scheme due to shipping cost
or transport cost.
  Zoning pricing – the seller set up zones where markets within the zone pay the same price for the
products. The farther the distance of the market from the seller’s zone, the higher will be the product
price.
 Freight absorption pricing – sellers shoulder part, if not, the entire cost of the freight. Some
companies practiced this belief that distribution cost will be compensated by business done in volume.
COMPANIES CUT PRICE WHEN COMPANIES INCREASE PRICE WHEN
 There is excess capacity  There is a desire to increase profit
 There is continuous decrease in market  There is high demand for the product
share  There is increase in the cost of raw
 Competitors lower their price offering and materials or labor cost
other companies believe that it is
advantageous to their companies to follow
the price decrease
 Company desires to regain lost market
share and gain more customers
 Company is anticipating new product
model or design

________1.The payment given to workers for doing a job

________2. The price one needs to pay for using other person’s money or being permitted to use bank’s money
________3. Refers to what parents provide for their children when they are still studying
________4. The price one pays to the government to be able to continue a business operation.
________5. Refers to the use of utilities like water, electricity, etc.
________6. The payment for the use of apartments or equipment for a certain period
________7. The money utilized to build government’s infrastructure projects
____________________1. The marketing mix that gives revenue to a company
____________________2. Aside from customers, this entity reacts to a business enterprise’s change of price
____________________3. The pricing strategy that involves setting high price to product produced with high
Quality.
____________________4. The pricing strategy that involves low quality product sold at low price
____________________5. The strategy a company uses when it offers high quality products at reduced price
____________________6. The strategy that involves setting one price for a set or with a complimentary
Products
____________________7. The pricing strategy company uses when products are high but the quality of the
Products is low

Marketing Plan – is a written document that describes your advertising and marketing efforts fo r the coming
year; it includes a statement of the marketing situation, a discussion of target markets and company positioning .

STEPS IN CREATING A MARKETING PLAN

1. Situation Analysis
2. Target Audience
3. SMART goals
4. Strategies and Tactics
5. Set you Budget

MARKETING PLAN
I. Executive Summary – this will be the organizer of the plan, formal part of your marketing plan template
 II. Products & Services – you will want to list the many values that you bring to your potential customers
III. Vision & Mission Statements – important place for you to summarize and really hyper-focus what your
business will change.
IV. Research Analysis – you’ll want to report on a variety of market-related things that have an impact on
your overall marketing plan
a. Competition – research your competitors, analyze their Products attributes, pricing marketing
and promotion strategies.
b. Competitive Advantage – you list down condition/s or circumstances that put your product or
company in a favorable or superior business position.
c. SWOT Analysis - by looking into each of these sections for business, you can create a plan on
how you can differentiate your products or services and claim your unique position in the market
place.
V. Customer Information – the next thing you need to know is your customers.
VI. Marketing Objectives – you need to set the stage for what you want to accomplish so you can decide on
the marketing plan and to supplement those goals.
VII. Marketing Strategies and Tactics -
VIII. Marketing Budget – is a detailed roadmap that outlines the cost of all the marketing strategies and tactics
involved in hitting the projected results.
IX. Controls – indicate how the progress will be monitored and reviewed by the management.
ABM 003:

Merchandising – buy and sell goods to earn profit.

Periodic and Perpetual Inventory System – used to measure ending inventory, counting the inventory.
 Periodic (once) – uses the cost accounts
 fast moving (dali ra mabaligya)
 low cost (barato)
 Cost of Accounts
 Purchases
 Purchase Return and Allowances
 Purchase Discounts
 Freight – in

 Perpetual – cost of sales and merchandise inventory.

 high value
 expensive
 Inventory
 Cost of Sales
 Cost of Good Sold

NORMAL BALANCE
ACCOUNTS WHEN AN INCREASE
Sales Credit
Sales Return and Allowances Debit
Sales Discounts Debit
Purchases Debit
Purchase Return and Allowances Credit
Purchase Discounts Credit
Freight - in Debit
Freight - out Debit
Inventory as cost item Debit
Inventory as asset Item Debit

Freight – in (kung ikaw ang buyer)

Freight – out (kung ikaw ang seller) (everytime magbayad ka ug transportation fee)
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 Net Purchase
 Goods Available for Sales
 Cost of Good Sold
 Net sales
 Gross Profit

Statement of Cost of Good Sold/ Cost of Sales

Statement of Financial Performance
Statement of Changes in OE
Statement of Financial Position
Statement of Cash Flows

Inventory End – base sa pag ihap

Gross Purchase – pagpangumpra
Freight-out – is an expense
Net Sales?
Gross Sales – Sales Return and Allowances – Sales Discounts = Net Sales
Net Purchase?
Purchase – Purchase Discounts – Purchase Return and Allowances = Net Purchase
Net Cost of Purchase?
Net Purchase + Freight-in = Net Cost Of Purchase
Cost Of Good Sold?
Gross Available for sale – Inventory End = Cost of Good Sold
Gross Profit?
Net Sales – Cost of Good Sold = Gross Profit