PROGRAMME: HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

COURSE: ADVANCE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

CODE: PAD 317
CREDIT UNIT : 3
DURATION: 3 HOURS
GOAL: This course, advanced p333ublic management, is
designed to expose students to the new trends in the management
of the Public Service. It would enable the student to acquire
knowledge relating to Public Service Reforms and Public
Management.

LECTURE NOTE PREPARED

BY
MR CHATTA A. ENESSI
DPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, BIDA
[email protected]

0
 MODULE ONE

CONCEPT OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

Public management refers to the set of principles, practices, and processes used to plan, organize, coordinate,
and control activities within government and public sector organizations to achieve their goals and objectives
efficiently and effectively. It is a field of study and practice that focuses on the unique challenges and
responsibilities of managing public resources, providing public services, and addressing the needs and
expectations of the public. Public management is the field of management that deals with the unique
characteristics and challenges of government and public sector organizations. It focuses on promoting the
efficient and effective use of public resources to serve the public interest and deliver public services. The
principles and practices of public management are designed to ensure that public organizations are accountable,
transparent, and responsive to the needs of the communities they serve.

Key elements of the concept of public management include:

Public Sector Focus: Public management is distinct from private sector management in that it deals with
organizations and institutions that are owned or operated by the government and serve the public interest. These
can include government agencies, public utilities, educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and more.
A. Public Interest: Public management is guided by the public interest, which means that decisions and
actions taken by public managers should prioritize the well-being of the general public. This often
involves balancing diverse and sometimes conflicting interests and demands.
B. Resource Allocation: Public management involves the allocation of public resources, such as budgets,
personnel, and infrastructure, to achieve the goals and objectives of public organizations. Efficient and
effective resource allocation is a critical component of public management.
C. Policy Implementation: Public managers are responsible for implementing public policies and
programs that are formulated by government officials and legislators. They must ensure that these
policies are executed in a manner that aligns with the intended outcomes and objectives.
D. Accountability and Transparency: Public management is characterized by a high degree of
accountability and transparency. Government agencies and public organizations are accountable to the
public, and they are expected to operate openly and provide information about their activities and
decisions.
E. Complexity and Challenges: Public management often faces complex challenges, including political
pressures, budget constraints, regulatory requirements, and diverse stakeholder interests. Public
managers must navigate these challenges while striving to deliver services effectively and efficiently.
F. Public Service Ethos: Public management often emphasizes a commitment to public service and the
public good. Public managers are expected to work in the best interests of the community and to uphold
ethical standards in their decision-making and actions.
MEANING OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

1
Public management, also known as public administration or public sector management, refers to the practice
and study of managing government and public sector organizations. It involves planning, organizing, and
overseeing various activities within these organizations to achieve their goals and objectives, while also
ensuring that they operate efficiently, effectively, and in alignment with the public interest. Public management
encompasses a wide range of activities, including policy implementation, resource allocation, service delivery,
and decision-making within the public sector.
Key elements and concepts associated with public management include:
i. Public Sector Focus: Public management specifically deals with organizations and institutions that
are part of the government or the public sector. This includes government agencies, public utilities,
educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and more.
ii. Public Interest: A fundamental principle of public management is the prioritization of the public
interest. Public managers are responsible for making decisions and taking actions that benefit the
well-being of the general public and the communities they serve.
iii. Resource Allocation: Public management involves allocating public resources, such as budgets,
personnel, infrastructure, and technology, to meet the objectives and mission of public organizations.
Effective resource allocation is essential to ensure that public services are delivered efficiently.
iv. Policy Implementation: Public managers are responsible for translating public policies and
programs into actionable plans and activities. They must ensure that policies are implemented
effectively and that they lead to the desired outcomes.
v. Accountability and Transparency: Public management is characterized by a high degree of
accountability and transparency. Public organizations are accountable to the public and are expected
to operate openly, providing information about their decisions, actions, and use of resources.
vi. Complex Challenges: Public management often faces complex challenges, including political
pressures, budget constraints, regulatory requirements, and the need to balance diverse stakeholder
interests. Public managers must navigate these challenges while striving to deliver public services
efficiently and effectively.
vii. Public Service Ethos: Public management often emphasizes a commitment to public service and the
public good. Public managers are expected to work in the best interests of the community and adhere
to ethical standards in their decision-making and actions.

CHALLENGES IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT:

1. Political Interference: Political pressure can influence decision-making in public management,

affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery.
2. Bureaucracy: The complex nature of public organizations and bureaucratic processes can lead to
inefficiencies and slow decision-making.
3. Budget Constraints: Limited financial resources may hinder the implementation of policies and affect
the quality of public services.
4. Changing Demographics and Needs: As societies evolve, public management must adapt to new
challenges and the changing needs of the population.
5. Accountability and Transparency: Ensuring accountability and transparency in the use of public
resources is essential to maintain public trust.
6. Stakeholder Coordination: Coordinating various stakeholders with diverse interests can be
challenging, especially in complex policy areas.

WHAT IS ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT?

2
"Advanced public management" typically refers to the application of advanced techniques, strategies, and
concepts to the field of public management. It involves the adoption of innovative and sophisticated approaches
to address the increasingly complex challenges faced by government and public sector organizations. Advanced
public management seeks to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and responsiveness of public administration
and services in a rapidly changing and interconnected world. The adoption of advanced public management
practices can help public sector organizations address the complex and evolving challenges of the modern world
while better serving the needs of their constituents. It requires a commitment to continuous improvement, the
integration of technology and innovation, and a focus on evidence-based decision-making and outcomes.
Some key components and characteristics of advanced public management include:
i. Innovation and Technology: Advanced public management often involves the use of cutting-edge
technologies and innovative solutions to improve service delivery, decision-making, and public
engagement. This may include the adoption of data analytics, artificial intelligence, digital platforms,
and e-government initiatives.
ii. Strategic Management: Advanced public management places a strong emphasis on strategic
planning and performance management. Government organizations are encouraged to set clear
objectives, develop long-term strategies, and regularly assess their performance to achieve desired
outcomes.
iii. Collaboration and Partnerships: Advanced public management recognizes the value of
collaboration with non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and other stakeholders.
Partnerships and collaboration can lead to more effective and efficient solutions to complex societal
problems.
iv. Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Decision-making in advanced public management is often
informed by data and evidence. This approach ensures that policies and programs are designed based
on reliable information and research, leading to better results.
v. Citizen-Centric Approaches: Government agencies adopting advanced public management
principles often prioritize the needs and preferences of citizens. This can involve enhanced public
engagement, user-centered design, and a focus on customer satisfaction in the delivery of public
services.
vi. Risk Management: Advanced public management recognizes the importance of identifying,
assessing, and managing risks in public sector operations. This helps ensure that potential issues are
addressed proactively, and resources are used efficiently.
vii. Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: In response to global challenges such as
climate change, advanced public management includes a focus on sustainability and environmentally
responsible practices in government operations and policies.
viii. Capacity Building: Public management practitioners and public servants are encouraged to
continuously develop their skills and knowledge to adapt to changing circumstances and implement
advanced management practices effectively.
ix. Agile and Flexible Governance: Adopting agile and flexible governance structures that can
respond quickly to changing circumstances and emerging challenges. This includes empowering
civil servants to be more proactive and adaptive in their approach to problem-solving.
x. Performance Management and Accountability: Implementing robust performance management
systems to track progress, measure outcomes, and hold public officials accountable for results.
xi. Innovative Service Delivery Models: Exploring and implementing innovative service delivery
models, such as shared services, co-production with citizens, and outcome-based contracting.
xii. Ethical Leadership: Emphasizing ethical leadership and promoting a culture of integrity,
transparency, and accountability within the public sector.

3
 METHODOLOGY OF ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT?
The methodology of advanced public management involves a systematic and strategic approach to managing
government and public sector organizations. It incorporates advanced techniques, tools, and practices to
enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of public administration. The methodology of
advanced public management is designed to adapt to the evolving challenges of the modern world and meet the
expectations of a more informed and demanding public. It requires a commitment to continuous improvement,
innovation, and the strategic use of resources to achieve better outcomes and better serve the public interest.
While specific methodologies may vary based on context and objectives, here are some key components and
principles commonly associated with advanced public management:
Strategic Planning: Advanced public management starts with the development of comprehensive strategic
plans. These plans outline the organization's mission, vision, goals, and objectives. They serve as a roadmap for
achieving long-term results and guide decision-making and resource allocation.
Performance Measurement: The methodology emphasizes the use of performance metrics and key
performance indicators (KPIs) to assess the effectiveness of public programs and services. Regular monitoring
and evaluation help identify areas for improvement and allow for data-driven decision-making.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Decision-making in advanced public management is informed by data and
evidence. Research, analysis, and evaluation studies are used to support the development of policies and
programs, ensuring that they are grounded in reliable information and research.
Resource Management: Efficient allocation of resources is a fundamental component of advanced public
management. This includes budgeting, financial management, and resource optimization to achieve the
organization's goals while being fiscally responsible.
Technology and Innovation: Advanced public management leverages technology and innovation to improve
service delivery, streamline operations, and enhance communication. Digital platforms, data analytics, artificial
intelligence, and automation are often used to optimize processes.
Customer-Centric Approach: Public organizations adopting this methodology focus on meeting the needs and
expectations of citizens and stakeholders. They use user-centered design principles to ensure that public services
are accessible, user-friendly, and responsive to citizens' preferences.
Citizen Engagement: Engaging citizens in decision-making processes and seeking their input is a vital aspect
of advanced public management. It fosters transparency, accountability, and public trust. Methods of
engagement can include public consultations, feedback mechanisms, and participatory budgeting.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Encouraging collaboration with other government agencies, non-
governmental organizations, the private sector, and community groups is essential. Public-private partnerships
(PPPs) and inter-agency cooperation can lead to more effective and efficient solutions to complex issues.
Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and managing risks are integral to advanced public management. A
systematic approach to risk management helps public organizations proactively address potential issues and
mitigate negative impacts.

4
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: Advanced public management includes a focus on
sustainability and environmentally responsible practices in government operations and policies. Efforts to
reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainability are integrated into decision-making processes.
Capacity Building: Public management practitioners and public servants are encouraged to continuously
develop their skills and knowledge. Training and professional development are essential to equip the workforce
with the capabilities to implement advanced management practices effectively.
Governance and Accountability: Advanced public management emphasizes good governance, integrity, and
accountability. It includes measures to prevent corruption, ensure transparency in decision-making, and hold
public officials responsible for their actions.
ADVANTAGES OF ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
The adoption of advanced public management practices offers several advantages that can significantly improve
the efficiency, effectiveness, and overall performance of public administration and service delivery. Some of the
key advantages include:

1. Enhanced Service Delivery: Advanced public management emphasizes data-driven decision-making and
results-based approaches. This leads to more effective and targeted service delivery, addressing the
specific needs and priorities of citizens and stakeholders.
2. Increased Transparency and Accountability: Modern management practices promote transparency in
decision-making processes, resource allocation, and service delivery. This fosters greater accountability
among public officials and institutions, reducing the risk of corruption and improving public trust. These
are critical aspects of advanced public management. They involve the open and honest reporting of activities and
results, which makes it possible to hold public officials accountable for their actions and decisions.
3. Improved Resource Allocation: By using evidence-based approaches, advanced public management
enables better allocation of resources. This ensures that limited resources are directed to the most critical
areas, maximizing the impact of public spending.
4. Innovation and Technological Advancement: Advanced public management embraces technological
solutions and innovation, leading to improved efficiency and effectiveness in delivering public services.
Technology can streamline processes, automate tasks, and enhance citizen engagement.
5. Citizen-Centric Approach: The focus on citizen needs and preferences enhances the responsiveness of
public services. By placing citizens at the center of decision-making, advanced public management
ensures that policies and services are designed to meet their expectations.
6. Capacity Building and Professional Development: Advanced public management prioritizes human
resource development and capacity building for public servants. This leads to a more skilled and
motivated workforce, capable of handling complex challenges.
7. Strategic Planning and Long-Term Vision: By adopting strategic planning practices, public management
becomes more proactive and forward-thinking. This enables governments to set long-term goals, address
emerging issues, and plan for sustainable development.
8. Effective Performance Management: The implementation of performance management practices allows
for continuous monitoring and evaluation of public programs. This ensures that programs are meeting
their objectives and that adjustments can be made when necessary.
9. Collaboration and Partnerships: Advanced public management encourages collaboration between the
public sector, private sector, and civil society through public-private partnerships (PPPs). This fosters
synergy, innovation, and increased resource mobilization.
10. Efficient Resource Management: Lean management principles help reduce waste and inefficiencies in
public processes, leading to cost savings and better resource utilization.
11. Risk Mitigation and Crisis Preparedness: By incorporating risk management practices, public
management can identify potential risks and develop contingency plans to address crises effectively.
12. Ethical Governance and Integrity: Advanced public management emphasizes ethical governance,
promoting integrity and responsible conduct in public administration. This enhances public trust and

5
 1. Digital Transformation: In today's digital age, advanced public management also includes leveraging
technology to improve service delivery. This involves digitizing public services, improving data
management, and using technology to improve communication and engagement with citizens.
2. Risk Mitigation and Crisis Preparedness: By incorporating risk management practices, public
management can identify potential risks and develop contingency plans to address crises effectively.
3. Ethical Governance and Integrity: Advanced public management emphasizes ethical governance,
promoting integrity and responsible conduct in public administration. This enhances public trust and
confidence.
4. Effective Performance Management: The implementation of performance management practices allows
for continuous monitoring and evaluation of public programs. This ensures that programs are meeting
their objectives and that adjustments can be made when necessary.

DIFFERENCES-BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

Public Administration and Public Management are related fields that both deal with the management and
operation of government and public sector organizations. However, there are distinct differences between the
two in terms of their focus, scope, and approaches. Here are some key differences between Public
Administration and Public Management:

1. Focus:
Public Administration: Public administration traditionally focuses on the implementation and execution of
government policies and programs. It is more concerned with the day-to-day operations and functions of public
agencies. Public administration often places a strong emphasis on bureaucracy, rules, and procedures.
Public Management: Public management has a broader focus that includes not only the execution of policies but
also the strategic planning, efficiency, and effectiveness of public organizations. It encompasses the use of
modern management techniques and practices to improve the delivery of public services.
2. Historical Perspective:
Public Administration: Public administration has a longer history and is rooted in principles of bureaucratic
management. It often draws from the ideas of early administrative theorists like Max Weber and focuses on
organizational structures and processes.
Public Management: Public management is a more recent development and is influenced by management
theories from the private sector. It seeks to adapt private sector management practices to the unique context of
the public sector.
3. Management Techniques:
Public Administration: Public administration tends to rely on traditional administrative and bureaucratic
techniques, such as hierarchy, formal rules, and standardized procedures. It may be more risk-averse and less
flexible.
Public Management: Public management incorporates modern management techniques, including strategic
planning, performance measurement, and a focus on innovation and customer-centric approaches. It is often
more flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances.
4. Goals and Outcomes:

6
Public Administration: Public administration often emphasizes compliance with regulations and procedures. Its
primary goal is the efficient functioning of government agencies and adherence to established rules.
Public Management: Public management focuses on achieving desired outcomes and results. It places an
emphasis on effectiveness, efficiency, and the delivery of quality public services. It is goal-oriented and
outcome-driven.
5. Accountability and Transparency:
Public Administration: Public administration typically places a strong emphasis on formal rules and
accountability through bureaucratic structures. Transparency may be limited to adherence to established
procedures.
Public Management: Public management often promotes greater accountability and transparency, including a
focus on accountability to the public. It aims to be more open and responsive to citizens' needs and expectations.
6. Innovation and Adaptation:
Public Administration: Public administration may be slower to adapt to change and innovation, as it tends to be
more conservative in its approach.
Public Management: Public management encourages innovation, adaptability, and the incorporation of private
sector practices to improve government operations and service delivery.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT

"New Public Management" (NPM) and "Advanced Public Management" (ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT) are two different paradigms and approaches to public administration and management. They
represent distinct phases in the evolution of public sector management. Here are some key differences between
New Public Management and Advanced Public Management:
1. Historical Context:
New Public Management (NPM): NPM emerged in the late 20th century (1980s-1990s) as a response to
perceived inefficiencies and bureaucracy in the public sector. It aimed to apply private sector management
principles to the public sector.
Advanced Public Management (ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT): ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT is a more recent concept and represents further development beyond NPM. It incorporates
lessons learned from NPM and responds to the evolving challenges and expectations in the 21st century.
2. Management Approaches:
New Public Management (NPM): NPM emphasized market-oriented, business-like management practices in the
public sector. It introduced concepts like competition, performance measurement, decentralization, and
outsourcing.
Advanced Public Management: ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT builds upon NPM but takes a more
holistic and comprehensive approach. It integrates innovative technologies, data analytics, sustainability
considerations, and a more balanced approach to management, not solely relying on market-driven solutions.
3. Emphasis on Efficiency vs. Effectiveness:

7
New Public Management (NPM): NPM was primarily focused on achieving efficiency in the delivery of public
services. It often emphasized cost-cutting, privatization, and market-driven solutions.
Advanced Public Management (ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT): ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT extends beyond efficiency and places a stronger emphasis on the effectiveness of public
programs and services. It seeks to balance efficiency with quality, citizen-centric service, and long-term
sustainability.
4. Use of Technology:
New Public Management (NPM): NPM embraced technology to some extent but primarily for efficiency gains
and cost reduction. It often involved automating processes and streamlining operations.
Advanced Public Management (ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT): ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT places a greater focus on leveraging technology for data-driven decision-making, citizen
engagement, and innovation. It uses technology to enhance transparency, accountability, and service delivery.
5. Citizen Engagement:
New Public Management (NPM): NPM had a limited focus on citizen engagement. It prioritized the use of
market mechanisms to improve services, often with less emphasis on direct citizen participation.
Advanced Public Management (ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT): ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT recognizes the importance of citizen engagement and participation in decision-making. It
aims to involve citizens in co-creating public services and solutions, enhancing transparency and public trust.
6. Environmental Sustainability:
New Public Management (NPM): NPM did not have a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability and
often overlooked ecological considerations.
Advanced Public Management (ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT): ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT takes sustainability into account, addressing environmental concerns and incorporating
responsible and sustainable practices into government operations and policies.
7. Risk Management and Resilience:
New Public Management (NPM): NPM generally did not have a strong focus on risk management or resilience
in the face of crises or disruptions.
Advanced Public Management (ADVANCED PUBLIC MANAGEMENT): ADVANCED PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT acknowledges the need for risk management and building resilience in public organizations
to better respond to emergencies and unforeseen challenges.
HOW CAN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT BE IMPROVED FOR A BETTER SERVICE DELIVERY?
Improving public management is essential to enhance service delivery and ensure that government agencies
operate efficiently, transparently, and effectively. Here are some strategies that can help achieve better service
delivery through improved public management:

1. Clear Goals and Performance Metrics: Set clear and measurable goals for each government agency or
department. Define key performance indicators (KPIs) to assess their performance regularly. This helps
in tracking progress, identifying areas for improvement, and holding responsible parties accountable.
2. Transparency and Accountability: Promote transparency in government operations, decision-making
processes, and resource allocation. Implement mechanisms for public access to information and create
avenues for citizens to provide feedback and hold public servants accountable.

8
3. Merit-Based Recruitment and Professional Development: Strengthen recruitment processes to ensure that
public servants are selected based on merit and qualifications. Invest in continuous professional
development to enhance the skills and knowledge of civil servants.
4. Effective Leadership and Management Practices: Foster strong leadership at all levels of government.
Effective leaders can motivate employees, encourage innovation, and create a positive work
environment that enhances service delivery.
5. Decentralization and Local Empowerment: Where appropriate, decentralize decision-making and
empower local governments or agencies. This can lead to more responsive and tailored service delivery
that addresses the specific needs of local communities.
6. Streamlined Bureaucracy: Simplify bureaucratic procedures to reduce red tape and administrative
burden. This can help speed up service delivery and improve the overall efficiency of government
agencies.
7. Technology and Digital Transformation: Embrace technology and digital solutions to automate processes,
improve data management, and enhance service delivery. E-government initiatives can streamline
services and make them more accessible to citizens.
8. Performance-Based Incentives: Implement performance-based incentives for public servants to reward
exceptional performance and encourage a culture of continuous improvement.
9. Partnerships and Collaboration: Foster partnerships between government agencies, civil society
organizations, and the private sector to leverage expertise and resources for better service delivery.
10. Evidence-Based Decision Making: Encourage the use of data and evidence in decision-making processes.
This ensures that policies and programs are grounded in research and analysis.

9
 MODULE 2
PUBLIC SERVICE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION:
The structure and composition of public services can vary significantly from one country to another and even
within different levels of government within a single country. However, there are some common elements and
principles that can be generally applied to understand how public services are organized and composed. Here
are key components of public service structure and composition:
Hierarchy:
Public services are typically organized in a hierarchical manner, often with a clear chain of command. This
hierarchy ensures that decisions flow from top-level leadership down to lower levels.
Levels of Government:
Public services are organized at multiple levels of government, such as national, regional, and local levels. Each
level has its own set of public service organizations and responsibilities.
Departments and Ministries:
At the national level, government departments or ministries are responsible for specific areas of public policy
and service delivery. For example, there may be a Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, or Department of
Transportation.
Agencies and Authorities:
Government agencies and authorities are organizations that operate within a specific sector or function, such as
environmental protection agencies, transportation authorities, or law enforcement agencies.
Local Government:
At the local level, municipalities or local governments provide services to residents, including services related
to public safety, education, and local infrastructure.
Civil Service:
The civil service is composed of government employees who work in various roles and positions to implement
government policies and deliver services. Civil servants are typically selected through a competitive and merit-
based process.
Elected Officials:
In democratic systems, elected officials, including mayors, governors, legislators, and other political leaders,
play a crucial role in shaping public policy and overseeing the operation of public services.
Public Servants:
Public servants encompass a wide range of professionals, including administrators, educators, healthcare
workers, law enforcement officers, social workers, and many others, who directly provide public services.
Contractors and Consultants:
In some cases, public services may be partially delivered by private sector contractors or consultants hired by
the government to perform specific tasks or provide expertise.
Advisory Boards and Commissions:

10
Governments may establish advisory boards or commissions composed of experts and citizens to provide
recommendations and oversight on specific issues or policy areas.
Regulatory and Oversight Bodies:
Independent bodies may be established to regulate specific sectors, such as financial markets,
telecommunications, or healthcare. These bodies ensure compliance with regulations and standards.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
Public services may also involve collaborations with the private sector through public-private partnerships.
These partnerships leverage private sector expertise and resources in the delivery of public services.
Volunteers and Nonprofit Organizations:
In many cases, volunteers and nonprofit organizations complement public services by providing additional
support, services, and assistance to the community.
Supporting Functions:
Public service organizations often have supporting functions, including human resources, finance, information
technology, and legal departments, to ensure efficient and effective operation.
Citizen Engagement and Input:
Governments may engage citizens through various mechanisms, such as public hearings, surveys, and public
consultations, to gather input and feedback on policies and services.
The specific structure and composition of public services can vary based on the political and administrative
system of a country, the level of government, and the services being provided. Regardless of these variations,
the overall goal of public services is to meet the needs of the public, ensure accountability, and improve the
well-being of citizens.
NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION
The structure and composition of the Nigerian public service are complex and multifaceted, reflecting the
country's federal system of government. Nigeria has three levels of government: federal, state, and local, each
with its own public service institutions and personnel. Here is an overview of the structure and composition of
the Nigerian public service at each level:
Federal Level:
Executive Branch:
The President of Nigeria is the head of state and government. The executive branch includes ministries and
government agencies responsible for various aspects of national governance, such as finance, defense, health,
education, and transportation.
Civil Service:
The federal civil service is composed of career civil servants who are responsible for implementing government
policies and programs. The civil service is organized into various ministries, departments, and agencies
(MDAs).

11
Parastatals and Agencies:
Numerous parastatals and agencies operate under the federal government, each with specific mandates and
functions. Examples include the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the Central Bank of Nigeria
(CBN), and the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC).
Judiciary:
The judiciary is a separate arm of government and includes federal courts and judicial institutions responsible
for upholding the rule of law and dispensing justice.
Legislature:
The National Assembly is the federal legislative body, consisting of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, responsible for making and amending laws at the federal level.
Elected Officials:
Elected officials, including the President, members of the National Assembly, and Governors, play a vital role in
shaping national policies and overseeing the federal government.
State Level:
Executive Branch:
Each of Nigeria's 36 states has its own executive branch headed by a Governor. State executives include state
ministries and departments responsible for implementing state-level policies and programs.
Civil Service:
State civil services comprise career civil servants who support the implementation of state government policies
and services. Each state has its own civil service commission responsible for managing state civil service
matters.
Local Government:
States are further divided into local government areas (LGAs) that have their own local government councils,
local government administrators, and local government civil service responsible for local administration and
services.
Local Level:
Local Government:
Nigeria's 774 local government areas (LGAs) each have their local government councils, which are responsible
for local governance, development, and service delivery.
Local Government Civil Service:
Local government civil service personnel support local government councils in areas like health, education,
public works, and administration.
Traditional Institutions:
Traditional rulers and institutions, such as kings and chiefs, play significant roles in local governance,
particularly in rural areas.

12
Community-Based Organizations:
In some cases, community-based organizations and volunteer groups contribute to local development and
service delivery.
It's important to note that Nigeria's public service is quite large and complex, and there may be variations in
structures and compositions across states and local government areas. Additionally, Nigeria's public service is
governed by the Federal Civil Service Commission, State Civil Service Commissions, and Local Government
Service Commissions, each responsible for managing their respective civil service systems.
The public service in Nigeria is vital for the delivery of government services, the implementation of policies,
and the overall governance of the country. However, it has faced various challenges, including issues of
efficiency, transparency, and accountability, which have led to ongoing efforts to reform and improve the public
service.
COMPOSITION OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE IN NIGERIA
The composition of the public service in Nigeria is structured into different levels and categories, reflecting the
federal system of government. It encompasses various government agencies, ministries, departments, and
personnel. Here is an overview of the composition of the public service in Nigeria:
Federal Civil Service:
The federal civil service is responsible for implementing government policies and programs at the national
level. It is organized into various ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) that cover a wide range of
functions, including finance, defense, health, education, and transportation.
Parastatals and Agencies:
Numerous federal parastatals and agencies operate under the federal government, each with specific mandates
and functions. These include organizations like the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
(NAFDAC), and more.
Judiciary:
The judiciary is a separate arm of government in Nigeria, consisting of federal courts and judicial institutions
responsible for upholding the rule of law, interpreting the Constitution, and dispensing justice. This includes the
Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, and various high courts.
Legislature:
The federal legislature is known as the National Assembly and is responsible for making and amending federal
laws. It comprises the Senate and the House of Representatives, each with elected members representing
different constituencies.
State Civil Services:
Each of Nigeria's 36 states has its own state civil service responsible for implementing state-level policies and
programs. State civil service personnel support the state governments in areas such as health, education,
agriculture, and infrastructure.
Local Government Civil Services:
Nigeria's 774 local government areas (LGAs) have their own local government civil services that support local
government councils in providing services and governance at the grassroots level.

13
Elected Officials:
Elected officials at various levels of government, including the President, Governors, members of the National
Assembly, State Houses of Assembly, and local government chairpersons, play key roles in shaping government
policies and overseeing the public service.
Traditional Institutions:
Traditional rulers, such as kings, chiefs, and emirs, have cultural and traditional leadership roles in many parts
of Nigeria, particularly in rural areas.
Community-Based Organizations and Volunteers:
Community-based organizations, NGOs, and volunteer groups may contribute to local development, social
services, and community welfare.
The Nigerian public service is quite large and diverse, with a complex structure at the federal, state, and local
government levels. The Federal Civil Service Commission, State Civil Service Commissions, and Local
Government Service Commissions are responsible for managing their respective civil service systems and
ensuring that appointments, promotions, and discipline within the service adhere to established guidelines and
regulations.
Nigeria's public service is integral to the delivery of government services, the implementation of policies, and
the governance of the country. However, it has faced various challenges, including issues related to efficiency,
transparency, and accountability, leading to ongoing efforts to reform and improve the public service.
STRUCTURE OF THE CIVIL SERVICE AND THE PUBLIC
SERVICE EVOLUTION IN NIGERIA
The structure of the civil service in Nigeria, along with the evolution of the public service, reflects the
historical, political, and administrative changes that the country has experienced over the years. Here's an
overview of the structure of the civil service and the evolution of the public service in Nigeria:
Structure of the Civil Service:
The civil service in Nigeria is organized into various levels and categories, including the federal, state, and local
government civil services. Each level has its own administrative hierarchy and functions:
Federal Civil Service:
The federal civil service is responsible for implementing government policies and programs at the national
level. It is organized into ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs), each headed by a Permanent Secretary.
The federal civil service is managed by the Federal Civil Service Commission.
State Civil Services:
Each of Nigeria's 36 states has its own state civil service, responsible for implementing state-level policies and
programs. State civil services are organized into ministries and departments, with each state having its own civil
service commission responsible for managing personnel matters.

14
Local Government Civil Services:
Nigeria's 774 local government areas (LGAs) have their own local government civil services that support local
government councils in providing services at the grassroots level. Local government civil service commissions
oversee personnel issues at the LGA level.
Judicial and Legislative Services:
The judiciary and legislative arms of government have their own civil service structures. The judiciary includes
courts, while the legislature consists of state and national assemblies.
Security and Defense Services:
Security and defense organizations, such as the Nigerian Police Force, the Nigerian Army, and the Nigerian
Immigration Service, have their own civil service components to manage administrative and support functions.
Parastatals and Agencies:
Various federal and state parastatals and agencies operate under the government's umbrella. These entities have
their own civil service structures to support their functions.
Evolution of the Public Service in Nigeria:
The evolution of the public service in Nigeria has gone through several phases, shaped by colonial rule,
independence, and political changes:
Colonial Period (Pre-1960):
During colonial rule, Nigeria had a civil service primarily serving the interests of the British colonial
administration. The civil service was largely centralized and focused on colonial administration.
Post-Independence (1960-1980s):
After gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria established its own civil service. It followed a British-style civil
service system and was characterized by professionalism, merit-based recruitment, and a focus on bureaucracy
and hierarchy.
Military Rule (1980s-1999):
Military rule in the 1980s brought about significant changes in the structure and functioning of the civil service.
There was increased politicization and centralization of the civil service, leading to inefficiencies and a decline
in professionalism.
Democratic Transition (Late 1990s-2000s):
With the return to democracy in 1999, there were attempts to reform and professionalize the civil service. The
National Civil Service Reform Program (NSRP) was initiated to address issues related to professionalism,
accountability, and efficiency.
Current Challenges and Reforms (2000s-Present):
Nigeria's civil service continues to face challenges, including issues related to corruption, political interference,
and inefficiency. Efforts to reform and modernize the civil service have been ongoing, including initiatives to
improve accountability, streamline operations, and enhance transparency.

15
 MODULE 3
GLOBAL TRENDS IN PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS AND MANAGEMENT

Public service reforms and management practices have evolved over the years to adapt to changing societal
needs, technological advancements, and global trends. While the specific reforms and trends can vary by
country and region, there are several global trends that have been observed in recent years:
Digital Transformation and E-Government:
Governments worldwide are embracing digital transformation and e-government initiatives to improve service
delivery, enhance transparency, and engage with citizens. This includes online service portals, digital identity
systems, and the use of technology to streamline administrative processes.
Data-Driven Decision-Making:
Governments are increasingly using data analytics and evidence-based decision-making to inform policies and
programs. Data-driven approaches help improve efficiency, target resources effectively, and respond to
emerging challenges.
Citizen-Centric Services:
Public services are shifting towards a more citizen-centric approach. This involves actively involving citizens in
decision-making, co-designing public services, and focusing on user experience to better meet the needs and
preferences of the public.
Open Government and Transparency:
There is a growing emphasis on open government practices, including open data initiatives, public access to
information, and transparency in government operations. These practices promote accountability and help build
public trust.
Service Delivery Innovations:
Public services are adopting innovative methods to improve service delivery. This includes process automation,
chatbots for customer service, and the use of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain to
enhance efficiency.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
Public-private partnerships continue to be a global trend, allowing governments to leverage private sector
expertise and resources for public infrastructure and service delivery projects. PPPs are seen as a way to address
funding gaps and improve efficiency.
Performance Management and Measurement:
Governments are placing greater emphasis on performance measurement and accountability. Key performance
indicators (KPIs) are used to monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of public programs and services.
Inclusivity and Diversity:
Efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusivity are gaining traction. Governments are implementing policies
to ensure equal opportunities and representation within the public service workforce.

16
Environmental Sustainability:
Environmental concerns are driving reforms that promote sustainability in government operations and policies.
This includes initiatives to reduce carbon emissions, conserve resources, and address climate change.
Resilience and Crisis Management:
With the increasing frequency of natural disasters and global crises, governments are focusing on building
resilience and effective crisis management. This involves planning for emergencies, disaster response, and
recovery efforts.
Agile Governance:
Governments are adopting more agile and flexible governance models to respond quickly to changing
circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes flexible work arrangements for public servants
and adaptive policy-making.
Anti-Corruption and Ethics:
Anti-corruption measures and ethical standards are being reinforced to combat corruption in the public sector.
Whistleblower protection, codes of conduct, and integrity training are some of the tools used.
Global Collaboration:
Governments are increasingly collaborating at the international level to address global challenges, such as
climate change, cyber threats, and health crises. International partnerships and cooperation are essential to
finding solutions to cross-border issues.
These trends reflect the ongoing efforts to modernize and improve public services, making them more
responsive, efficient, and citizen-oriented. While the specifics of public service reforms may vary from one
country to another, these global trends are indicative of broader shifts in the way governments operate and serve
their populations.
BUREAUCRATIC AND GOVERNANCE TRENDS THAT INFLUENCE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

Bureaucratic and governance trends play a significant role in shaping public management practices and policies.
These trends influence how governments are organized, how they operate, and how they deliver services to their
constituents. Here are some key bureaucratic and governance trends that have a significant impact on public
management:
Digital Transformation and E-Governance:
The trend towards digital transformation and e-governance has changed the way governments interact with
citizens and businesses. The adoption of digital technologies has led to more efficient and user-friendly public
services, as well as greater transparency and accessibility of government information.
Decentralization and Devolution:
Many governments are moving towards greater decentralization and devolution of authority to regional or local
levels. This trend gives subnational entities more autonomy in managing their affairs and public services, which
can improve responsiveness to local needs.

17
Transparency and Open Government:
The demand for transparency and open government has resulted in increased efforts to make government
operations more transparent and accountable. This includes open data initiatives, public access to information,
and anti-corruption measures.
Citizen-Centric Approaches:
Governments are shifting towards a more citizen-centric approach to public management. Citizen engagement,
co-design of services, and feedback mechanisms are becoming more common, allowing public services to be
tailored to the needs and preferences of citizens.
Performance-Based Management:
Performance-based management focuses on results, efficiency, and effectiveness. This trend includes the use of
performance metrics, key performance indicators (KPIs), and outcome-based budgeting to measure and improve
the delivery of public services.
Networked Governance:
Governments are increasingly operating in networked structures, collaborating with various stakeholders,
including non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and international partners, to address complex
challenges. Networked governance allows for shared responsibility and resources.
Ethics and Integrity:
Ensuring ethical conduct and integrity within the public service is a growing trend. Governments are
implementing codes of conduct, ethics training, and whistleblower protection to combat corruption and
unethical behavior.
Inclusivity and Diversity:
Efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusivity within the public service workforce are on the rise.
Governments are implementing policies to ensure equal opportunities and representation, addressing gender and
other forms of discrimination.
Sustainability and Climate Action:
The global focus on sustainability and climate action is influencing public management practices. Governments
are adopting green policies, sustainable development goals, and environmental impact assessments to address
climate change and resource conservation.
Agile Governance:
The need for agile governance has become more apparent, especially during crises like the COVID-19
pandemic. Governments are adopting more flexible and adaptive approaches to respond quickly to changing
circumstances and emerging challenges.
Resilience and Crisis Management:
The importance of resilience and crisis management has been underscored by various natural disasters and
global crises. Governments are investing in preparedness, response, and recovery efforts to manage crises
effectively.

18
Global Collaboration:
International collaboration and cooperation are critical in addressing global challenges. Governments are
forming alliances and partnerships to tackle transnational issues, such as pandemics, cybersecurity threats, and
climate change.
These bureaucratic and governance trends have a significant impact on public management, shaping how
governments operate and adapt to changing environments and expectations. Public management practices must
evolve to align with these trends, leading to more efficient, transparent, and citizen-oriented governance.
THE AMERICAN STYLE RE-INVENTION
"Reinvention" in the context of American governance and public administration refers to the process of
reforming and transforming government structures and practices to better serve the needs of citizens, improve
efficiency, and adapt to changing circumstances. This concept has been applied to various aspects of American
government and public management. Here are some key elements of the American style of reinvention:
Reinventing Government (or "New Public Management"): The term "reinventing government" gained
prominence in the 1990s and refers to efforts to make government more efficient, customer-oriented, and
results-focused. It involves streamlining bureaucracy, reducing waste, and adopting private sector management
principles in the public sector. Key elements of this approach include performance measurement,
decentralization, and public-private partnerships.
E-Government: The United States has been a pioneer in the development of e-government initiatives. These
efforts involve using digital technology to enhance the delivery of government services, improve
communication with citizens, and increase transparency. Examples include online portals for government
services, electronic filing of taxes, and open data initiatives.
Civil Service Reform: The United States has a long history of civil service reform, with the aim of
professionalizing the public service, ensuring merit-based hiring, and protecting civil servants from political
interference. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 established the framework for modern federal civil service
in the United States.
Government Accountability and Transparency: The U.S. has implemented various measures to promote
government accountability and transparency, such as the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and the
Whistleblower Protection Act. These measures enable citizens to access government information and protect
those who report government wrongdoing.
Performance Management: American governments, at various levels, have embraced performance
management and measurement. Agencies are required to set performance goals and regularly report on their
progress in achieving those goals. The Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993 is an
example of legislation aimed at improving government performance.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): The United States has employed PPPs to deliver public services and
infrastructure projects. These partnerships involve collaboration between government agencies and private
sector entities to leverage expertise and resources for the benefit of the public.
Citizen Engagement: American governments encourage citizen engagement through mechanisms like public
hearings, town hall meetings, online platforms, and consultation processes. Engaging citizens in decision-
making helps ensure that government policies and services align with public preferences.

19
Innovation and Technology Adoption: The United States is known for its adoption of innovative technologies
to improve public management. The use of artificial intelligence, data analytics, and emerging technologies is
increasingly integrated into government operations.
Crisis Management and Resilience: American governments emphasize the need for crisis management and
resilience. They develop plans and strategies to address emergencies, whether they are natural disasters, public
health crises, or other unforeseen challenges.
Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives: Sustainability and environmental considerations are
incorporated into government policies and practices, reflecting a growing emphasis on addressing climate
change, resource conservation, and environmental protection.
The American style of reinvention in governance and public management is characterized by a commitment to
adaptability, efficiency, transparency, and responsiveness to the needs of the public. While specific strategies
and approaches may vary, the overarching goal is to ensure that government institutions and practices evolve to
meet the demands of a dynamic and rapidly changing world.
THE NEW-ZEALAND STYLE PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS
New Zealand has been recognized for its innovative and influential public service reforms, particularly in the
1980s and 1990s, which have often been referred to as "New Zealand-style reforms." These reforms aimed to
modernize and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the public sector. Key elements of New Zealand-
style public service reforms include:
State Sector Act 1988:
The State Sector Act 1988 was a foundational piece of legislation that restructured the New Zealand public
service. It introduced the concept of a "State Sector," emphasizing a greater degree of integration and
coordination among government agencies.
Devolution and Decentralization:
The reforms emphasized decentralization by shifting decision-making authority from central government
agencies to individual departments and ministries. Public service organizations were given more autonomy and
accountability for their operations.
Output-Based Budgeting:
New Zealand introduced an innovative approach to budgeting, known as "output-based budgeting," where
government departments and agencies had to define their outputs and objectives and secure funding based on
their performance and outcomes.
Commercialization and Privatization:
The government sought to make public services more efficient by commercializing certain state-owned entities
and privatizing others. This involved selling government-owned assets and allowing private sector involvement
in service delivery.
Accountability and Transparency:
Reforms aimed to enhance transparency and accountability in government operations. Agencies were required
to publish financial and performance information, and the Office of the Ombudsman was strengthened to
oversee transparency and accountability.
Contracting for Services:

20
The government increased the use of contracts for delivering services. This meant government departments
could contract with private sector organizations, non-profit entities, or other government agencies to provide
specific services.
Performance Management and Targets:
Performance targets and measures became integral to public sector management. Agencies were required to set
specific performance targets and demonstrate progress in achieving them.
Public Service Values and Code of Conduct:
A code of conduct for public servants was introduced, emphasizing core values such as impartiality, integrity,
accountability, and professionalism. This code aimed to maintain high ethical standards within the public
service.
Merit-Based Employment:
The reforms emphasized merit-based employment in the public service, ensuring that hiring and promotion
decisions were based on qualifications and competence rather than political considerations.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
New Zealand encouraged public-private partnerships to deliver public infrastructure and services, leveraging
private sector expertise and resources.
Capping of Expenditure:
To control government spending, the reforms introduced a cap on public expenditure, which constrained the
growth of government budgets.
Agencies and Departments Restructuring:
The structure of government agencies and departments was reorganized, often through mergers and
amalgamations, to streamline functions and eliminate duplication.
These reforms aimed to make the New Zealand public service more responsive, efficient, and results-oriented.
While they were considered groundbreaking at the time, they also faced challenges and criticisms. Subsequent
governments have continued to build on and adapt these reforms to address new challenges and changing
priorities. New Zealand's public service reforms have had a significant influence on public management
practices in other countries and are often cited as a model for public sector innovation and modernization.
THE AMERICAN STYLE RE-INVENTION AND THE NEW-ZEALAND STYLE PUBLIC SERVICE
REFORMS; LESSONS CAN NIGERIA LEARN?
Nigeria can learn several valuable lessons from both the American-style reinvention and the New Zealand-style
public service reforms to improve its own public administration and governance. Here are some key lessons that
Nigeria can consider:

From the American-Style Re-invention:

Digital Transformation and E-Government: Nigeria can embrace digital transformation and e-government
initiatives to improve service delivery, transparency, and citizen engagement. Implementing online portals and
digital services can enhance accessibility and efficiency.

21
Performance Management: Nigeria can adopt a more robust performance management system, setting clear
performance metrics and key performance indicators to measure the effectiveness of public programs and
services.
Citizen Engagement: Enhancing citizen engagement by involving the public in decision-making processes and
service design can lead to more citizen-centric and effective public services.
Open Government and Transparency: Implementing policies and practices that promote transparency, open
data, and freedom of information can improve accountability and trust in government.
Innovation and Technology Adoption: Nigeria can harness innovative technologies to improve public service
delivery, automate processes, and enhance the overall efficiency of government operations.
Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives: As Nigeria faces environmental and sustainability challenges, it
can adopt policies and practices that address climate change, resource conservation, and environmental
protection.

From the New Zealand-Style Public Service Reforms:

Decentralization and Devolution: Nigeria can explore greater decentralization to empower regional and local
governments with decision-making authority, allowing them to address local needs more effectively.
Output-Based Budgeting: Implementing output-based budgeting can help Nigeria allocate resources based on
performance and outcomes, ensuring that public funds are used efficiently.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Nigeria can consider PPPs to leverage private sector expertise and
resources for infrastructure development and public service delivery.
Performance Management and Targets: Setting clear performance targets and holding government agencies
accountable for achieving them can improve service delivery and efficiency.
Accountability and Transparency: Promoting transparency and accountability through the publication of
financial and performance information can help combat corruption and build public trust.
Merit-Based Employment: Nigeria can strengthen its commitment to merit-based employment within the
public service to ensure that hiring and promotion decisions are based on qualifications and competence.
Contracting for Services: Exploring the use of contracts for delivering services can lead to greater efficiency
and allow the government to tap into specialized expertise.
Public Service Values and Code of Conduct: The introduction of a code of conduct for public servants,
emphasizing values and ethics, can help maintain high ethical standards in the public service.
Capping of Expenditure: Controlling government spending through expenditure caps can help ensure fiscal
responsibility and prevent budgetary excess.
Agencies and Departments Restructuring: Nigeria can consider restructuring government agencies and
departments to eliminate duplication, streamline functions, and improve coordination.
It's important to note that while these lessons can provide valuable insights, Nigeria should adapt these
approaches to its unique political, cultural, and administrative context. Reforms should be carefully planned and
implemented, taking into consideration the specific needs and challenges of Nigeria to achieve effective and
sustainable improvements in its public administration and governance.

22
 MODULE 4
INTERNAL CHALLENGES INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

The adoption of public management practices can face various internal challenges within government
organizations. These challenges may hinder the successful implementation of modern public management
approaches. Some of the key internal challenges include:
Resistance to Change: Resistance to change is a common challenge in public management reforms.
Bureaucracies often have well-established processes and procedures, and employees may be resistant to changes
that disrupt the status quo.
Lack of Political Will: Political leadership plays a crucial role in implementing public management reforms.
Without strong political will and commitment to reform, it can be difficult to overcome resistance and push for
changes in government practices.
Inadequate Resources: Adequate financial and human resources are essential for effective public management.
Budget constraints, understaffing, and limited resources can hinder the implementation of modern management
practices.
Complex Regulatory Environment: Government agencies often operate within complex regulatory
environments. Navigating these regulations and compliance requirements can be challenging, particularly when
reforms necessitate changes in laws and regulations.
Organizational Culture: The prevailing culture within government agencies can be resistant to change. A
culture that values hierarchy, tradition, and risk aversion may hinder the adoption of more innovative and
flexible management practices.
Lack of Skills and Training: Implementing modern public management practices often requires a skilled and
trained workforce. Inadequate training and capacity-building programs can impede reform efforts.
Silos and Fragmentation: Government agencies may operate in silos, with limited communication and
coordination between departments. Breaking down these silos and fostering interagency collaboration can be
challenging.
Legacy Systems and Technology: Outdated technology and legacy systems can hinder the adoption of digital
and e-government initiatives. Modernization efforts may require significant investments in IT infrastructure.
Bureaucratic Red Tape: Bureaucratic processes, administrative red tape, and excessive paperwork can slow
down decision-making and implementation of reforms.
Short-Term Focus: Public officials may prioritize short-term political considerations over long-term planning
and outcomes, making it difficult to sustain public management reforms.
Political Patronage: The practice of political patronage, where government jobs are given to supporters or
allies, can hinder merit-based hiring and promotion, undermining the principles of public management.
Corruption and Lack of Accountability: Corruption and a lack of accountability can erode trust in
government institutions and deter meaningful reform efforts. Establishing anti-corruption measures and
accountability mechanisms is crucial.

23
Lack of Data and Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Government agencies may lack the data and analytical
capacity needed for evidence-based decision-making. Reforms that prioritize data collection and analysis can
face initial barriers.
Public Resistance: Public resistance to reforms, particularly if they are perceived as reducing entitlements or
privileges, can pose a significant challenge for policymakers.
Union Opposition: Labor unions may oppose reforms that could affect the rights and benefits of public sector
employees, making it challenging to implement changes related to employment conditions.
Addressing these internal challenges often requires a combination of leadership commitment, effective change
management strategies, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building, and a focus on building a supportive
organizational culture. Public management reforms should also be designed and implemented with a clear
understanding of the specific context and constraints within each government agency or jurisdiction.

BUREAUCRATIC STRUCTURE AS A CHALLENGES INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF PUBLIC

MANAGEMENT
The bureaucratic structure can present challenges and obstacles to the adoption of modern public management
practices in government organizations. These challenges are often rooted in the traditional characteristics of
bureaucracies and may include the following:
Hierarchy and Bureaucratic Inertia: Bureaucracies are typically characterized by hierarchical structures with
multiple layers of management. This hierarchical nature can result in slow decision-making processes and
resistance to change. Bureaucratic inertia, or the tendency to maintain existing processes and practices, can
hinder the adoption of more agile and responsive management approaches.
Centralization of Decision-Making: Many bureaucracies centralize decision-making authority at the top of the
hierarchy. This can stifle innovation and limit the autonomy of lower-level employees and units, making it
difficult to implement modern management practices that require more decentralized decision-making.
Rigidity and Formalization: Bureaucratic structures are often characterized by rigid rules, procedures, and
formalization of processes. This formality can make it challenging to introduce more flexible and adaptive
management practices.
Silos and Departmentalization: Bureaucracies tend to organize into distinct departments or units with limited
communication and collaboration between them. This siloed structure can hinder cross-functional teamwork and
the integration of services, which are essential components of modern public management.
Resistance to Change: Bureaucracies are known for their resistance to change, as established routines and
practices are often deeply ingrained in the organization's culture. Public management reforms may be met with
skepticism and resistance from employees.
Bureaucratic Red Tape: Bureaucratic red tape, which includes excessive paperwork, complex procedures, and
administrative burdens, can slow down decision-making and the implementation of management reforms.
Lack of Accountability: Bureaucratic structures may lack clear lines of accountability, making it difficult to
hold individuals or units responsible for outcomes. Modern management practices often emphasize
accountability and results-based performance.

24
Fragmentation and Duplication: Bureaucracies may be fragmented, with different agencies or units
responsible for similar functions. This fragmentation can lead to duplication of efforts and inefficiencies, which
modern management practices aim to address.
Risk Aversion: Bureaucracies tend to be risk-averse, with employees and managers often hesitant to take risks
or make decisions that deviate from established procedures. Modern management practices may require a
greater tolerance for experimentation and innovation.
Lack of Customer Focus: Traditional bureaucracies may be more internally focused, with less emphasis on
meeting the needs and preferences of customers and citizens. Modern management practices prioritize
customer-centric approaches.
Complex Decision-Making Processes: Bureaucratic decision-making processes can be complex and time-
consuming, which can hinder the ability to respond quickly to changing circumstances or emerging issues.

ECONOMIC FACTOR AS A CHALLENGES INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF PUBLIC

MANAGEMENT
Economic factors can pose significant challenges to the adoption of modern public management practices in
government organizations. These challenges are often tied to financial constraints, resource limitations, and
economic conditions that impact the ability to implement reforms. Here are some of the economic challenges
that influence the adoption of public management:
Budget Constraints: Limited budgets and fiscal constraints can impede the allocation of resources necessary
for implementing modern public management practices. Investment in new technologies, training, and capacity-
building may be restricted due to budgetary limitations.
Resource Scarcity: A lack of necessary resources, both financial and human, can hinder the ability to
effectively implement modern management practices. Adequate staffing, IT infrastructure, and funding are often
required for successful reforms.
Competing Priorities: Economic factors may result in competing priorities for government funding. In
situations where there are pressing economic concerns, such as economic downturns or fiscal crises,
investments in public management reforms may be deprioritized.
Cost of Transition: Transitioning from traditional management approaches to modern ones may come with
upfront costs, such as the acquisition of new technology, training programs, and process redesign. Economic
challenges can make these transition costs prohibitive.
Return on Investment (ROI) Concerns: Decision-makers may be concerned about the potential ROI of public
management reforms. They may question whether the expected benefits justify the investments required,
especially in times of economic uncertainty.
Sustainability: The economic sustainability of modern public management practices is a concern, as the costs
of ongoing maintenance, training, and upgrades can strain limited resources.
Public Debt and Borrowing Limitations: High levels of public debt or borrowing limitations can restrict the
government's ability to invest in public management reforms, as it may be required to prioritize debt servicing
over other expenditures.
Revenue Fluctuations: Economic conditions can lead to fluctuations in government revenues. This revenue
volatility can make it challenging to plan and fund long-term management reform efforts.

25
Inflation: High inflation rates can erode the purchasing power of government budgets, making it difficult to
finance public management reforms without significantly increasing expenditures.
Dependency on External Aid: Some countries are heavily reliant on external aid and grants to finance public
management projects. Economic conditions in donor countries and changes in aid priorities can impact the
availability of funding.
Resource Allocation Decisions: Economic challenges can lead to decisions to allocate resources to immediate
and pressing needs, diverting funds away from long-term investments in public management reforms.

MALFUNCTIONING OF PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

The malfunctioning of public sector institutions refers to a situation where government agencies and
organizations do not operate efficiently, effectively, or in accordance with their intended functions. This
dysfunction can manifest in various ways and can have serious consequences for the delivery of public services,
governance, and the well-being of citizens
The malfunctioning of public sector institutions in Nigeria is a multifaceted issue that has been a long-standing
challenge in the country. Addressing the malfunctioning of public sector institutions in Nigeria requires
comprehensive reforms, including efforts to combat corruption, strengthen accountability mechanisms, improve
transparency, and build the capacity of the public workforce. Additionally, there is a need for political will to
ensure that public institutions operate in a manner that serves the best interests of the Nigerian people and
promotes good governance. Reforms should be tailored to address the specific challenges faced by different
public sector institutions in the country.
Several factors contribute to the dysfunction of these institutions:
Corruption: Corruption is a pervasive problem in Nigerian public institutions. It undermines accountability,
transparency, and the efficient allocation of resources. Corrupt practices include embezzlement, bribery,
nepotism, and misappropriation of public funds.
Political Interference: Public institutions in Nigeria are often subject to political interference, which can
undermine their independence and impartiality. Appointments, promotions, and decision-making are influenced
by political considerations rather than merit and competence.
Bureaucratic Inefficiency: Many public sector institutions in Nigeria are characterized by bureaucratic
inefficiency, red tape, and cumbersome administrative procedures. This leads to delays, inefficiencies, and a
lack of responsiveness to the needs of citizens.
Lack of Accountability: Accountability mechanisms in the public sector are weak, making it difficult to hold
public officials responsible for their actions. This lack of accountability contributes to a culture of impunity.
Inadequate Human Resources: Public sector institutions often suffer from inadequate human resources,
including underfunding and a lack of skilled and qualified personnel. This affects service delivery and the
implementation of policies and programs.
Budgetary Constraints: Limited budget allocations to public institutions can hinder their ability to carry out
their functions effectively. Inadequate funding can lead to resource shortages, making it difficult to provide
essential services.

26
Political Patronage: The practice of political patronage, where government jobs and contracts are distributed to
political allies and supporters, can lead to appointments and promotions based on political connections rather
than merit.
Ethnic and Regional Biases: Nigeria's ethnic and regional diversity has led to issues of favoritism and
discrimination in public institutions. This can affect representation and resource allocation.
Lack of Transparency: Public institutions often lack transparency in their operations, making it challenging for
the public to access information about government decisions, expenditures, and activities.
Insecurity: Security challenges in some parts of Nigeria can disrupt the operations of public institutions,
making it difficult to provide essential services and maintain law and order.
Infrastructural Challenges: The lack of infrastructure, including reliable electricity, transportation, and
communication networks, can hinder the functioning of public institutions and service delivery.
Inadequate Training and Capacity Building: Many public sector employees lack adequate training and
capacity building opportunities, preventing them from acquiring the skills needed to perform their duties
effectively.
Political Instability: Political instability, including frequent changes in leadership, can disrupt the continuity of
government policies and initiatives, affecting the functioning of public institutions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MALFUNCTIONING OF PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
. Malfunctioning public sector institutions may exhibit the following characteristics:
Corruption and Mismanagement: Public institutions may suffer from corrupt practices, including
embezzlement, bribery, fraud, and other forms of financial misconduct. Mismanagement of resources can lead
to waste and inefficiency.
Inefficiency and Bureaucratic Delays: Public institutions may be characterized by slow decision-making
processes, cumbersome administrative procedures, and delays in providing services. These inefficiencies can
result in frustration and dissatisfaction among citizens.
Lack of Accountability: Public officials may not be held accountable for their actions, and there may be a lack
of transparency regarding how public funds are spent. Accountability mechanisms may be weak or nonexistent.
Political Interference: Political considerations, rather than merit and competence, may influence appointments,
promotions, and decision-making within public institutions. This can lead to a lack of professionalism and
impartiality.
Resource Constraints: Inadequate funding and resources can hinder the ability of public institutions to carry
out their functions effectively. This can result in shortages of essential materials and equipment.
Poor Service Delivery: Public institutions may fail to provide essential services to the public, such as
healthcare, education, infrastructure, and law enforcement, which can negatively impact the quality of life for
citizens.
Ethnic or Regional Biases: Favoritism and discrimination based on ethnicity or regional affiliations can affect
representation and resource allocation, leading to unequal treatment.
Lack of Transparency: Public institutions may operate with little transparency in their activities, making it
difficult for the public to access information about government decisions and expenditures.

27
Political Patronage: Government jobs, contracts, and benefits may be distributed based on political
connections and support, rather than qualifications and merit.
Inadequate Human Resources: A shortage of skilled and qualified personnel can affect the functioning of
public institutions. Understaffing and lack of training can contribute to inefficiency.
Lack of Modernization and Technology: Public institutions may be slow to adopt modern management
practices and technologies, hindering their ability to adapt to changing needs and requirements.
Security and Safety Concerns: In regions with security challenges, the operations of public institutions may be
disrupted, making it difficult to provide services and maintain law and order.

28
 MODULE 5

WHAT IS PUBLIC SERVICE REFORM?

Public service reform refers to a deliberate and systematic process of restructuring, modernizing, and improving
the functioning of public sector institutions and organizations. The primary aim of public service reform is to
enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and responsiveness of government agencies and services to
better meet the needs and expectations of citizens. These reforms are typically driven by a recognition of the
need for change, improved service delivery, and the pursuit of good governance principles. Public service
reform can be driven by various factors, including changes in societal expectations, economic pressures,
technological advancements, political transitions, and the need to respond to emerging challenges. The specific
nature of these reforms varies from one country or region to another, depending on local needs, priorities, and
circumstances.
Successful public service reform efforts require strong leadership, stakeholder engagement, clear objectives,
and a commitment to good governance principles. They are often an ongoing process, as government
institutions continually adapt to changing circumstances and the evolving needs of their constituents.
Key components and objectives of public service reform include:
Efficiency and Effectiveness: Public service reform seeks to streamline government operations and processes to
ensure that public resources are used efficiently and that services are delivered effectively.
Transparency and Accountability: Reforms aim to increase transparency in government activities, making it
easier for citizens to access information about government decisions, expenditures, and actions. Accountability
mechanisms are strengthened to hold public officials responsible for their actions.
Modernization and Innovation: Public institutions are encouraged to adopt modern management practices and
innovative technologies to improve service delivery, enhance decision-making, and respond to evolving
challenges.
Customer-Centric Focus: Reforms often prioritize the needs and preferences of citizens, emphasizing a
customer-centric approach to public service delivery.
Merit-Based Employment: Public service reform promotes merit-based recruitment and promotion processes
to ensure that government positions are filled by individuals with the necessary qualifications and
competencies.
Decentralization and Devolution: Some reforms involve decentralizing decision-making authority, giving
local or regional entities more autonomy in managing their affairs and delivering services.
Cost Reduction: Reforms may include cost-cutting measures to reduce wasteful spending and increase the
cost-effectiveness of government activities.
Capacity Building: Efforts to enhance the skills and capacity of public sector employees are often part of
public service reform, ensuring that the workforce is well-equipped to carry out its functions.
Partnerships and Collaboration: Public service reform may encourage partnerships and collaboration with the
private sector, civil society, and other stakeholders to leverage expertise and resources for better service
delivery.

29
Policy and Regulatory Improvements: Reforms may involve changes in policies and regulations to eliminate
outdated or unnecessary rules, reduce red tape, and facilitate more efficient operations.
REFORM IN NIGERIAN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
Reforms in Nigerian public management have been a recurring topic over the years, driven by the need to
address the various challenges and inefficiencies that have hindered effective public service delivery. Some key
areas of reform in Nigerian public management include:

1. Anti-Corruption Measures: Implementing measures to tackle corruption is a critical aspect of public

management reform in Nigeria. This includes strengthening anti-corruption agencies, promoting
transparency, and enforcing strict accountability measures to reduce corrupt practices in public
institutions.
2. Public Financial Management: Reforms in this area aim to improve budgeting processes, fiscal
discipline, and financial accountability. Emphasis is placed on transparent and efficient management of
public funds, reducing wasteful spending, and ensuring proper allocation to critical sectors.
3. Technology and E-Government: Integrating technology and digital solutions in public management
can streamline processes, enhance service delivery, and improve access to public services. E-
government initiatives can make interactions between citizens and the government more efficient and
transparent.
4. Civil Service Reforms: Enhancing the capacity and efficiency of the civil service is crucial. This
includes improving recruitment processes, promoting merit-based appointments, and providing
opportunities for continuous training and skill development for civil servants.
5. Decentralization and Devolution of Power: There have been efforts to decentralize governance and
devolve power to the states and local governments. This is intended to enhance service delivery and
responsiveness to local needs.
6. Performance Management and Results-Based Approaches: Adopting performance management
systems that focus on outcomes rather than just outputs help to ensure that public programs and projects
are effective and deliver value for money.
7. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encouraging public-private partnerships can leverage private
sector expertise and resources to improve service delivery and infrastructure development.
8. Service Delivery Improvement: Efforts are made to improve service delivery in critical sectors such as
healthcare, education, transportation, and power supply. This involves investing in infrastructure and
capacity building.
9. Simplified Bureaucracy: Streamlining bureaucratic processes and reducing red tape can improve the
efficiency of public institutions and make them more responsive to citizens' needs.
10. Citizen Engagement and Participation: Encouraging citizen participation in decision-making and
governance processes is essential. Reforms focus on engaging citizens in policy formulation,
monitoring, and evaluation.
11. Ethical Governance: Promoting a culture of ethical behavior and integrity within public institutions is
vital.

BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS AND MANAGEMENT IN

NIGERIA
Public service reforms and management in Nigeria, like in many countries, come with both benefits and
challenges. These reforms aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government operations, enhance
service delivery, and promote good governance. Here are some of the benefits and challenges associated with
public service reforms and management in Nigeria:
Benefits:

30
 1. Improved Service Delivery: Public service reforms aim to enhance the quality and accessibility of
government services, resulting in better outcomes for citizens, such as improved healthcare, education,
and infrastructure.
2. Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: Reforms can lead to greater transparency in government
operations and increased accountability for public officials, reducing corruption and promoting good
governance.
3. Efficiency and Cost Savings: Streamlining government processes and reducing bureaucracy can lead to
cost savings and more efficient use of resources, which is crucial in a resource-constrained environment.
4. Merit-Based Employment: Reforms encourage merit-based recruitment and promotion, ensuring that
government positions are filled by individuals with the necessary qualifications and competencies.
5. Innovation and Modernization: Public service reforms promote the adoption of modern management
practices and innovative technologies, enabling government institutions to respond to evolving
challenges and opportunities.
6. Capacity Building: Efforts to enhance the skills and capacity of public sector employees contribute to a
more competent and professional workforce.
7. Customer-Centric Approach: Reforms prioritize the needs and preferences of citizens, leading to a more
citizen-centric approach to public service delivery.
8. Partnerships and Collaboration: Collaborations with the private sector, civil society, and other
stakeholders can leverage expertise and resources for better service delivery.
Challenges:
1. Resistance to Change: Public sector employees and institutions may resist change due to concerns about
job security, shifts in power dynamics, and unfamiliar procedures.
2. Political Interference: Political considerations can influence reform efforts, leading to interference in
decision-making, appointments, and promotions.
3. Resource Constraints: Limited budgets and inadequate resources can hinder the ability to implement
reforms effectively, including investments in technology and human resources.
4. Bureaucratic Inertia: Bureaucratic structures can be resistant to change and slow to adapt to new
management practices and technologies.
5. Corruption: Corruption remains a pervasive challenge in Nigeria, and it can undermine the success of
reform efforts by promoting malfeasance and misallocation of resources.
6. Infrastructure and Security Issues: Challenges related to inadequate infrastructure and security concerns
in some regions can disrupt government operations and service delivery.
7. Cultural and Ethical Factors: Cultural factors and ethical considerations may influence attitudes and
behaviors within the public sector, affecting the success of reform initiatives.
8. Sustainability: Sustaining reform efforts over the long term can be challenging, as ongoing maintenance,
training, and upgrades require continued commitment and resources.
9. Accountability Gaps: Weak accountability mechanisms can hinder the ability to hold public officials
responsible for their actions.
10. Complex Regulatory Environment: Complex regulatory environments can make it difficult to navigate
legal and regulatory requirements when implementing reforms.

HOW CAN REFORM OF PUBLIC SERVICE BE EMBRACED?

Encouraging people to embrace reform of public service is essential for the successful implementation of
changes that can improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of government operations. Here are
several strategies that can be employed to foster support and acceptance for public service reform:

31
Communication and Public Awareness:
Engage in transparent and effective communication to inform the public about the need for reform, the goals,
and the expected benefits.
Use various communication channels, including media, social media, town hall meetings, and public awareness
campaigns, to reach a broad audience.
Stakeholder Involvement:
Involve key stakeholders, including civil society organizations, community leaders, and citizens, in the reform
process.
Seek their input, feedback, and collaboration to ensure that the reforms align with the needs and aspirations of
the people.
Clear Objectives and Outcomes:
Clearly define the objectives and expected outcomes of the reform efforts.
Explain how the reforms will lead to improved service delivery, accountability, and efficiency.
Transparency and Accountability:
Implement transparency and accountability mechanisms that demonstrate a commitment to good governance.
Show that the government is willing to be open about its actions and to be held accountable for results.
Education and Awareness Programs:
Develop education and awareness programs that help the public understand the importance of reforms and how
they can benefit individuals and communities.
Citizen Engagement and Participation:
Encourage citizens to participate in decision-making processes and provide feedback on government initiatives.
Create opportunities for public involvement through consultations, public hearings, and feedback mechanisms.
Pilot Programs and Demonstrations:
Implement pilot programs and demonstrations of reform initiatives in select areas to showcase their success and
build confidence among the public.
Case Studies and Success Stories:
Share case studies and success stories from other regions or countries where similar reforms have led to positive
outcomes.
Highlight the tangible benefits that have been realized elsewhere.
Collaboration with Civil Society:
Partner with civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have expertise in
advocacy, governance, and transparency.
Leverage their knowledge and resources to support reform efforts.

32
Incentives for Public Support:
Consider offering incentives or rewards to individuals or communities that actively participate in and support
the reform process.
Recognize and celebrate the contributions of citizens who engage in reform-related activities.
Addressing Concerns and Fears:
Acknowledge and address concerns and fears that the public may have about the reform process.
Provide reassurance that steps will be taken to mitigate potential negative impacts.
Measuring and Demonstrating Progress:
Continuously measure and evaluate the progress and results of the reform efforts.
Regularly share data and information to demonstrate the positive impact of the reforms.
Political Commitment:
Ensure that political leaders demonstrate their commitment to reform by consistently advocating for and
supporting the changes.
Political buy-in is often crucial for the success of reform initiatives.
Capacity Building:
Invest in capacity building for public servants to equip them with the skills and knowledge needed to effectively
implement and manage the reforms.
Continual Engagement:
Engage with the public throughout the entire reform process, from planning and implementation to evaluation
and adjustment.
Patience and Persistence:
Recognize that public acceptance of reform may take time and that persistence in communication and
engagement is crucial.
WHAT ARE THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR REFORMS
Institutional arrangements for reforms refer to the structures and mechanisms put in place to plan, manage, and
implement various reform initiatives within a government or public sector organization. These arrangements are
critical for ensuring that reforms are well-organized, efficiently executed, and aligned with the intended
objectives. The specific institutional arrangements can vary depending on the nature and scope of the reforms,
but here are some common components:
Reform Coordination Unit or Office: A dedicated unit or office responsible for coordinating and overseeing
the reform efforts. This unit serves as a central point of contact for reform planning, management, and
communication.
Steering Committee: A high-level committee typically composed of senior government officials, experts, and
stakeholders responsible for providing strategic direction and oversight for the reform process. The steering
committee may make key decisions, set priorities, and monitor progress.

33
Technical Working Groups: Specialized groups or committees made up of subject matter experts and
professionals who focus on specific aspects of the reform, such as finance, human resources, technology, or
legal matters.
Interagency Collaboration: Reforms often require collaboration and coordination across multiple government
agencies and departments. Interagency working groups or task forces may be established to facilitate
cooperation.
Consultative Bodies: Inclusive forums for engaging stakeholders, including civil society organizations, private
sector representatives, community leaders, and citizens. These bodies provide a platform for gathering input,
feedback, and recommendations.
Project Management Office (PMO): In the case of specific reform projects or programs, a PMO can be set up
to oversee project planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. PMOs ensure that projects stay on
track and achieve their intended outcomes.
Advisory Panels: Expert advisory panels or councils may be established to provide specialized guidance and
recommendations on complex reform issues.
Performance Measurement and Monitoring Units: Units responsible for tracking the progress of reforms,
measuring key performance indicators, and ensuring that the reform goals are being met. These units may
provide regular reports to decision-makers.
Change Management Teams: Teams focused on managing the human aspects of change, including employee
training, communication, and addressing resistance to reform.
Legal and Regulatory Bodies: If reforms involve changes to laws or regulations, specific legal and regulatory
bodies may be involved in drafting and implementing necessary legal amendments.
Communication and Public Relations Units: Units or teams responsible for communicating with the public,
government employees, and stakeholders about the reform process, its goals, and progress.
Capacity Building and Training Centers: Institutions that offer training, capacity-building, and skill
development programs for government employees and stakeholders involved in the reform.
Oversight and Evaluation Bodies: Independent oversight bodies, audit agencies, or evaluation units may be
tasked with monitoring the implementation of reforms, conducting audits, and assessing their impact.
Budgeting and Financial Management Units: Units responsible for budget allocation, financial management,
and resource allocation related to the reform process.
Technology and Data Units: Units that manage technology and data-related aspects of reform, including the
adoption of new systems, databases, and digital tools.
Knowledge Management and Documentation: Functions responsible for documenting the reform process,
sharing best practices, and managing knowledge resources related to the reforms.
Policy Analysis and Research Centers: Research institutions that provide data, analysis, and evidence to
inform the reform process.
CHALLENGES OF THE REFORMS AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

Nigeria, like many other countries, faces a range of challenges in implementing reforms and effectively
managing its public sector. These challenges can be complex and multifaceted, and they can impact the success

34
of reform efforts. Some of the key challenges in the context of reform and public sector management in Nigeria
include:
1. Corruption: Corruption remains a pervasive problem in Nigeria, affecting various levels of government
and public institutions. It can undermine reform efforts by promoting malfeasance and misallocation of
resources.
2. Political Interference: Political considerations often influence reform efforts, leading to interference in
decision-making, appointments, and promotions. The desire for political patronage can hinder merit-
based employment and management practices.
3. Resource Constraints: Limited budgets and inadequate resources can hinder the ability to implement
reforms effectively, including investments in technology, human resources, and infrastructure.
4. Bureaucratic Inertia: Bureaucratic structures can be resistant to change and slow to adapt to new
management practices and technologies. Overcoming resistance to reform within government agencies
can be challenging.
5. Infrastructure and Security Issues: Insecurity and inadequate infrastructure in some regions can
disrupt government operations and service delivery, affecting the management of public institutions.and
6. Ethical Factors: Cultural factors and ethical considerations may influence attitudes and behaviors
within the public sector, affecting the success of reform initiatives.
7. Sustainability: Sustaining reform efforts over the long term can be challenging, as ongoing
maintenance, training, and upgrades require continued commitment and resources.
8. Accountability Gaps: Weak accountability mechanisms can hinder the ability to hold public officials
responsible for their actions, undermining the effectiveness of management and reform efforts.
9. Complex Regulatory Environment: Complex regulatory environments can make it difficult to
navigate legal and regulatory requirements when implementing reforms.
10. Resistance to Change: Public sector employees and institutions may resist change due to concerns
about job security, shifts in power dynamics, and unfamiliar procedures. Addressing resistance is crucial
for successful reform.
11. Inadequate Human Resources: A shortage of skilled and qualified personnel can affect the functioning
of public institutions. Understaffing and a lack of training can contribute to inefficiency.
12. Political Instability: Frequent changes in political leadership and instability can disrupt the continuity
of government policies and initiatives, affecting the functioning of public institutions.
13. Public Awareness and Engagement: Ensuring that the public is aware of and engaged in the reform
process can be challenging, especially in a diverse and populous country like Nigeria.
14. Capacity Building: Investing in the capacity building of public servants to equip them with the skills
and knowledge needed to effectively implement and manage reforms.
THE VARIOUS REFORMS NIGERIA HAS UNDERGONE
SINCE INDEPENDENCE AND THE RESULTS
Nigeria has undergone various reforms since gaining independence in 1960. These reforms have spanned
multiple sectors, including governance, the economy, education, healthcare, and more. The results of these
reforms have been mixed, with some initiatives leading to positive outcomes, while others have faced
challenges and obstacles. Here are some of the key reforms and their results in Nigeria:
1. Educational Reforms:
Universal Primary Education (UPE) Program (1976): This program aimed to provide free and compulsory
primary education for all Nigerian children. While it increased enrollment, challenges with funding and quality
persisted.

35
Universal Basic Education (UBE) Program (1999): The UBE program expanded the focus to include junior
secondary education. It has made some progress in increasing access to basic education.
2. Healthcare Reforms:
Primary Healthcare Revitalization (1980s): Efforts were made to strengthen primary healthcare services.
However, challenges like infrastructure gaps and resource constraints have limited its effectiveness.
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) (2005): NHIS was established to improve access to healthcare
services, but the coverage and quality of services remain uneven.
3. Economic Reforms:
Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) (1986): SAP aimed to address Nigeria's economic challenges, but it faced
criticism for its social impacts, including increased poverty.
Economic Growth and Recovery Plan (EGRP) (2017): EGRP sought to stimulate economic growth and
diversify the economy. Progress has been mixed, and challenges like infrastructure deficits persist.
4. Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms:
Establishment of Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offenses Commission (ICPC) (2000): ICPC
was formed to combat corruption. While it has recorded some successes, corruption remains a significant issue.
5. Power Sector Reforms:
Electric Power Sector Reform Act (2005): The reform aimed to improve the power sector and privatize some
assets. However, issues with electricity generation and distribution continue to affect the economy.
6. Civil Service Reforms:
Various initiatives aimed at modernizing the civil service, improving efficiency, and reducing corruption.
Challenges with bureaucratic red tape and inefficiencies persist.
7. Oil and Gas Sector Reforms:
Various attempts to reform the oil and gas sector, with the aim of improving transparency, efficiency, and
revenue generation. Challenges with corruption and insecurity in oil-producing regions persist.
8. Constitutional Reforms:
Multiple attempts to amend or rewrite the Nigerian Constitution with the goal of addressing issues related to
federalism, resource allocation, and political representation. Progress on these reforms has been slow.
9. Electoral Reforms:
Various electoral reforms to improve the conduct of elections, enhance transparency, and strengthen the
electoral process. These reforms have yielded some improvements, but challenges with electoral integrity
remain.
10. Public Financial Management Reforms: Efforts have been made to improve public financial
management and budgeting processes. Challenges with transparency and accountability persist.

36
 VARIOUS REFORMS NIGERIA CIVIL SERVICE HAS UNDERGONE
SINCE INDEPENDENCE AND THE RESULTS

The Nigerian civil service has undergone several reforms since gaining independence in 1960. These reforms
have aimed to enhance the efficiency, professionalism, and transparency of the civil service. However, the
results have been mixed, with ongoing challenges in areas such as corruption, bureaucracy, and political
interference. Here are some of the key civil service reforms and their results:
1. Udoji Commission (1974): The Udoji Commission recommended significant salary increases for civil
servants to improve their living conditions and boost morale. This led to better remuneration for civil
servants but also put pressure on government finances.
2. Civil Service Reorganization Decree No. 43 (1988): This reform aimed to streamline the civil service
by reducing the number of federal ministries and departments. The restructuring improved efficiency but
faced criticism for political interference and politicization.
3. Civil Service Commission (Establishment, etc.) Act (1988): The Act established the Federal Civil
Service Commission, responsible for overseeing civil service appointments, promotions, and discipline.
While it aimed to improve professionalism, political influence remained a challenge.
4. Civil Service Reform of 1999: This reform sought to modernize the civil service, improve public
service delivery, and enhance professionalism. It included the introduction of service-wide examinations
for promotions. Implementation faced challenges, including inadequate funding and political
interference.
5. National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) (2004): NEEDS aimed to
improve public sector management and governance, including civil service reforms. It emphasized
merit-based recruitment, training, and performance-based pay. However, its impact was limited by
budget constraints.
6. Head of Service Reforms (Various): Various Heads of Service have introduced reforms to improve
efficiency, professionalism, and accountability. These have included initiatives to digitize records and
enhance staff training.
7. National Strategy for Public Service Reforms (NSPSR): This framework aimed to improve the
performance of the civil service. It includes initiatives to streamline government processes and improve
service delivery. Progress has been made, but challenges persist.
RESULTS OF THESE CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS HAVE VARIED:
1. Reforms have led to some improvements in professionalism and efficiency.
2. The introduction of merit-based recruitment and performance appraisal systems has enhanced the civil
service's effectiveness in some areas.
3. The introduction of information technology has improved record-keeping and service delivery in certain
departments.
However, challenges such as political interference, corruption, bureaucratic red tape, and inadequate funding
continue to impede the effectiveness of the civil service.
To address these challenges, sustained commitment to reform, strong leadership, transparency, and
accountability are essential. Ongoing efforts to professionalize the civil service, enhance capacity-building, and
improve service delivery are critical for the success of future reforms in Nigeria

CHALLENGES OF THE REFORMS AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

37
Nigeria faces a range of challenges in implementing reforms and effectively managing its public sector. These
challenges can be complex and multifaceted, impacting the success of reform efforts. Here are some of the key
challenges in the context of reform and public sector management in Nigeria:
i. Corruption: Corruption remains a pervasive problem in Nigeria, affecting various levels of
government and public institutions. It can undermine reform efforts by promoting
malfeasance and misallocation of resources.
ii. Political Interference: Political considerations often influence reform efforts, leading to
interference in decision-making, appointments, and promotions. The desire for political
patronage can hinder merit-based employment and management practices.
iii. Resource Constraints: Limited budgets and inadequate resources can hinder the ability to
implement reforms effectively, including investments in technology, human resources, and
infrastructure.
iv. Bureaucratic Inertia: Bureaucratic structures can be resistant to change and slow to adapt to
new management practices and technologies. Overcoming resistance to reform within
government agencies can be challenging.
v. Infrastructure and Security Issues: Insecurity and inadequate infrastructure in some
regions can disrupt government operations and service delivery, affecting the management of
public institutions.
vi. Cultural and Ethical Factors: Cultural factors and ethical considerations may influence
attitudes and behaviors within the public sector, affecting the success of reform initiatives.
vii. Sustainability: Sustaining reform efforts over the long term can be challenging, as ongoing
maintenance, training, and upgrades require continued commitment and resources.
viii. Accountability Gaps: Weak accountability mechanisms can hinder the ability to hold public
officials responsible for their actions, undermining the effectiveness of management and
reform efforts.
ix. Complex Regulatory Environment: Complex regulatory environments can make it difficult
to navigate legal and regulatory requirements when implementing reforms.
x. Resistance to Change: Public sector employees and institutions may resist change due to
concerns about job security, shifts in power dynamics, and unfamiliar procedures. Addressing
resistance is crucial for successful reform.
xi. Inadequate Human Resources: A shortage of skilled and qualified personnel can affect the
functioning of public institutions. Understaffing and a lack of training can contribute to
inefficiency.
xii. Political Instability: Frequent changes in political leadership and instability can disrupt the
continuity of government policies and initiatives, affecting the functioning of public
institutions.
xiii. Public Awareness and Engagement: Ensuring that the public is aware of and engaged in the
reform process can be challenging, especially in a diverse and populous country like Nigeria.
xiv. Capacity Building: Investing in the capacity building of public servants to equip them with
the skills and knowledge needed to effectively implement and manage reforms.
xv. Patience and Persistence: Reform efforts may require patience and persistence to overcome
resistance and navigate complex challenges. Success is often a long-term endeavor.

LESSONS FROM THE REFORMS

38
Lessons from reforms, especially in the context of public sector and governance reforms, provide valuable
insights for policymakers and stakeholders. These lessons can help guide future reform efforts, enhance their
effectiveness, and address challenges more proactively. Here are some key lessons that can be drawn from 1.
experiences:
1. Clear Objectives and Prioritization: Clearly defined objectives and priorities are essential for the
success of reforms. Reforms should focus on addressing specific issues or achieving well-defined goals.
2. Stakeholder Engagement: Involving a wide range of stakeholders, including civil society, the private
sector, and citizens, is crucial for building support and ensuring that reforms align with the needs and
expectations of the population.
3. Transparency and Accountability: Transparency in decision-making, resource allocation, and
accountability mechanisms are fundamental for building trust and integrity in the reform process.
4. Effective Communication: Effective and consistent communication is key to informing the public and
stakeholders about the need for reforms, the expected outcomes, and the progress made.
5. Political Commitment: Strong political commitment and leadership are critical for the success of
reforms. Reforms should not be subject to political whims and should outlast changes in government.
6. Sustainability: Reforms should be designed with long-term sustainability in mind. This includes
building the capacity of institutions to manage and maintain the changes.
7. Flexibility and Adaptability: The ability to adapt and adjust reform strategies in response to changing
circumstances and feedback is crucial.
8. Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Reforms should be informed by data, research, and evidence.
Sound analysis should guide decision-making, ensuring that reforms are well-informed and effective.
9. Local Context Consideration: Reforms should take into account the specific social, cultural, and
economic context of the region or country. A one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable.
10. Capacity Building: Building the capacity of the public sector workforce is vital to implementing and
sustaining reforms. Training and professional development are essential components.
11. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms allows for the
tracking of progress and the identification of areas that need adjustment or improvement.
12. Learn from Past Mistakes: Examining past reform experiences, including what worked and what did
not, is essential to avoid repeating mistakes and build on successes.
13. Public Service Ethics and Values: Reforms should emphasize ethical behavior and values within the
public service, promoting professionalism and integrity.
14. Public Participation and Inclusion: Involving the public in decision-making processes and the reform
agenda fosters a sense of ownership and ensures that the reforms reflect the diverse needs of the
population.
15. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Conducting cost-benefit analyses to assess the financial implications of reforms
helps allocate resources effectively and efficiently.
16. Patience and Persistence: Reform is often a long-term process. Policymakers and stakeholders should
be prepared for challenges and setbacks and remain committed to achieving the desired outcomes.

MODULE 6

39
1. SEMINARS AND TERM PAPERS
2. CLASS PRESENTATION BASE ON CHOSEN TOPICS ON CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING PUBLIC
GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

A seminar paper or term paper is a written work that students typically produce as part of their coursework in higher
education. The terms "seminar paper" and "term paper" are often used interchangeably, though they can sometimes
have nuanced differences depending on the educational institution and the course.

Here are some general characteristics of seminar papers or term papers:

Course Requirement: Seminar papers or term papers are usually assigned as a requirement for a specific course, often in
the context of seminars, workshops, or classes that involve in-depth study of a particular topic.

Research-Based: These papers are typically research-based and require students to explore a specific topic or question in
depth. This involves conducting literature reviews, gathering data, and presenting well-reasoned arguments.

Length and Format: The length and format of seminar papers can vary, but they often adhere to academic writing
standards. They may include an introduction, literature review, methodology (if applicable), analysis, discussion, and
conclusion sections.

Citation and Referencing: Proper citation and referencing are crucial in seminar papers. Students are expected to cite
sources accurately and adhere to a specific citation style (such as APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

Independent Work: While students may receive guidance and feedback from instructors, seminar papers typically
require independent work. Students are expected to demonstrate critical thinking, analysis, and synthesis of information.

Graded Evaluation: Seminar papers are usually evaluated as part of the student's overall grade for the course. Evaluation
criteria may include the quality of research, coherence of argumentation, writing style, and adherence to formatting and
citation guidelines.

Presentation: In some cases, students may be required to present their seminar papers to the class. This presentation
could involve summarizing key points, discussing findings, and answering questions from peers and instructors.

REFERENCES
1. Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). "Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the
Public Sector." Plume.
2. Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2004). "Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis." Oxford University
Press.
3. Hood, C. (1991). "A Public Management for All Seasons?" Public Administration, 69(1), 3-19.
4. Peters, B. G. (2001). "The Future of Governing: Four Emerging Models." Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
5. Ferlie, E., Ashburner, L., Fitzgerald, L., & Pettigrew, A. (1996). "The New Public Management in Action." Oxford
University Press.

40