403- OSCM: E-SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS

Q1 Answer any 5 out of 8 (2 marks each) Remembering:

a) What is the Reverse E-logistics?
Ans: Reverse logistics, also known as reverse e-logistics in the context of electronic commerce, refers to
the process of managing the return of goods from the point of consumption back to the point of origin. It
involves activities such as product returns, refurbishment, recycling, or disposal of products and materials.
Reverse e-logistics is particularly relevant in e-commerce, where customers often return products
purchased online due to various reasons such as dissatisfaction, damage, or incorrect shipments.
Effective reverse e-logistics strategies are crucial for businesses to streamline the return process, minimize
costs, and maximize the value of returned products and materials.

b) What is a e-distribution? (2 time)

Ans: E-distribution" typically refers to the electronic distribution of goods, services, or information. It
involves the use of digital technologies and platforms to deliver products to customers or users. This can
include e-commerce platforms for selling physical goods online, digital distribution or online delivery of
services such as cloud computing. E-distribution has become increasingly common with the rise of the
internet and digital technologies

c) Define e-Procurement. (3 time)

Ans: E-procurement, short for electronic procurement, refers to the use of digital technology, particularly
the internet, to streamline and automate the procurement process. It involves the electronic exchange of
purchasing-related information between buyers and sellers. E-procurement encompasses various activities
such as sourcing suppliers, placing orders, receiving invoices, and making payments, all conducted online
through electronic platforms or systems. This approach offers several advantages, including increased
efficiency, reduced paperwork, improved transparency, and enhanced collaboration between buyers and
suppliers. Additionally, e-procurement can lead to cost savings and better management of the
procurement process through features like real-time tracking, analytics, and electronic catalogs.

d) Define e-business strategy.

Ans: An e-business strategy is a comprehensive plan that outlines how a business will leverage electronic
technologies and digital channels to achieve its objectives and goals. It encompasses the use of the
internet, mobile devices, social media, and other digital platforms to conduct various business activities,
such as marketing, sales, operations, customer service, supply chain management, and organizational
structure, to effectively operate in the digital marketplace.

e) What is the Forward Logistics? (2 time)

Ans: Forward logistics refers to the flow of goods and materials from the point of origin to the point of
consumption. It encompasses all the activities involved in the planning, implementation, and management
of the physical movement and distribution of products within the supply chain. This includes tasks such as
inventory management, transportation, warehousing, order processing, and delivery to customers or retail
locations. Forward logistics is focused on ensuring that products are delivered efficiently, timely, and cost-
effectively to meet customer demand and satisfaction.

f) What is the 3PL Logistics? (2 time)

Ans: Third-party logistics (3PL) refers to the outsourcing of logistics and supply chain management
functions to a third-party provider. These providers specialize in handling various aspects of logistics
operations, including transportation, warehousing, distribution, freight forwarding, customs brokerage, and
other value-added services. Businesses often utilize 3PL services to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and
focus on their core competencies. 3PL providers leverage their expertise, infrastructure, and technology to
streamline supply chain operations, optimize transportation routes, manage inventory, and improve overall
logistics performance.

g) What is EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)? (2 Time)

Ans: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a structured method of exchanging business documents
electronically between trading partners in a standardized format. It allows businesses to transmit
documents such as purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, & other transactional data electronically,
without the need for paper-based documentation or human intervention. It automates data exchange,
speeds up transactions, reduces errors, and enhances efficiency in business processes.
 h) What do you mean by Process orientation as a basic understanding in the value creation
process?
Ans: Process orientation in value creation means focusing on optimizing the series of interconnected
steps involved in delivering value to customers. It involves analyzing and improving every aspect of
operations to enhance efficiency, quality, and innovation, enabling businesses to better meet customer
needs and stay competitive. In the context of the value creation process, process orientation emphasizes
the systematic examination and optimization of each step or activity involved in delivering products or
services to customers.

i) What is the basic objective of Supply Chain Management?

Ans: The basic objective of supply chain management (SCM) is to efficiently coordinate and optimize the
flow of goods, information, and finances across the entire supply chain, from the sourcing of raw materials
to the delivery of finished products to end customers. This involves integrating key business processes,
including procurement, production, inventory management, logistics, and distribution, to ensure that
products are delivered to the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity, and at the right cost.
Ultimately, the goal of SCM is to enhance customer satisfaction, minimize costs, maximize efficiency, and
create value for all stakeholders involved in the supply chain ecosystem.

j) What are the primary SCM activities?

Ans: The primary SCM activities are planning, sourcing, procurement, production, inventory management,
logistics, and collaboration. These involve forecasting demand, selecting suppliers, purchasing materials,
manufacturing goods, managing inventory, handling transportation and distribution, and fostering
partnerships across the supply chain to ensure efficient and effective operations from sourcing to delivery.

k) Why warehouses help industry in logistics? (2 Time)

Ans: Warehouses are vital in logistics for their role in storing goods, managing inventory, and facilitating
efficient distribution. They provide a central location for goods, enabling businesses to meet customer
demands promptly, optimize transportation, and manage inventory levels effectively. Warehouses also
offer value-added services and serve as buffers against supply chain disruptions, making them essential
for streamlining operations and enhancing overall efficiency in the industry.

l) What is the Web-enabled relational databases?

Ans: Web-enabled relational databases are databases accessible through the internet via web-based
interfaces or applications. They organize data into tables using the relational model and support SQL for
querying and managing data. Users can interact with these databases remotely, performing tasks like
querying data and updating records in real-time. They offer scalability, security, integration capabilities,
and optimized performance for web-based applications.

m) How World Wide Web (WWW) is used in logistics?

Ans: The World Wide Web (WWW) is extensively utilized in logistics to enhance various aspects of supply
chain management and distribution. Here are several ways it is leveraged:
1. E-commerce Platforms: Facilitating online sales and transactions.
2. Supply Chain Visibility: Real-time tracking of goods in transit.
3. Inventory Management: Monitoring and controlling inventory levels across locations.
4. Transportation Management: Optimizing routes, carrier selection, and freight tracking.
5. Supplier Collaboration: Streamlining communication and data exchange with suppliers.
6. Customer Service: Providing online order tracking and support.
7. Analytics and Reporting: Analyzing logistics data for insights and decision-making.
Overall, the WWW plays a crucial role in modern logistics by enabling seamless communication,
collaboration, and transaction processing across the supply chain, leading to improved efficiency, visibility,
and customer satisfaction.

n) What are the decision support systems?

Ans: Decision support systems (DSS) are computer-based tools or software applications designed to
assist individuals or organizations in making decisions by providing relevant information, analysis, and
modeling capabilities. These systems provide managers and decision-makers with the tools and
information they need to analyze data, evaluate alternatives, and make informed decisions. They gather
and organize data, analyze it using various methods, and present insights to support decision-making
processes. DSS assist users in understanding complex information, exploring alternatives, and evaluating
scenarios to reach optimal decisions.
 o) What is the importance of EDI (Electronic data interchange)?
Ans: The importance of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) lies in its ability to automate business
processes, improve efficiency, accuracy, and collaboration, reduce costs, ensure compliance, enhance
security, and strengthen relationships with trading partners. It streamlines communication by replacing
manual paper-based processes with electronic exchange of structured data, enabling faster transactions,
better visibility, and enhanced decision-making in supply chain management and beyond.

p) What is the reverse logistics?

Ans: Reverse logistics refers to the process of managing the flow of products, materials, and information
from the point of consumption back to the point of origin or proper disposal. It involves activities such as
product returns, exchanges, repairs, refurbishment, recycling, and disposal. Reverse logistics is essential
for handling returned merchandise, managing product recalls, recycling materials, and minimizing waste in
the supply chain. It aims to recover value from products at the end of their lifecycle while reducing costs
and environmental impact.

q) What are the basic concepts of supply chain management?

Ans: The basic concepts of supply chain management (SCM) include integration, visibility,
synchronization, customer focus, continuous improvement, risk management, and sustainability. SCM
emphasizes collaboration, transparency, efficiency, customer satisfaction, innovation, risk mitigation, and
sustainability practices throughout the supply chain to optimize performance and create value.

r) Define business renovation.

Ans: Business renovation refers to the process of making significant changes or improvements to a
business's structure, operations, processes, or strategies in order to adapt to changing market conditions,
improve performance, or remain competitive. It involves updating or modernizing various aspects of the
business to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and relevance in the ever-evolving business landscape.

s) What is data warehousing?

Ans: Data warehousing is the process of collecting, storing, and managing large volumes of data from
various sources in a centralized repository, known as a data warehouse. This data is organized and
structured to facilitate analysis and decision-making within an organization.

t) Define data mart.

Ans: A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that is focused on a specific functional area or
department within an organization. It contains a subset of data from the larger data warehouse, tailored to
meet the needs of a particular group of users, such as sales, marketing, finance, or human resources.
Data marts are designed to provide quick and easy access to relevant data for analysis and reporting
purposes, typically supporting a specific business function or departmental requirement.

u) Define e-tracking system.

Ans: An e-tracking system is a digital system that enables the real-time monitoring and tracking of
shipments, packages, or assets as they move through various stages of the supply chain. It uses
electronic technology, such as GPS (Global Positioning System), RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification),
or barcode scanning, to capture and transmit location, status, and other relevant information about the
tracked items. E-tracking systems provide visibility and transparency into the movement and status of
goods, allowing stakeholders to monitor progress, identify delays, and make informed decisions to
optimize logistics operations.

v) Give acronym of ASN and GIS.

Ans: The acronyms for "ASN" and "GIS" are as follows:
ASN: Advanced Shipping Notice
GIS: Geographic Information System

w) What do you mean by electronic signature.

Ans: An electronic signature is a digital representation of a person's handwritten signature used to sign
electronic documents or records. It serves as a legally binding way to indicate consent, approval, or
acknowledgment of the contents of the document. Electronic signatures streamline document signing
processes, eliminate the need for physical signatures, and facilitate electronic transactions across various
industries and sectors.
 x) Define barcoding and scanning.
Ans: Barcoding is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable form using a series of
parallel lines and spaces of varying widths. Each barcode contains information that can be quickly and
accurately scanned and decoded by a barcode scanner device.
Scanning refers to the process of capturing and reading data from a barcode using a barcode scanner
device. The scanner emits a beam of light that reads the pattern of lines and spaces in the barcode,
translating it into digital data that can be processed by a computer or other electronic device. Scanning
enables rapid and accurate identification of items, products, or assets encoded with barcodes, facilitating
tasks such as inventory management, tracking, and point-of-sale transactions.
y) What is wireless technology?
Ans: Wireless technology refers to communication technology that enables the transmission of data,
signals, or information without the use of physical wired connections. It relies on radio frequency (RF),
electromagnetic waves, or infrared signals to transmit information wirelessly between devices over short or
long distances. Wireless technology includes various applications such as Wi-Fi, cellular networks,
Bluetooth, and IoT devices, facilitating communication and connectivity in a wide range of contexts, from
smartphones and computers to industrial automation and smart homes.
z) Define e-business logistics.
Ans: E-business logistics refers to the application of electronic commerce (e-commerce) principles and
digital technologies to manage and optimize logistics processes within the supply chain. It involves the use
of digital platforms, electronic communication, and data analytics to streamline activities such as inventory
management, order fulfillment, transportation, and warehousing. E-business logistics aims to enhance
efficiency, visibility, and collaboration throughout the supply chain, enabling businesses to meet customer
demands, reduce costs, and gain a competitive edge in the digital marketplace.
aa) What is customer service.
Ans: Customer service involves providing assistance, support, and solutions to customers before, during,
and after a purchase or interaction with a company. It encompasses various activities such as answering
inquiries, resolving issues, offering guidance, and ensuring customer satisfaction to build positive
relationships and enhance the overall customer experience.
bb) What is meant by electronic payment system?
Ans: An electronic payment system is a method of making financial transactions electronically, typically
over the internet or through electronic devices. It enables individuals and businesses to transfer money,
make purchases, or conduct transactions without using physical cash or checks. Electronic payment
systems include methods such as credit cards, debit cards, online banking, mobile payment apps, and
digital wallets, providing convenience, speed, and security in financial transactions.
cc) Define function and social values.
Ans: Function refers to the purpose or role that something serves, whether it's a product, system, or
action. It describes the intended use or practical benefit that it provides.
Social values are principles or beliefs that are important to society or a particular group of people. They
guide behavior, decisions, and interactions within a community and reflect what is considered desirable or
meaningful in social relationships and society as a whole.
dd) what is data mining?
Ans: Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, correlations, and insights from large datasets
using various statistical, mathematical, and machine learning techniques. It involves extracting useful
information and knowledge from raw data to uncover hidden patterns, trends, and relationships that can be
used for decision-making and predictive analysis. Data mining is widely used in various fields such as
business, finance, healthcare, marketing, and science to identify patterns in data, make predictions, and
support informed decision-making.
ee) List the application of RFID
Ans: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has numerous applications across various
industries. Inventory management, Supply chain visibility, Asset tracking, Access control and security
Retail and point-of-sale tracking, Healthcare patient tracking, Livestock and animal tracking, Library book
tracking, Baggage tracking at airports, Manufacturing process control
Q2. Answer any 2 out of 3 (5 marks each) Understanding:
a) Explain the e-supply chain management.
Ans: Electronic Supply Chain Management (e-SCM) is the application of digital technologies to manage
and optimize the flow of goods, services, and information from suppliers to customers. It encompasses a
range of activities, tools, and strategies aimed at improving the efficiency, visibility, and coordination of
supply chain processes. Here's a breakdown of its key components:
1. Digital Integration: e-SCM integrates various components of the supply chain, including suppliers,
manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers, through digital platforms and systems.
2. Real-time Visibility: It provides real-time visibility into the entire supply chain, allowing stakeholders to
track the movement of goods and monitor inventory levels accurately.
3. Collaboration: e-SCM facilitates collaboration among supply chain partners by enabling seamless
communication, sharing of data, and coordination of activities to improve efficiency and responsiveness.
4. Process Automation: Automation of routine tasks such as order processing, inventory management,
and logistics helps reduce errors, save time, and lower operational costs.
5. Data Analytics: By leveraging big data analytics, e-SCM enables better decision-making by providing
insights into market trends, demand patterns, supplier performance, and other critical factors affecting the
supply chain.
6. Risk Management: Helps identify and mitigate risks by providing insights into potential disruptions,
such as supplier shortages, transportation delays, or demand fluctuations.
7. Customer Centricity: e-SCM allows companies to better understand customer needs and preferences
by analyzing data from various touchpoints, leading to improved customer satisfaction and loyalty.
8. Sustainability: By optimizing transportation routes, reducing waste, and promoting eco-friendly
practices, e-SCM contributes to sustainable supply chain management and environmental conservation.
9. Agility: e-SCM enhances the agility of the supply chain by enabling rapid responses to changes in
market conditions, customer demands, and unforeseen events, thus improving competitiveness.
10. Scalability: Digital technologies used in e-SCM are scalable, allowing businesses to adapt and grow
their supply chain operations in line with evolving market dynamics and organizational requirements.
Overall, e-SCM revolutionizes traditional supply chain management by leveraging digital technologies to
streamline processes, improve collaboration, and drive value across the supply chain ecosystem.

b) Describe the Holistic approach to supply chain management with examples.

Ans: A holistic approach to supply chain management involves considering the entire supply chain
ecosystem as an interconnected system, where each component influences and is influenced by the
others. Here's how it works, along with examples:
1. End-to-End View: Consider the entire supply chain, from sourcing to delivery. Example: A smartphone
manufacturer includes design, production, distribution, and recycling processes in its supply chain
management.
2. Integration of Processes: Integrate various functions and stakeholders for seamless operations.
Example: A food retailer integrates procurement, inventory management, and distribution to optimize
freshness and minimize waste.
3. Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaborate with suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors for mutual
benefits. Example: An apparel brand collaborates with textile suppliers to ensure quality materials and fair
labour practices.
4. Information Sharing and Transparency: Share data across the supply chain for informed decision-
making. Example: A car manufacturer shares production schedules with suppliers to synchronize
deliveries and reduce inventory costs.
5. Sustainability and Responsibility: Consider environmental and social impacts throughout the supply
chain. Example: A cosmetics company sources sustainable ingredients and implements eco-friendly
packaging to reduce its carbon footprint.
6. Continuous Improvement: Continuously analyze performance and optimize processes. Example: A
retailer uses sales data to adjust inventory levels and improve order fulfilment efficiency.
7. Risk Management: Identify and mitigate risks to ensure supply chain resilience. Example: A
pharmaceutical company diversifies its supplier base to minimize the impact of supplier disruptions on
drug manufacturing.
By adopting a holistic approach to supply chain management, organizations can achieve greater
resilience, agility, and sustainability while delivering value to customers and stakeholders across the entire
supply chain ecosystem.
 c) Explain the structuring the e-SCM business architecture strategy.
Ans: Structuring the e-SCM (Electronic Supply Chain Management) business architecture strategy
involves designing a comprehensive framework that encompasses various aspects of the supply chain.
Here's how it can be structured across different functions:
1. Planning: Anticipate demand accurately using forecasting tools, synchronize production with sales,
and align supply chain activities with business objectives through collaborative planning.
2. Information Management: Centralize data storage and sharing, ensure security and integrity, and
leverage real-time visibility into inventory, production, and order statuses.
3. Sourcing: Identify reliable suppliers, foster collaboration through supplier relationship management,
and streamline procurement processes with e-procurement systems.
4. Inventory Management: Optimize inventory levels with planning tools, minimize holding costs with
just-in-time practices, and enhance tracking accuracy with RFID or barcode systems.
5. Production: Improve efficiency through automation, monitor production in real-time with MES, and
reduce downtime with predictive maintenance technologies.
6. Location Management: Optimize facility locations based on proximity to suppliers, customers, and
transportation networks, using GIS and network optimization algorithms.
7. Transportation: Optimize routes and modes for cost and speed, manage transportation with TMS
for planning and tracking, and ensure real-time visibility into shipment statuses.
By structuring the e-SCM business architecture strategy across planning, information, sourcing, inventory,
production, location, and transportation functions, organizations can enhance efficiency, visibility, and
collaboration throughout the supply chain.

d) Explain the holistic approach to SCM (Supply Chain Management).

Ans: The holistic approach to Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves viewing the entire supply chain
ecosystem as an interconnected system rather than focusing solely on individual processes or functions.
Here's a breakdown:
1. End-to-End Perspective: Rather than looking at isolated segments, the holistic approach considers the
entire supply chain from raw material sourcing to end customer delivery.
2. Integration and Collaboration: It emphasizes integrating various functions, departments, and
stakeholders within and outside the organization to streamline operations and enhance efficiency.
Collaboration with suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, & customers is crucial for achieving shared goals.
3. Information Sharing and Transparency: Transparency & information sharing across the supply chain
are essential for making informed decisions & optimizing processes. Real-time visibility into inventory
levels, production schedules, & transportation statuses enable better coordination and responsiveness.
4. Sustainability and Responsibility: The holistic approach considers environmental, social, and ethical
factors throughout the supply chain. This includes sustainable sourcing practices, reducing carbon
footprint, and promoting fair labour practices.
5. Continuous Improvement: Continuous improvement is a key principle, driven by data analytics,
performance metrics, and feedback mechanisms. Regular evaluation and optimization of processes
ensure agility and resilience in the face of changing market conditions.
6. Risk Management: Identifying and mitigating risks, including supply chain disruptions, geopolitical
issues, and regulatory changes, is crucial for ensuring supply chain resilience. Strategies for risk mitigation
and contingency planning are integral parts of the holistic approach.
7. Customer Focus: Ultimately, the holistic approach aims to deliver value to customers by meeting their
needs efficiently, reliably, and sustainably. Understanding customer preferences and market dynamics
guides decision-making across the supply chain.
By adopting a holistic approach to SCM, organizations can achieve greater efficiency, resilience, and
sustainability while delivering value to all stakeholders involved in the supply chain ecosystem.

e) Explain the Characteristics of e-SCM.

Ans: The characteristics of e-SCM (Electronic Supply Chain Management) highlight the unique features
and benefits of leveraging digital technologies to manage supply chain processes efficiently. Here are the
key characteristics:
1. Flexibility: e-SCM enables supply chains to be more adaptable and responsive to changing market
conditions, customer demands, and unforeseen disruptions. It allows for dynamic adjustments in
production schedules, inventory levels, and distribution routes to meet evolving needs efficiently.
2. Speed of Delivery: With e-SCM, companies can achieve faster delivery times by optimizing logistics
processes, streamlining order fulfilment, and leveraging real-time visibility into inventory and
transportation. This speed of delivery enhances customer satisfaction and competitiveness in the market.
3. Global Reach: e-SCM expands the reach of supply chains beyond geographical boundaries by
enabling seamless communication and collaboration with partners, suppliers, and customers worldwide. It
facilitates global sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution, leading to enhanced market penetration and
growth opportunities.
4. Optimized Inventory: e-SCM helps companies optimize inventory levels by providing accurate demand
forecasting, inventory tracking, and replenishment strategies. This optimization minimizes excess
inventory, reduces holding costs, and ensures adequate stock availability to meet customer demands.
5. Go Green and Sustainable: e-SCM supports environmentally friendly practices by promoting
sustainable sourcing, transportation optimization, and waste reduction initiatives. It enables companies to
minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, and comply with environmental regulations,
contributing to a greener supply chain.
6. Proactive Strategy: e-SCM facilitates proactive supply chain management through predictive analytics,
risk assessment, and scenario planning. Companies can anticipate potential disruptions, mitigate risks,
and implement contingency plans to ensure continuity and resilience in operations.
7. Innovativeness: e-SCM fosters a culture of innovation by leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as
IoT, AI, blockchain, and data analytics to drive continuous improvement and competitive advantage. It
encourages experimentation, creativity, and exploration of new business models and solutions to address
emerging challenges and opportunities.
Overall, these characteristics of e-SCM enable companies to build agile, efficient, and sustainable supply
chains that deliver value to customers while staying ahead in today's dynamic and competitive business
landscape.
f) What is the role of ERP Enterprise Resource Planning systems in logistics?
Ans: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems play a crucial role in logistics by integrating and
optimizing various aspects of supply chain management, including procurement, inventory management,
order fulfillment, transportation, and warehousing. Here's how ERP systems contribute to logistics:
1. Centralized Data Management: ERP systems provide a centralized platform for storing, managing, and
accessing logistics-related data, including inventory levels, order status, transportation schedules, and
supplier information
2. Inventory Optimization: ERP systems help optimize inventory levels by providing real-time visibility
into inventory across multiple locations and integrating demand forecasting with inventory planning.
3. Supplier Management: Integrated supplier management capabilities within ERP systems help ensure
that suppliers meet quality standards, delivery deadlines, and cost objectives, fostering stronger supplier
relationships and supply chain resilience.
4. Transportation Management: ERP systems include transportation management modules that
streamline the planning, execution, and optimization of transportation activities, such as route planning,
carrier selection, freight rate management, and shipment tracking.
5. Warehouse Management: ERP systems integrate warehouse management functionalities, such as
receiving, storage, picking, packing, and shipping, to optimize warehouse operations and improve
inventory accuracy and efficiency.
6. Reporting and Analytics: ERP systems offer robust reporting and analytics capabilities that enable
organizations to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs), track operational metrics, and analyze trends
and patterns in logistics performance.
In summary, ERP systems play a critical role in logistics by providing a comprehensive platform for
managing and optimizing supply chain processes.
g) Write a note on e-SCM scorecard and include few critical key performance measures.
Ans: An e-Supply Chain Management (e-SCM) scorecard is a tool used to assess and evaluate the
performance of various aspects of electronic supply chain management processes within an organization.
It provides a framework for measuring key performance indicators (KPIs) that are critical for monitoring and
improving the efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of supply chain operations in the digital era.
The e-SCM scorecard typically includes a set of KPIs across different areas of supply chain management,
such as procurement, production, inventory management, logistics, and customer service. These KPIs are
selected based on their relevance to the organization's strategic objectives and their ability to reflect the
performance of e-SCM processes. Here are a few critical key performance measures commonly included
in an e-SCM scorecard:
1. Order Cycle Time: This measures the time taken from the placement of an order to its fulfillment,
including order processing, picking, packing, and shipping
2. Inventory Turnover Ratio: This KPI assesses the efficiency of inventory management by comparing
the cost of goods sold to the average inventory level over a specific period.
3. On-time Delivery Performance: This measures the percentage of orders or shipments delivered to
customers on time as promised.
4. Supply Chain Visibility: This KPI evaluates the organization's ability to track and monitor the
movement of goods and information across the supply chain in real-time.
5. Supplier Performance: This measures the performance of suppliers in terms of quality, delivery
reliability, lead times, and responsiveness
6. Return Rate and Reverse Logistics Efficiency: This KPI evaluates the rate of product returns and the
efficiency of reverse logistics processes for handling returned goods.
7. Technology Adoption and Integration: This assesses the organization's adoption and integration of e-
SCM technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI),
The e-SCM scorecard provides a structured framework for evaluating and benchmarking the performance
of e-Supply Chain Management processes

h) Describe the importance of e-Payment in SCM with examples.

Ans: Electronic payments (e-Payments) play a crucial role in Supply Chain Management (SCM) by
streamlining financial transactions, improving cash flow, and enhancing efficiency throughout the supply
chain. Here's why e-Payment is important in SCM, along with examples:
1. Efficiency: e-Payment reduces paperwork, manual processing, and delays associated with traditional
payment methods, speeding up transactions and improving overall efficiency in the supply chain.
2. Cash Flow Management: By facilitating faster payments and settlements, e-Payment helps optimize
cash flow for both buyers and suppliers, reducing working capital requirements and improving financial
stability.
3. Risk Mitigation: e-Payment offers increased security and transparency compared to cash or checks,
reducing the risk of fraud, errors, and disputes in financial transactions.
4. Global Reach: e-Payment enables seamless transactions across geographical boundaries, facilitating
international trade and expanding market opportunities for businesses.
5. Supplier Relationships: Timely and accurate payments through e-Payment strengthen supplier
relationships, fostering trust, collaboration, and long-term partnerships in the supply chain.
6. Examples:
• Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT): Automated transfer of funds between bank accounts, commonly
used for invoice payments and supplier settlements.
• Credit Card Payments: Secure online payments using credit or debit cards, enabling quick and
convenient transactions between buyers and sellers.
• Digital Wallets: Mobile payment solutions that store payment information securely, allowing users
to make purchases or transfer funds using smartphones or other digital devices.
• Blockchain-Based Payments: Distributed ledger technology for secure and transparent
transactions, particularly useful for tracking and verifying payments in complex supply chains.
In short, e-Payment in SCM enhances efficiency, cash flow management, risk mitigation, and supplier
relationships, enabling smoother and more reliable financial transactions across the supply chain.

i) Compare and contrast push and pull strategies in supply chain management.
Ans: Push and pull strategies are two different approaches to managing the flow of goods and information
in a supply chain. Here's a comparison and contrast between the two:
Here's a concise comparison of push and pull strategies in supply chain management:
Push Strategy:
• Definition: Products are manufactured based on forecasts without specific customer orders.
• Characteristics: Production is driven by anticipated demand, leading to higher inventory levels.
• Advantages: Suitable for stable demand, economies of scale, and maintaining consistent
production levels.
• Disadvantages: Risk of overproduction, excess inventory, and limited flexibility to respond to
changes in demand.
Pull Strategy:
• Definition: Products are manufactured in response to actual customer orders or demand signals.
• Characteristics: Production is triggered by customer orders, leading to lower inventory levels and
improved responsiveness.
• Advantages: Minimizes inventory risk, improves responsiveness to changes in demand, and
reduces lead times.
• Disadvantages: Requires accurate demand forecasting, real-time inventory visibility, and may incur
higher production costs.
Comparison:
• Demand Orientation: Push strategy relies on forecasts, while pull strategy responds to actual
demand.
• Inventory Management: Push strategy tends to have higher inventory levels, while pull strategy
aims to minimize inventory through just-in-time replenishment.
• Flexibility: Pull strategy offers greater flexibility and responsiveness compared to push strategy.
• Costs: Push strategy may be more cost-effective for large-scale production, while pull strategy may
incur higher production costs but lower inventory holding costs.
In summary, push and pull strategies represent different approaches to managing supply chain operations,
each with its own advantages and considerations based on factors such as demand variability, product
characteristics, and supply chain capabilities.

j) State impact of internet and WWW in supply chain.

Ans: The internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) have had a profound impact on supply chains,
revolutionizing the way businesses manage and conduct their operations. Some key impacts include:
1. Enhanced Communication: The internet enables real-time communication between supply chain
partners, facilitating collaboration, information sharing, & coordination across geographies and time zones.
2. Improved Visibility: The WWW provides visibility into supply chain activities, allowing businesses to
track inventory levels, monitor shipments, & identify potential bottlenecks or disruptions in the supply chain.
3. Efficient Transactions: E-commerce platforms enable businesses to conduct transactions online,
streamlining the procurement process, reducing paperwork, and expediting order fulfilment.
4. Global Reach: The internet enables businesses to expand their reach globally, connecting with
suppliers, customers, and partners worldwide, and tapping into new markets and opportunities.
5. Data Analytics: The internet enables the collection, storage, and analysis of vast amounts of supply
chain data, allowing businesses to gain insights, identify trends, and make data-driven decisions to
optimize their operations.
6. Just-In-Time Inventory: The internet facilitates real-time inventory tracking and demand forecasting,
enabling businesses to implement just-in-time inventory management practices and reduce excess
inventory holding costs.
7. Improved Customer Service: E-commerce platforms and online customer service channels enable
businesses to provide round-the-clock support, respond to customer inquiries promptly, and offer
personalized shopping experiences, enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.
8. Supply Chain Transparency: The internet promotes transparency in supply chains by enabling
businesses to share information about their sourcing practices, production processes, and sustainability
initiatives with consumers and stakeholders.
Overall, the internet and the WWW have transformed supply chain management by enabling faster, more
efficient, and more transparent operations, leading to increased agility, competitiveness, and customer
satisfaction in today's digital economy.

k) Give important consideration in DSS application.

Ans: Important considerations in the application of Decision Support Systems (DSS) include:
1. User Needs: Understand the specific needs and requirements of users who will be utilizing the DSS to
ensure that it effectively supports decision-making processes.
2. Data Quality: Ensure that the data used by the DSS is accurate, complete, and reliable to produce
trustworthy insights and recommendations.
3. Integration: Integrate the DSS seamlessly with existing systems, databases, and processes within the
organization to facilitate data exchange and decision-making.
4. Scalability: Design the DSS to accommodate growth and changes in data volume, user base, and
organizational needs over time without compromising performance or usability.
5. Usability: Prioritize usability and user experience to ensure that the DSS is intuitive, easy to use, and
accessible to users with varying levels of technical expertise.
6. Flexibility: Build flexibility into the DSS to support different types of decisions, decision-making
approaches, and analytical methods, allowing users to customize and adapt the system to their needs.
7. Security: Implement robust security measures to protect sensitive data and ensure compliance with
privacy regulations, preventing unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security risks.
8. Interpretability: Ensure that the insights & recommendations generated by the DSS are understandable
& interpretable by users, providing clear explanations & visualizations to support decision-making.
9. Training and Support: Provide comprehensive training and ongoing support to users to help them
effectively utilize the DSS and maximize its value in decision-making processes.
Q3) Answer 3(a) or 3(b) (10 marks) Applying:
a) Explain the data warehouses and data marts with examples. (2 Time)
Ans: Data warehouses and data marts are both types of data storage systems used in businesses to store
and manage large volumes of data for analysis and reporting purposes. Here's an explanation of each with
examples:
1. Data Warehouse:
• A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from multiple sources in a structured
format optimized for query and analysis.
• It typically contains historical data and is used for strategic decision-making.
• Data warehouses often employ techniques such as ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) to collect data
from various operational systems, transform it into a consistent format, & load it into the warehouse.
• Examples:
• Retail: A retail company might use a data warehouse to store sales data from various stores,
customer demographics, inventory levels, and marketing campaign performance metrics. By
analyzing this data, the company can identify trends, optimize inventory management, and
tailor marketing strategies.
• Finance: A financial institution might use a data warehouse to consolidate data from different
branches, including transaction records, customer accounts, loan information, and market
data. This enables the institution to assess risk, detect fraud, & generate regulatory reports.
2. Data Mart:
• A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that is focused on a specific functional area or
department within an organization.
• It contains a subset of data that is relevant to a particular group of users, making it easier to access
and analyze.
• Data marts are often designed to serve the needs of specific user groups, such as marketing, sales,
finance, or operations.
• Examples:
• Sales Data Mart: Within a larger data warehouse, a sales data mart might contain information
specific to sales activities, such as customer transactions, sales orders, product pricing, &
sales performance metrics. This data mart would be accessed by sales managers & analysts
to track sales performance, identify top-performing products & forecast future sales.
• Marketing Data Mart: Another example could be a marketing data mart that contains data
related to marketing campaigns, customer segmentation, advertising effectiveness, and
website analytics. This data mart would be used by marketing teams to analyze the success
of marketing initiatives, target specific customer segments, and optimize marketing spend.
In summary, while both data warehouses and data marts serve as repositories for storing and managing
data, they differ in scope and focus. Data warehouses provide a comprehensive view of an organization's
data, while data marts offer tailored subsets of data optimized for specific user groups or departments.

b) Explain the role of Intranets and extranets in e-Logistics along with its usage. (2 Time)
Ans: In e-Logistics, which refers to the management and coordination of the flow of goods, services, and
information within the supply chain using electronic means, intranets and extranets play vital roles in
facilitating communication, collaboration, and information exchange among various stakeholders.
1. Intranets:
• An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's internal employees, contractors,
or other authorized users.
• In e-Logistics, intranets serve as the backbone for internal communication and information sharing
within the company.
• They provide a secure platform for employees to access and exchange logistics-related information
such as inventory levels, shipment schedules, order processing, and warehouse management.
• Intranets can also host internal communication tools like email, instant messaging, and forums,
enabling real-time collaboration among different departments involved in logistics operations such
as procurement, inventory management, and transportation.
2. Extranets:
• An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows controlled access to authorized external users,
such as suppliers, distributors, logistics partners, and sometimes customers.
• In e-Logistics, extranets serve as a collaborative platform for sharing information and conducting
transactions with external partners in the supply chain.
 • Extranets enable seamless communication and collaboration between a company and its external
partners, enhancing visibility and coordination across the supply chain.
• Through extranets, companies can share logistics-related data with suppliers and logistics service
providers, such as transportation carriers and third-party logistics (3PL) providers, to streamline
processes like order fulfilment, transportation planning, and inventory management.
• Extranets can also support functionalities such as electronic data interchange (EDI), allowing for
automated exchange of standardized logistics documents (e.g., purchase orders, invoices) between
trading partners, which reduces manual intervention and improves efficiency.
Usage of Intranets and Extranets in e-Logistics:
• Inventory Management: Intranets and extranets facilitate real-time access to inventory data for
internal teams and external partners, enabling better inventory planning and optimization.
• Order Processing: Both intranets and extranets streamline order processing workflows by
providing a centralized platform for order placement, tracking, and status updates.
• Collaborative Planning: They support collaborative planning activities among stakeholders,
allowing them to coordinate activities such as production scheduling, transportation routing, and
warehouse operations.
• Information Sharing: Intranets and extranets enable seamless sharing of critical information, such
as product specifications, delivery schedules, and compliance requirements, ensuring all parties are
informed and aligned.
• Visibility and Tracking: They enhance visibility into the supply chain by providing real-time
tracking of shipments, inventory movements, and order status, helping stakeholders monitor
performance and respond to potential issues proactively.
• Communication: Both platforms facilitate effective communication through features like messaging,
notifications, and discussion forums, fostering collaboration and problem-solving among
stakeholders.
Overall, intranets and extranets are indispensable tools in e-Logistics, enabling seamless communication,
collaboration, and information exchange among internal teams and external partners, which are essential
for optimizing supply chain operations and delivering superior customer experiences.

c) What is the e-Tracking systems used in e-Logistics? (2 Time)

Ans: In e-Logistics, electronic tracking (e-Tracking) systems are crucial for monitoring and managing the
movement of goods throughout the supply chain. These systems utilize various technologies to provide
real-time visibility into the location, status, and condition of shipments. Some commonly used e-Tracking
systems in e-Logistics include:
1. Global Positioning System (GPS) Tracking: GPS technology is widely used for tracking
shipments in transit. GPS-enabled devices, such as GPS trackers or telematics devices, are
attached to containers, vehicles, or packages, allowing logistics managers to monitor their precise
location and movement in real-time.
2. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID tags, equipped with radio-frequency chips, are
affixed to goods, pallets, or containers to enable automatic identification and tracking. RFID readers
installed at various points along the supply chain capture tag data, providing visibility into the
movement and status of items as they pass through checkpoints.
3. Barcode Scanning: Barcodes are used extensively in e-Logistics for tracking individual items,
parcels, or containers. Barcoded labels are scanned at different stages of the logistics process,
such as receipt, storage, picking, packing, and shipping, to record and track their movement
accurately.
4. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): While not strictly a tracking system on its own, EDI facilitates
the electronic exchange of logistics-related data, including shipment details, order status, and
inventory information, between trading partners. This enables real-time visibility into logistics
operations and supports tracking and tracing functionalities.
5. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT devices, such as sensors and connected devices, are increasingly
being utilized in e-Logistics for tracking and monitoring shipments. These devices collect data on
various parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and vibration, allowing logistics managers to
ensure the integrity and quality of goods during transit.
6. Cloud-Based Tracking Platforms: Cloud-based tracking platforms aggregate data from various
tracking systems, such as GPS, RFID, and IoT devices, providing a centralized dashboard for
monitoring and analyzing the movement of goods in real-time. These platforms often offer advanced
features such as predictive analytics, route optimization, and exception management.
 7. Mobile Tracking Applications: Mobile tracking applications enable stakeholders, including
logistics managers, drivers, and customers, to track shipments using their smartphones or tablets.
These apps provide real-time updates on shipment status, estimated delivery times, and any
exceptions or delays encountered during transit.
By leveraging these e-Tracking systems, e-Logistics companies can improve supply chain visibility,
enhance operational efficiency, minimize the risk of delays or disruptions, and deliver superior customer
experiences.

d) What are the advantages of Electronic procurement (e-procurement) in e-Supply Chain?

Ans: Electronic procurement (e-procurement) offers several advantages in e-Supply Chain management,
revolutionizing the way procurement processes are conducted. Here are some of the key benefits:
1. Cost Reduction: E-procurement helps in reducing procurement costs by automating manual
processes, eliminating paperwork, and streamlining purchasing workflows. It enables organizations to
negotiate better terms with suppliers, consolidate purchases, and leverage volume discounts, resulting in
overall cost savings.
2. Efficiency and Time Savings: E-procurement systems automate the procurement process from
requisition to payment, reducing the time and effort required for purchasing activities. Electronic
catalogues, online bidding, and electronic approvals accelerate the procurement cycle, enabling faster
decision-making and order processing.
3. Improved Visibility and Transparency: E-procurement provides real-time visibility into procurement
activities, allowing stakeholders to track orders, monitor spending, and analyze procurement data more
effectively. This transparency enhances accountability, reduces the risk of fraud, and enables better
decision-making based on accurate and up-to-date information.
4. Enhanced Supplier Management: E-procurement systems facilitate better supplier relationship
management by providing a centralized platform for communication, collaboration, and performance
evaluation. Organizations can easily onboard, manage, and evaluate suppliers, ensuring compliance with
contractual agreements and quality standards.
5. Streamlined Approval Workflows: E-procurement automates approval workflows through electronic
routing and notifications, reducing delays and bottlenecks in the approval process. This ensures
compliance with organizational policies & regulatory requirements while expediting the procurement cycle.
6. Inventory Optimization: E-procurement systems enable organizations to maintain optimal inventory
levels by facilitating demand forecasting, inventory planning, and replenishment automation. Integration
with inventory management systems allows for seamless coordination between procurement and inventory
control, minimizing stockouts and excess inventory.
7. Compliance and Risk Management: E-procurement helps in enforcing compliance with internal
policies, regulatory requirements, and industry standards by standardizing procurement processes and
documentation. It also enables better risk management by providing insights into supplier performance,
contract compliance, and supply chain risks.
8. Scalability and Flexibility: E-procurement systems are scalable and adaptable to accommodate
changing business needs and growth. Whether expanding into new markets, adding new product lines, or
onboarding additional suppliers, e-procurement solutions can scale to support evolving procurement
requirements.
9. Environmental Sustainability: E-procurement reduces the environmental impact of traditional paper-
based procurement processes by minimizing paper usage, reducing waste, and lowering carbon emissions
associated with manual processes such as printing, mailing, and transportation.
Overall, e-procurement offers significant advantages in e-Supply Chain management, enabling
organizations to achieve cost savings, improve efficiency, enhance visibility, and mitigate risks while
fostering collaboration with suppliers and promoting sustainability.

e) Write a note on transport and delivery management.

Ans: Transport and delivery management play critical roles in ensuring the efficient and timely movement
of goods from suppliers to customers within the supply chain. Effective management of transport and
delivery operations involves planning, coordination, execution, and monitoring of various activities to
optimize resources, minimize costs, and meet customer expectations. Here's a note outlining key aspects
of transport and delivery management:
Introduction: Transport and delivery management are integral components of logistics and supply chain
management, focusing on the physical movement of goods from origin to destination. In today's dynamic
business environment, where speed, accuracy, & reliability are paramount, efficient transport and delivery
management are essential for maintaining competitive advantage and satisfying customer demands.
 ➢ Key Components:
1. Transport Planning: This involves determining the most efficient transportation modes, routes, and
schedules based on factors such as distance, cost, transit time, and service requirements. It also includes
selecting carriers or logistics service providers and negotiating transportation contracts.
2. Load Consolidation: Load consolidation aims to maximize transportation efficiency by combining
multiple shipments into a single shipment or utilizing available space more effectively. This reduces
transportation costs, minimizes empty miles, and optimizes resource utilization.
3. Route Optimization: Route optimization software helps in planning and optimizing delivery routes to
minimize fuel consumption, reduce vehicle wear and tear, and improve delivery efficiency. It considers
factors such as traffic conditions, road restrictions, delivery windows, and vehicle capacities.
4. Fleet Management: Fleet management involves managing and maintaining a fleet of vehicles used for
transportation and delivery. It includes vehicle maintenance, fuel management, driver scheduling,
compliance with regulations, and ensuring vehicle safety and performance.
5. Real-Time Tracking and Visibility: Real-time tracking systems, such as GPS and RFID, provide
visibility into the location, status, and condition of shipments during transit. This enables proactive
monitoring, exception management, and timely communication with customers regarding delivery status
and estimated arrival times.
6. Last-Mile Delivery: Last-mile delivery refers to the final stage of the delivery process, from the
distribution centre or fulfilment centre to the end customer's location. It is often the most complex and
costly part of the delivery process, requiring efficient route planning, flexible delivery options, and
innovative solutions to overcome challenges such as urban congestion and delivery time windows.
Benefits:
• Cost Optimization: Effective transport and delivery management help in reducing transportation
costs through route optimization, load consolidation, and efficient resource allocation.
• Improved Customer Satisfaction: Timely and reliable deliveries enhance customer satisfaction
and loyalty, leading to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth recommendations.
• Enhanced Operational Efficiency: Streamlined transport and delivery processes improve
operational efficiency, minimize delays, and increase productivity across the supply chain.
• Competitive Advantage: Efficient transport & delivery management provide a competitive edge by
enabling faster order fulfilment, shorter lead times, & better responsiveness to customer demands.
• Sustainability: Sustainable transport practices, such as route optimization and load consolidation,
contribute to reducing carbon emissions, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting corporate
social responsibility.
Conclusion: Transport and delivery management are essential functions in logistics and supply chain
management, influencing the overall efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction of
businesses. By adopting best practices, leveraging technology, and prioritizing collaboration with partners,
organizations can optimize transport and delivery operations to achieve strategic objectives and maintain a
competitive edge in today's dynamic marketplace.

f) What is e-SCM scorecard and where it is used?

Ans: The e-SCM (Electronic Supply Chain Management) scorecard is a tool used to assess and measure
the performance and effectiveness of electronic supply chain processes. It evaluates various aspects of
supply chain management within the context of electronic or digital operations. This includes factors like
efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, agility, and cost-effectiveness.
The scorecard typically consists of a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to
electronic supply chain management. These KPIs could include metrics such as order fulfilment cycle time,
inventory turnover ratio, on-time delivery rate, supplier performance, and customer satisfaction.
The scorecard typically includes key performance indicators (KPIs) related to different areas of e-SCM,
such as:
1. Inventory management: Measures how effectively inventory levels are managed using electronic
systems to minimize stockouts and excess inventory.
2. Order fulfilment: Assesses the efficiency and accuracy of order processing and fulfilment through
electronic systems.
3. Supplier relationship management: Evaluates the effectiveness of electronic communication and
collaboration with suppliers to enhance relationships and optimize procurement processes.
4. Logistics and transportation management: Measures the efficiency of transportation & logistics
processes enabled by electronic systems, including route optimization and shipment tracking.
5. Customer service: Assesses how electronic systems contribute to improving customer service
levels, such as order tracking, responsiveness, and communication.
The e-SCM scorecard is used by organizations to identify areas for improvement in their electronic supply
chain management practices and to benchmark their performance against industry standards or
competitors. It helps in making data-driven decisions to optimize supply chain processes, reduce costs,
and enhance overall performance.
g) Discuss the new trend and technologies of e-logistics. List the features contributing to e-
logistics.
Ans: E-logistics, or electronic logistics, is a rapidly evolving field driven by advancements in technology
and the growing demand for efficient and streamlined supply chain processes. Here are some of the latest
trends and technologies shaping e-logistics:
1. Cloud-based Systems: Cloud computing offers scalability, accessibility, and flexibility to logistics
operations. It enables real-time data sharing, collaboration, and integration across the supply chain,
enhancing visibility and efficiency.
2. Self-driving Vehicles and Drones: Autonomous vehicles and drones revolutionize last-mile delivery
and warehouse operations. They reduce labour costs, improve delivery speed, and enhance safety by
navigating autonomously and efficiently.
3. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT devices provide real-time tracking and monitoring of shipments, vehicles,
and warehouse inventory. Sensors collect data on factors like temperature, humidity, and location,
enabling better decision-making and proactive management of logistics operations.
4. Blockchain: Blockchain technology ensures transparency and security in supply chain transactions. It
enables secure and tamper-proof recording of every transaction, reducing fraud, improving traceability,
and enhancing trust among stakeholders.
5. Transportation Management Systems (TMS): TMS optimizes transportation processes, including
route planning, carrier selection, and freight auditing. It improves efficiency, reduces costs, and enhances
visibility and control over logistics operations.
6. Digital Twin Technology: Digital twins create virtual replicas of physical assets, such as warehouses,
vehicles, and equipment. They enable simulation, monitoring, and optimization of logistics processes,
leading to improved performance and decision-making.
7. Last Mile Delivery Technology: Innovations in last-mile delivery, such as delivery robots, lockers, and
crowdsourced delivery networks, address challenges in urban logistics. They enhance delivery speed,
convenience, and customer satisfaction in the final stage of the supply chain.
8. Cyber Security Mesh Architecture: Cybersecurity mesh architecture provides decentralized,
distributed security controls to protect e-logistics systems and data. It enhances resilience against cyber
threats and ensures the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of critical information.
9. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI algorithms analyze data to optimize logistics processes, predict demand,
and automate tasks. They enable dynamic routing, predictive maintenance, and intelligent inventory
management, enhancing efficiency and decision-making in logistics operations.
10. Robotic Process Automation (RPA): RPA automates repetitive and rule-based tasks in logistics,
such as data entry, order processing, and invoicing. It reduces manual effort, minimizes errors, and
improves operational efficiency and accuracy.
These trends & technologies collectively drive innovation & transformation in e-logistics, enabling
organizations to achieve greater efficiency, agility, & competitiveness in today's dynamic supply chain
landscape.
Features contributing to e-logistics efficiency and effectiveness include:
Real-time Tracking: Provides visibility into the location & status of shipments throughout the supply chain.
Dynamic Routing: Optimizes delivery routes based on factors like traffic conditions, weather, and delivery
windows.
Inventory Optimization: Balances inventory levels to minimize stockouts and excess inventory while
maximizing fill rates and inventory turnover.
Demand Forecasting: Predicts future demand patterns to optimize inventory management and resource
allocation.
Collaboration Platforms: Facilitates communication and collaboration among stakeholders, including
suppliers, carriers, and customers.
Data Analytics: Analyzes historical and real-time data to identify trends, patterns, and opportunities for
optimization and improvement.
Risk Management: Identifies and mitigates risks such as disruptions, delays, and compliance issues to
ensure continuity and compliance in logistics operations.
Customer Experience: Enhances the overall customer experience through accurate and timely deliveries,
transparent tracking, and responsive customer support.
Q4) Answer 4(a) or 4(b) (10 marks) Analyzing:
a) Write a comparative note on Satellite Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic
Information System (GIS). (2 Time)
Ans: Satellite Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are both
technologies used for spatial data management and analysis, but they serve different purposes and
offer distinct functionalities. Here's a comparative note on the two:
1. Purpose:
• GPS: The primary purpose of GPS is to determine precise location coordinates (latitude,
longitude, and altitude) anywhere on Earth. It relies on a network of satellites orbiting the Earth
to provide accurate positioning data to users.
• GIS: GIS is a system designed for capturing, storing, analyzing, & managing spatial or
geographical data. It integrates various types of data, including maps, satellite imagery,
demographic information, & environmental data, to provide insights into spatial relationships
and patterns.
2. Data Collection:
• GPS: GPS receivers collect location data by receiving signals from satellites orbiting the Earth.
These receivers calculate the user's position based on the time it takes for signals to travel from
satellites to the receiver.
• GIS: GIS collects spatial data from various sources, including GPS, remote sensing (e.g.,
satellite imagery), surveys, and existing databases. It can integrate and analyze these diverse
datasets to generate meaningful insights.
3. Functionality:
• GPS: GPS provides real-time location information and navigation capabilities. It is widely used
in applications such as vehicle tracking, navigation systems, surveying, and outdoor recreation.
• GIS: GIS offers a wide range of functionalities, including spatial analysis, mapping, visualization,
and decision-making support. It enables users to perform complex analyses, such as overlaying
different layers of spatial data to identify patterns, relationships, and trends.
4. Accuracy:
• GPS: GPS provides high accuracy in determining location coordinates, typically within a few
meters to centimetres, depending on the quality of the receiver and the number of satellites in
view.
• GIS: GIS can integrate data with varying levels of accuracy, depending on the source and
quality of the data. While GIS can provide precise spatial analysis, the accuracy of results
depends on the accuracy of input data and analysis methods.
5. Applications:
• GPS: GPS is used in various applications, including:
• Navigation and mapping services for vehicles and smartphones.
• Location-based services (LBS) for finding nearby businesses, services, or points of
interest.
• Surveying and geodesy for mapping and land surveying purposes.
• GIS: GIS finds applications in numerous fields, such as:
• Urban planning and land management for analyzing land use patterns and zoning
regulations.
• Environmental management for assessing natural resources, tracking wildlife habitats,
and monitoring pollution.
• Emergency response and disaster management for planning evacuation routes,
assessing risk areas, and coordinating rescue efforts.
6. Interdependency:
• GPS and GIS: GPS technology often serves as a data source for GIS applications. GPS-
derived coordinates can be integrated into GIS databases to enhance spatial analysis and
mapping capabilities. Conversely, GIS can provide context and visualization tools for GPS-
derived location data, enabling users to interpret & analyze spatial information more effectively.
In summary, while both GPS and GIS technologies involve spatial data, they serve different purposes and
offer distinct functionalities. GPS focuses on location determination and navigation, while GIS is a
comprehensive system for spatial data management, analysis, and visualization across various
applications and industries.
 b) How electronic signature technology has made impact in E-logistics? (3 Time)
Ans: Electronic signature technology has significantly impacted e-logistics by streamlining and
accelerating various processes involved in supply chain management and logistics operations. Here's
how it has made an impact:
1. Faster Document Processing: Traditional logistics operations often involve extensive paperwork,
including contracts, delivery orders, and proof of delivery forms. Electronic signature technology
eliminates the need for physical signatures, enabling documents to be signed digitally. This reduces
the time spent on paperwork, speeds up processing times, and minimizes delays in the logistics
workflow.
2. Improved Efficiency and Productivity: With electronic signatures, logistics companies can handle
document signing and approval processes digitally, from anywhere with an internet connection. This
flexibility allows stakeholders to sign documents remotely, reducing the need for face-to-face
interactions and enabling faster decision-making. As a result, logistics operations become more
efficient, and productivity is enhanced.
3. Improved Accuracy and Compliance: Electronic signature solutions often include features like
audit trails, authentication, and encryption, ensuring the integrity and security of signed documents.
This helps to mitigate risks associated with fraud, errors, and compliance violations, enhancing trust
and reliability in logistics operations.
4. Enhanced Security: Electronic signature solutions often come with advanced security features,
such as encryption and audit trails, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of signed documents. This
helps logistics companies comply with regulatory requirements and industry standards while mitigating
the risk of fraud or tampering. Additionally, electronic signatures provide a verifiable digital record of
transactions, which can be valuable in case of disputes or audits.
5. Remote Operations: With electronic signature technology, logistics companies can facilitate
remote operations and enable digital collaboration among stakeholders. Documents can be signed
electronically from anywhere with an internet connection, allowing for faster decision-making and
seamless communication between suppliers, carriers, and customers.
6. Cost Savings: Adopting electronic signature technology can lead to cost savings for logistics
companies by reducing paper, printing, and postage expenses associated with traditional document
handling processes. Additionally, the time saved through faster document processing translates into
cost savings and improved productivity.
7. Compliance and Legal Validity: Electronic signature technology complies with various national
and international regulations, such as the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce
(ESIGN) Act in the United States and the e-IDAS Regulation in the European Union. E-signatures
provide the same legal validity as handwritten signatures, ensuring compliance with regulatory
requirements in e-logistics transactions.
8. Integration with E-logistics Platforms: Electronic signature technology can be seamlessly
integrated with e-logistics platforms, such as transportation management systems (TMS) or
warehouse management systems (WMS), to automate document workflows and improve data
accuracy and visibility across the supply chain.
9. Customer Experience: E-signature technology improves the overall customer experience in e-
logistics by reducing delays in document processing and expediting the delivery process. Customers
can sign delivery receipts electronically, providing proof of delivery in real-time and enhancing
transparency and accountability in the supply chain.
10. Environmental Sustainability: By transitioning from paper-based to electronic processes, e-
logistics companies can significantly reduce their environmental footprint. Electronic signatures
eliminate the need for printing, scanning, and mailing paper documents, thus saving resources and
reducing waste. This aligns with sustainability goals and contributes to a more environmentally friendly
supply chain. Logistics companies can demonstrate their commitment to eco-friendly practices and
corporate social responsibility.
In conclusion, electronic signature technology has revolutionized e-logistics by streamlining document
workflows, improving efficiency, enhancing security, enabling remote operations, reducing costs,
ensuring compliance, and enhancing the overall customer experience in logistics operations. As e-
logistics continue to evolve, electronic signature technology will play an increasingly crucial role in
optimizing supply chain processes and driving digital transformation in the logistics industry.
Q5) Answer (a) or (b) (10 marks) Evaluating:
a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Electronic procurement (e-Procurement) in e-
Supply Chain?
Ans: Electronic procurement (e-Procurement) offers several advantages and disadvantages in e-Supply
Chain management:
Advantages:
1. Cost Savings: e-Procurement reduces costs associated with paper-based processes, such as
printing, storage, and postage. It also facilitates price comparisons and negotiation, leading to better
deals and lower procurement costs.
2. Efficiency: Automation of procurement processes through e-Procurement platforms streamlines
workflows, reduces manual errors, and accelerates the procurement cycle. This efficiency leads to
faster order processing, improved vendor management, and increased productivity.
3. Transparency: e-Procurement provides greater transparency into the procurement process by
centralizing data and documentation. It allows stakeholders to track orders, monitor spending, and
access real-time information on procurement activities, enhancing visibility and control over the supply
chain.
4. Supplier Collaboration: e-Procurement platforms enable closer collaboration with suppliers through
electronic communication channels. This fosters stronger relationships, facilitates better
communication, and enables faster resolution of issues, leading to improved supplier performance
and reliability.
5. Compliance: e-Procurement systems help ensure compliance with procurement policies, regulations,
and contractual agreements. They provide built-in controls and audit trails to monitor and enforce
compliance, reducing the risk of non-compliance and associated penalties.
Disadvantages:
1. Initial Investment: Implementing e-Procurement systems requires significant upfront investment in
technology infrastructure, software licenses, and employee training. Small businesses may find it
challenging to afford these initial costs.
2. Technical Challenges: e-Procurement systems may encounter technical issues such as system
downtime, software bugs, or compatibility issues with existing systems. These technical challenges
can disrupt procurement processes and impact supply chain operations.
3. Security Risks: Electronic procurement introduces security risks related to data breaches,
unauthorized access, and cyberattacks. Sensitive procurement data, such as pricing information and
supplier contracts, may be vulnerable to theft or manipulation if proper security measures are not in
place.
4. Dependency on Technology: Reliance on e-Procurement technology means that any disruptions or
failures in the system can halt procurement activities and disrupt the supply chain. Organizations must
have contingency plans in place to mitigate the risk of technology-related disruptions.
5. Resistance to Change: Introducing e-Procurement may face resistance from employees
accustomed to traditional procurement methods. Resistance to change can impede adoption and
hinder the realization of benefits from e-Procurement initiatives.
In summary, while e-Procurement offers numerous benefits such as cost savings, efficiency gains, and
improved transparency, it also presents challenges related to initial investment, technical issues, security
risks, dependency on technology, and resistance to change. Successful implementation of e-Procurement
requires careful planning, robust security measures, and effective change management strategies to
maximize its advantages and mitigate potential drawbacks in e-Supply Chain management.

b) Explain the E-business logistics and its benefits along with examples.
Ans: E-business logistics, also known as electronic business logistics or e-logistics, refers to the use of
electronic technologies and digital platforms to manage and optimize logistics processes in the context of
electronic commerce (e-commerce) and electronic business (e-business) operations. It involves the
integration of information, communication, and technology systems to facilitate the efficient movement of
goods, services, and information throughout the supply chain. Here are some key benefits and examples
of e-business logistics:
Benefits:
1. Efficiency: E-business logistics streamlines logistics processes, reduces manual intervention, and
automates repetitive tasks, leading to improved efficiency and faster order fulfilment. It enables real-
time tracking and monitoring of shipments, inventory levels, and delivery schedules, facilitating
timely decision-making and response to changing customer demands.
 2. Cost Savings: By optimizing logistics operations and eliminating inefficiencies, e-business logistics
helps reduce logistics costs, such as transportation, warehousing, and inventory holding costs. It
enables better route planning, load optimization, and inventory management, resulting in lower
operational expenses and improved profitability.
3. Enhanced Customer Experience: E-business logistics plays a crucial role in providing a seamless
and satisfying customer experience. It enables faster order processing, accurate order fulfilment,
and on-time delivery, leading to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty. Real-time tracking and
visibility into shipment status also enhance transparency and trust in the e-commerce transaction.
4. Global Reach: E-business logistics enables businesses to expand their reach and serve customers
across geographical boundaries. It facilitates international trade and cross-border e-commerce by
providing access to global transportation networks, customs clearance services, and international
shipping solutions. This opens up new market opportunities and enables businesses to tap into a
broader customer base.
5. Flexibility and Scalability: E-business logistics systems are highly flexible and scalable, allowing
businesses to adapt to changing market conditions, seasonal fluctuations, and fluctuations in
demand. They can easily scale up or down their logistics operations to meet evolving business
needs, without significant investments in infrastructure or resources.
Examples:
1. Amazon: Amazon utilizes advanced e-business logistics systems to manage its vast network of
fulfilment centers, transportation fleets, and delivery partners. It employs technologies such as
robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning to optimize logistics processes, improve
operational efficiency, and ensure fast and reliable order fulfilment for its customers.
2. Alibaba: Alibaba Group operates one of the world's largest e-commerce platforms, serving millions
of buyers and sellers worldwide. It leverages e-business logistics solutions, such as Alibaba
Logistics and Cainiao Network, to provide end-to-end supply chain services, including warehousing,
order fulfilment, transportation, and customs clearance, to its customers.
3. UPS: UPS (United Parcel Service) utilizes e-business logistics technologies to offer a wide range of
logistics and supply chain solutions to businesses of all sizes. It provides services such as package
delivery, freight transportation, warehousing, and distribution, supported by advanced tracking and
visibility tools that enable customers to monitor their shipments in real-time.
4. DHL: DHL is a global logistics company that offers comprehensive e-business logistics solutions to
businesses operating in various industries. It provides services such as express delivery, freight
forwarding, supply chain management, and e-commerce fulfilment, supported by digital platforms
and tools that enable seamless integration, visibility, and control over the entire supply chain.
These examples illustrate how e-business logistics can drive operational excellence, improve customer
satisfaction, and create competitive advantages for businesses in the e-commerce and electronic business
sectors. By leveraging digital technologies and innovative logistics solutions, businesses can unlock new
opportunities for growth, efficiency, and success in today's digital economy.

c) Discuss structuring the e-SCM business architecture strategy.

Ans: Structuring the e-Supply Chain Management (e-SCM) business architecture strategy involves
designing a framework that aligns technology, processes, and resources to achieve the organization's
supply chain objectives. Here's a structured approach to developing an e-SCM business architecture
strategy:
1. Define Business Objectives: Start by defining the overarching objectives of your e-SCM strategy.
These objectives should be closely aligned with the organization's overall business goals and may include
improving efficiency, reducing costs, enhancing customer service, or entering new markets.
2. Assess Current State: Evaluate the existing supply chain management processes, technologies, and
capabilities within your organization. Identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT
analysis) to understand the current state of your e-SCM operations.
3. Identify Technology Needs: Determine the technology requirements necessary to support your e-SCM
strategy. This may include systems for inventory management, transportation management, warehouse
management, demand forecasting, supplier relationship management, and e-commerce platforms.
Consider both off-the-shelf solutions and custom development based on your specific needs.
4. Design Process Flows: Map out the end-to-end processes involved in managing the supply chain,
from sourcing raw materials to delivering finished products to customers. Identify key touchpoints, decision
points, and interactions with suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers. Design streamlined
process flows that leverage digital technologies to improve efficiency and visibility.
5. Integrate Systems and Data: Establish integration points between different systems and data sources
within the supply chain ecosystem. This includes integrating ERP systems, TMS, WMS, CRM, e-
commerce platforms, IoT devices, and third-party logistics providers. Ensure data consistency, accuracy,
and accessibility across the supply chain network.
6. Implement Performance Metrics: Define key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the
effectiveness and efficiency of your e-SCM operations. These may include metrics such as order fulfilment
cycle time, inventory turnover ratio, on-time delivery performance, supply chain cost as a percentage of
revenue, & customer satisfaction scores. Use these metrics to track progress & identify areas for
improvement.
7. Establish Governance Structure: Develop a governance structure to oversee and manage the
implementation of your e-SCM strategy. This may involve creating a dedicated supply chain management
team or steering committee responsible for setting policies, making strategic decisions, and resolving
issues related to supply chain operations.
8. Build Collaborative Partnerships: Foster collaborative relationships with key stakeholders in the
supply chain ecosystem, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, logistics providers, and
customers. Leverage technology platforms and communication tools to facilitate real-time collaboration,
information sharing, and decision-making across organizational boundaries.
9. Enable Flexibility and Agility: Design your e-SCM architecture to be flexible and adaptable to
changing market conditions, customer demands, and supply chain disruptions. Implement agile
methodologies and practices to quickly respond to evolving business needs and optimize supply chain
performance in real time.
10. Continuously Improve: Finally, establish a culture of continuous improvement within your
organization's e-SCM function. Encourage feedback from stakeholders, monitor performance metrics, and
regularly review and update your business architecture strategy to incorporate lessons learned and
emerging best practices in supply chain management.
By following these steps, organizations can develop a robust e-SCM business architecture strategy that
leverages digital technologies, optimizes processes, and enhances collaboration to drive value across the
entire supply chain network

d) Describe the future of e-SCM. Also list the disadvantages of e-SCM.

Ans: The future of e-Supply Chain Management (e-SCM) holds significant potential for transformation and
innovation, driven by advancements in technology, changing market dynamics, and evolving customer
expectations. Here are some key trends and developments that may shape the future of e-SCM:
1. Advanced Analytics and Predictive Insights: The future of e-SCM will leverage advanced analytics,
machine learning, and artificial intelligence to derive actionable insights from vast amounts of data.
Predictive analytics will enable better demand forecasting, inventory optimization, risk management, and
decision-making across the supply chain.
2. Blockchain for Transparency and Traceability: Blockchain technology will play a crucial role in
enhancing transparency, traceability, and trust in e-SCM processes. By providing a decentralized and
immutable ledger, blockchain can improve visibility into product provenance, track, and trace shipments,
and streamline transactions among supply chain partners.
3. Internet of Things (IoT) for Real-Time Monitoring: IoT devices will be increasingly deployed
throughout the supply chain to enable real-time monitoring and tracking of assets, shipments, and
environmental conditions. IoT sensors will provide valuable data on factors like temperature, humidity,
location, & status, allowing for proactive management of logistics operations and improved quality control.
4. Autonomous and Connected Logistics: Autonomous vehicles, drones, and robotics will revolutionize
logistics operations, particularly in last-mile delivery and warehouse management. These technologies will
enable autonomous transportation, automated picking and packing, and unmanned aerial delivery, leading
to greater efficiency, cost savings, and speed in e-SCM processes.
5. Digital Twins and Simulation: Digital twin technology will create virtual replicas of physical assets and
processes within the supply chain, allowing for simulation, optimization, and predictive analysis. Digital
twins will enable companies to test different scenarios, identify potential bottlenecks, and optimize
resource allocation in a virtual environment before implementing changes in the real world.
6. Sustainable and Circular Supply Chains: The future of e-SCM will prioritize sustainability and
environmental responsibility, with an emphasis on reducing waste, minimizing carbon footprint, and
promoting circular economy principles. Companies will adopt eco-friendly practices such as green
sourcing, renewable energy usage, and closed-loop supply chain systems to mitigate environmental
impact and meet evolving regulatory requirements.
7. Customer-Centric Supply Chains: E-SCM will focus on delivering personalized and seamless
customer experiences through omni-channel integration, fast order fulfilment, and responsive customer
service. Companies will leverage data analytics and customer insights to anticipate demand, tailor
offerings, and provide value-added services that meet individual customer needs and preferences.
➢ Disadvantages of e-SCM include:
1. Initial Investment Costs: Implementing e-SCM systems and technologies requires significant upfront
investment in infrastructure, software, training, and integration. For small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) with limited resources, this initial cost barrier can be prohibitive.
2. Cybersecurity Risks: E-SCM systems are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats such as data breaches,
hacking, and malware attacks. Protecting sensitive supply chain data and intellectual property from
unauthorized access & cyber threats requires robust cybersecurity measures and continuous monitoring.
3. Complexity and Integration Challenges: E-SCM involves integrating diverse systems, processes, and
stakeholders across the supply chain ecosystem. Achieving seamless integration and interoperability
between different technologies, platforms, and partners can be complex and challenging, leading to
implementation delays and operational disruptions.
4. Dependency on Technology and Connectivity: E-SCM relies heavily on technology and digital
connectivity for its operation. Any disruptions or failures in technology infrastructure, such as network
outages, system crashes, or software glitches, can disrupt supply chain operations and impact business
continuity.
5. Data Privacy and Compliance Concerns: E-SCM involves the collection, storage, and sharing of
sensitive data across multiple entities and jurisdictions. Ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations,
such as GDPR and CCPA, and protecting customer and partner data privacy rights can be a complex and
resource-intensive process.
6. Skills and Talent Gap: Adopting e-SCM requires a skilled workforce with expertise in digital
technologies, data analytics, and supply chain management. However, there is often a shortage of talent
with the necessary skills and experience, leading to recruitment challenges and the need for ongoing
training and upskilling initiatives.
Despite these challenges, the future of e-SCM holds immense promise for enhancing supply chain
visibility, agility, and competitiveness in the global marketplace. With careful planning, investment, and
collaboration, organizations can overcome these disadvantages and unlock the full potential of e-SCM to
drive innovation and growth.

e) Give evolution of ERP. List the features and advantages of ERP.

Ans: The evolution of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems has undergone several phases
since its inception in the 1960s. Here's a brief overview:
1. Pre-ERP Systems (1960s-1970s): The earliest precursor to ERP systems were Material
Requirements Planning (MRP) systems developed in the 1960s. These systems focused on
managing production scheduling and inventory control in manufacturing environments. Over
time, MRP evolved into Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) systems, which expanded to
include additional functions such as capacity planning, procurement, and shop floor control.
2. First Generation ERP (1980s): The concept of ERP emerged in the 1980s with the
development of integrated software solutions that combined MRP II functionality with modules
for finance, human resources, and other business functions. These early ERP systems were
primarily used by large enterprises and were often complex and costly to implement.
3. Client-Server Architecture (1990s): In the 1990s, ERP systems transitioned from mainframe-
based architectures to client-server architectures, which improved scalability, performance, and
accessibility. This allowed ERP systems to be deployed on distributed networks of computers,
making them more accessible to mid-sized and smaller organizations.
4. Web-Based ERP (2000s): The rise of the internet in the early 2000s led to the development of
web-based ERP systems, which enabled users to access ERP functionality through web
browsers. Web-based ERP offered greater flexibility and mobility, allowing users to access ERP
data and applications from anywhere with an internet connection.
5. Cloud ERP (2010s-Present): Cloud computing has revolutionized the ERP landscape by
offering ERP solutions as a service hosted on remote servers and accessed over the internet.
Cloud ERP eliminates the need for on-premises hardware and software infrastructure, reduces
upfront costs, and offers scalability, flexibility, and easier upgrades.
Now, let's list the features and advantages of ERP:
Features of ERP:
1. Integration: ERP integrates core business processes and functions across departments, such as
finance, human resources, procurement, manufacturing, sales, and distribution, into a single unified
system.
2. Centralized Database: ERP maintains a centralized database that serves as a single source of
truth for all business data, ensuring data consistency, accuracy, & integrity across the organization.
3. Real-Time Visibility: ERP provides real-time visibility into business operations and performance
metrics through dashboards, reports, and analytics, enabling informed decision-making and
strategic planning.
4. Automation: ERP automates routine and repetitive tasks, such as data entry, transaction
processing, and report generation, reducing manual effort, minimizing errors, and improving
efficiency.
5. Standardization: ERP enforces standardized business processes and workflows across the
organization, promoting consistency, compliance, and best practices.
Advantages of ERP:
1. Improved Efficiency: ERP streamlines business processes, eliminates redundant tasks, and
reduces cycle times, leading to improved operational efficiency and productivity.
2. Better Decision-Making: ERP provides timely and accurate information, analytics, and insights to
decision-makers, enabling them to make data-driven decisions that drive business performance and
growth.
3. Enhanced Collaboration: ERP facilitates collaboration and communication among departments,
teams, and stakeholders by providing a centralized platform for sharing information, coordinating
activities, and managing resources.
4. Cost Savings: ERP helps organizations reduce costs by eliminating manual processes, optimizing
resource utilization, reducing inventory levels, minimizing errors, and avoiding costly disruptions.
5. Scalability: ERP systems are scalable and adaptable to accommodate business growth, expansion
into new markets, and changes in organizational needs and requirements.
6. Compliance and Risk Management: ERP helps organizations comply with regulatory
requirements, industry standards, and internal policies by enforcing controls, tracking transactions,
and maintaining audit trails. It also mitigates risks by identifying and addressing issues proactively.
Overall, ERP systems play a critical role in enabling organizations to streamline operations, improve
decision-making, and drive competitive advantage in today's complex and dynamic business environment.
f) Difference between logistics and supply chain management
Ans:
Logistics Supply Chain Management
It mainly focuses on management of how It mainly focuses on management of supply activity
resources are obtained, stored, and transported to i.e. product flow to customers or consumers.
customer.
It includes activities like managing flow of goods It includes activities like retail, manufacturing,
and services, material handling, order fulfilment, returns, resale, demand management, forecasting,
inventory control, etc. etc.
It includes various functions such as sourcing, It includes various functions such as product
production planning and scheduling, customer development, marketing, customer service,
service, tracking and accounting, etc. operations, etc.
Its main objective is to make flow of product more Its main objective is to fulfil customer demand by
effective and efficient to increase desired level of making product, deliver it to appropriate location on
customer service. given period of time with sufficient quantity and
increase in competitive advantage.
Various logistic software available are Envision, Various supply chain software’s available are SAP,
Freight Master, Viewpoint Logistics, Acumatica Oracle, JDA, High Jump, etc.
ERP, etc.
It is process of integration and maintenance i.e. It is process of coordination and management i.e.
flow and storage of goods within organization. movement of supply chains within organization.
It only includes one organization. It includes more than one organization.
Its benefits include increase customer satisfaction, Its benefits include reduction in inventory costs,
costs savings, increase supply chain transparency, raise profits, boosts collaboration, create
etc. efficiencies, etc.
 Parameters Logistics Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Definition Focuses on the efficient flow and storage Manages the entire supply chain from raw
of goods and services from origin to material procurement to final product
consumption. delivery.
Scope Mainly cantered on transportation and Covers all aspects including production,
storage of goods. distribution, sales, and customer service.
Components Involves transportation, warehousing, Encompasses procurement, production,
inventory management, and order distribution, logistics, sales, and customer
fulfilment. service.
Objective Ensures efficient, effective transportation Aims to optimize the entire supply chain for
and storage of goods to meet customer timely, cost-effective product delivery.
needs.
Decision Focuses on operational decisions related Involves strategic decisions about
Making to transportation, warehousing, and production, distribution, and inventory
distribution. management.
Key Focus Optimizes the movement and storage of Coordinates with all supply chain partners
Areas goods and related information within the to enhance customer satisfaction and
supply chain. optimize resources.
Technological Uses technology mainly for tracking and Integrates advanced technologies for
Integration managing goods movement and storage. comprehensive supply chain oversight and
optimization.
Performance Evaluates performance based on Assesses performance based on supply
Metrics transportation costs, delivery timeliness, chain efficiency, customer satisfaction, and
and warehouse efficiency. cost reduction.

g) Discuss e-procurement cycle.

Ans: E-procurement, or electronic procurement, refers to the process of purchasing goods and services
using digital technologies and online platforms. The e-procurement cycle encompasses the various stages
involved in sourcing, selecting, ordering, receiving, and paying for goods and services electronically.
Here's an overview of the e-procurement cycle:
1. Need Identification: The e-procurement cycle begins with the identification of a need for goods or
services within an organization. This need may arise from various sources such as operational
requirements, project demands, or inventory replenishment.
2. Supplier Selection: Once the need is identified, the organization evaluates potential suppliers based on
criteria such as product quality, pricing, delivery terms, reputation, and compliance with regulatory
requirements. E-procurement platforms often provide tools for supplier discovery, evaluation, and
qualification.
3. RFx Process: The organization may issue requests for information (RFIs), requests for proposals
(RFPs), or requests for quotations (RFQs) to solicit bids from suppliers. These documents outline the
organization's requirements, specifications, terms, and conditions, allowing suppliers to submit their
proposals or quotes electronically.
4. Bid Evaluation and Negotiation: After receiving responses from suppliers, the organization evaluates
the bids based on factors such as price, quality, delivery time, and other relevant criteria. Negotiations may
take place to finalize terms, conditions, and pricing with selected suppliers, often facilitated through e-
procurement platforms.
5. Purchase Order (PO) Creation: Once a supplier is selected and terms are agreed upon, the
organization generates a purchase order (PO) electronically. The PO specifies the details of the purchase,
including item descriptions, quantities, prices, delivery dates, and payment terms. E-procurement systems
automate the generation and transmission of POs to suppliers.
6. Order Fulfilment and Delivery: Upon receiving the PO, the supplier processes the order and prepares
the goods or services for delivery. E-procurement systems provide visibility into order status, shipment
tracking, and delivery confirmation, allowing organizations to monitor the progress of orders in real time.
7. Receipt and Inspection: Upon receiving the goods or services, the organization verifies the accuracy,
quality, & condition of the delivered items against the PO. E-procurement platforms may facilitate electronic
receipt confirmation & inspection processes, enabling quick resolution of discrepancies or issues.
8. Invoice Processing: Once the goods or services are received and accepted, the supplier submits an
invoice to the organization for payment. E-procurement systems automate invoice processing, matching
invoices to POs and receipts, validating charges, and routing invoices for approval.
9. Payment Authorization and Settlement: After invoice approval, the organization authorizes payment
through the e-procurement system. Payments may be processed electronically via electronic funds
transfer (EFT), credit card, or other payment methods supported by the platform. E-procurement systems
record payment transactions and facilitate reconciliation with financial records.
10. Supplier Performance Evaluation: The e-procurement cycle concludes with the evaluation of
supplier performance based on factors such as delivery accuracy, quality of goods or services, adherence
to contract terms, responsiveness, and customer service. This feedback informs future supplier selection
and relationship management decisions.
Throughout the e-procurement cycle, organizations benefit from increased efficiency, transparency,
accuracy, and control over the procurement process, leading to cost savings, improved supplier
relationships, and enhanced operational effectiveness.

h) Difference between Data Warehouse and Data Mart.

Ans:
Data Warehouse Data Mart
1. Data warehouse is a Centralized system. While it is a decentralised system.
2. In data warehouse lightly, denormalization takes While in Data mart, highly denormalization takes
place place.
3. Data warehouse is top-down model. While it is a bottom-up model.
4. To build a warehouse is difficult. While to build a mart is easy.
5. In data warehouse, Fact constellation schema is While in this, Star schema and snowflake schema
used. are used.
6. Data Warehouse is flexible. While it is not flexible.
7. Data Warehouse is the data-oriented in nature. While it is the project-oriented in nature.
8. Data Ware house has long life. While data-mart has short life than warehouse.
9. In Data Warehouse, Data are contained in detail While in this, data are contained in summarized
form. form.
10. Data Warehouse is vast in size. While data mart is smaller than warehouse.
11. It collects data from various data sources. It generally stores data from a data warehouse.
12. Long time for processing the data because of Less time for processing the data because of
large data. handling only a small amount of data.
13. Complicated design process of creating Easy design process of creating schemas and
schemas and views. views.

i) Give application and benefits of wireless technology.

Ans: Wireless technology has a wide range of applications across various industries and domains, offering
numerous benefits in terms of connectivity, mobility, efficiency, and convenience. Here are some common
applications and benefits of wireless technology:
1. Communication: Wireless technology enables seamless communication between devices and
networks without the need for physical cables. This includes applications such as:
• Mobile phones: Wireless networks (e.g., 4G, 5G) allow users to make voice calls, send text
messages, and access the internet from anywhere with network coverage.
• Wi-Fi: Wireless local area networks (Wi-Fi) provide high-speed internet connectivity to devices
within a specific area, such as homes, offices, and public spaces.
• Bluetooth: Wireless technology allows for short-range communication between devices, such as
smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearable devices, for tasks like file sharing, audio streaming,
and device pairing.
2. Internet of Things (IoT): Wireless technology plays a crucial role in enabling the IoT ecosystem, where
devices are interconnected and communicate with each other to collect and exchange data. Some
applications of wireless IoT technology include:
• Smart homes: IoT devices such as smart thermostats, lights, security cameras, and appliances
connect wirelessly to a home network, allowing users to control and monitor them remotely.
• Industrial IoT (IIoT): Wireless sensors and actuators monitor and control machinery, equipment,
and processes in industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, and transportation,
enabling predictive maintenance, asset tracking, and automation.
3. Navigation and Positioning: Wireless technology is used for navigation and positioning applications,
providing location-based services and real-time tracking capabilities. Examples include:
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): Satellite-based systems such as GPS, Galileo, and
 GLONASS provide accurate positioning and navigation information to users worldwide, enabling
applications like mapping, navigation, and location-based services.
• Indoor positioning systems (IPS): Wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and RFID are
used to track the location of objects and people within indoor environments like airports, malls,
hospitals, and warehouses, facilitating wayfinding, asset tracking, and location-based marketing.
4. Entertainment and Media: Wireless technology enhances the delivery and consumption of
entertainment and media content, providing flexibility and convenience to users. Examples include:
• Streaming services: Wireless internet and mobile networks enable users to stream audio and
video content from platforms such as Netflix, Spotify, YouTube, and Amazon Prime Video on their
devices.
• Wireless audio: Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technology support wireless audio streaming to speakers,
headphones, and other audio devices, eliminating the need for physical connections and cables.
5. Healthcare: Wireless technology is increasingly used in healthcare for remote patient monitoring,
telemedicine, and healthcare management applications. Some examples include:
• Wearable health devices: Wireless sensors and wearables monitor vital signs, activity levels, and
health metrics, transmitting data to healthcare providers for remote monitoring and analysis.
• Medical implants: Wireless communication enables communication between medical implants
(e.g., pacemakers, insulin pumps) and external devices for data transmission, configuration, and
monitoring.
Benefits of Wireless Technology:
1. Mobility: Wireless technology enables users to access data, communication, and services from
anywhere within the coverage area, providing flexibility and mobility.
2. Flexibility: Wireless networks can be deployed quickly and easily, allowing for flexible and scalable
connectivity solutions that adapt to changing requirements.
3. Convenience: Wireless technology eliminates the need for physical cables and connectors,
simplifying setup, installation, and maintenance of devices and networks.
4. Cost Savings: Wireless technology reduces the cost and complexity of infrastructure deployment,
maintenance, and management compared to wired alternatives.
5. Scalability: Wireless networks can easily scale to accommodate a growing number of devices and
users, making them suitable for environments with dynamic and evolving connectivity needs.
6. Accessibility: Wireless technology extends connectivity to remote or hard-to-reach areas where
wired infrastructure may be impractical or unavailable.
7. Improved Productivity: Wireless technology enables seamless communication and collaboration
among users, devices, and systems, enhancing productivity and efficiency in various applications
and industries.

j) Give application of barcoding and scanning in SCM.

Ans: Barcoding and scanning technology plays a crucial role in streamlining and enhancing various
aspects of Supply Chain Management (SCM). Here are some key applications of barcoding and scanning
in SCM:
1. Inventory Management: Barcoding and scanning are widely used for inventory management tasks,
including:
• Receiving: Barcode labels on incoming shipments are scanned to record quickly and accurately
received items into inventory systems, reducing manual data entry errors and processing time.
• Put-Away: Barcodes on storage locations or bins help warehouse staff identify the correct storage
locations for incoming inventory, ensuring efficient placement and organization within the
warehouse.
• Picking: Barcode scanning is used during order picking processes to verify the accuracy of items
selected from inventory, reducing picking errors and improving order fulfilment accuracy.
• Cycle Counting: Barcode scanning facilitates cycle counting and physical inventory audits by
providing a fast and accurate means of verifying inventory counts against system records.
2. Order Fulfilment and Shipping: Barcoding and scanning streamline order fulfilment and shipping
processes by:
• Order Picking: Barcode scanning guides warehouse staff through order picking tasks, ensuring
that the correct items are selected for each customer order and minimizing errors.
• Packing: Barcode labels on items and packaging are scanned to verify the contents of each
shipment, ensuring that the correct items are packed and reducing shipping errors.
 • Shipping Verification: Barcodes on shipping labels are scanned to confirm the accuracy of
shipments before they are dispatched to customers, improving order accuracy, and reducing
shipping errors.
3. Product Tracking and Traceability: Barcoding and scanning enable accurate tracking and traceability
of products throughout the supply chain, allowing organizations to:
• Track Movements: Barcodes on products, pallets, and containers are scanned at various stages of
the supply chain, allowing organizations to track their movement from production facilities to
distribution centers, warehouses, and ultimately to customers.
• Trace Origins: Barcodes provide information about the origin, batch, and expiration dates of
products, enabling organizations to trace the source of products in the event of recalls, quality
issues, or regulatory compliance requirements.
4. Asset Management: Barcoding and scanning technology are used for tracking and managing assets,
equipment, and infrastructure within the supply chain, including:
• Fixed Assets: Barcodes are affixed to fixed assets such as machinery, vehicles, and equipment,
allowing organizations to track their location, maintenance history, and usage through barcode
scanning.
• Returnable Containers: Barcodes on returnable containers, such as pallets, totes, and containers,
enable organizations to track their movement and usage across the supply chain, reducing loss and
improving asset utilization.
5. Vendor and Supplier Management: Barcoding and scanning facilitate vendor and supplier
management processes by:
• Vendor Compliance: Barcode scanning helps verify that received shipments comply with vendor
specifications and purchase orders, ensuring quality and accuracy.
• Supplier Performance: Barcode data is used to monitor supplier performance metrics such as on-
time delivery, order accuracy, and product quality, enabling organizations to evaluate supplier
performance and make informed sourcing decisions.
Overall, barcoding and scanning technology are integral components of modern SCM systems, enabling
organizations to improve efficiency, accuracy, visibility, and traceability throughout the supply chain.

k) What are the logistic areas affected by ASN? What are the steps in ASN process? What are
the benefits of an ASN?
Ans: Advance Shipping Notice (ASN) is a document that provides detailed information about a pending
delivery of goods. It is sent by the supplier or manufacturer to the recipient (usually a retailer or distributor)
prior to the actual shipment, allowing the recipient to prepare for the arrival of the goods. ASN plays a
crucial role in streamlining logistics operations and supply chain management. Here are the logistic areas
affected by ASN, the steps in the ASN process, and the benefits of using ASN:
Logistic Areas Affected by ASN:
1. Receiving and Unloading: ASN enables the recipient to anticipate incoming shipments, allocate
resources, and plan for efficient receiving and unloading processes.
2. Inventory Management: ASN provides advanced visibility into incoming inventory, allowing the
recipient to update inventory records, allocate storage space, and plan for inventory replenishment
activities.
3. Order Fulfilment: ASN helps streamline order fulfilment processes by providing visibility into
expected delivery dates and quantities, enabling the recipient to plan for order processing and
fulfilment activities.
4. Warehousing and Storage: ASN allows the recipient to allocate storage space, plan for warehouse
layout adjustments, and optimize storage capacity based on expected incoming shipments.
5. Transportation and Delivery: ASN provides detailed information about shipments, including carrier
details, shipment contents, and expected delivery dates, enabling the recipient to coordinate
transportation and delivery schedules more effectively.
Steps in the ASN Process:
1. Order Confirmation: The supplier receives an order from the recipient and confirms the order
details, including quantities, delivery dates, and shipping instructions.
2. ASN Preparation: The supplier generates an ASN document containing detailed information about
the pending shipment, such as item descriptions, quantities, packaging details, carrier information,
and expected delivery dates.
3. ASN Transmission: The supplier sends the ASN document electronically to the recipient using a
standardized format or through an ASN portal or EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) system.
 4. Recipient Acknowledgment: The recipient receives the ASN document and acknowledges receipt,
confirming the accuracy of the information and acknowledging any discrepancies or issues.
5. Recipient Preparation: The recipient reviews the ASN document, updates inventory records, and
prepares for the arrival of the shipment by allocating resources, planning for receiving and
unloading activities, and updating order fulfilment schedules.
6. Shipment Delivery: The supplier ships the goods according to the information provided in the ASN
document, and the carrier transports the shipment to the recipient's location.
7. Receiving and Confirmation: Upon receipt of the shipment, the recipient verifies the contents
against the information provided in the ASN document, confirms receipt, and updates inventory
records accordingly.
Benefits of an ASN:
1. Improved Visibility: ASN provides advanced visibility into incoming shipments, enabling better
planning and coordination of logistics activities.
2. Efficient Receiving: ASN allows the recipient to prepare for incoming shipments, streamline
receiving processes, and minimize delays in unloading and processing.
3. Inventory Accuracy: ASN helps maintain accurate inventory records by providing real-time
updates on incoming shipments, reducing the risk of stockouts or overstocking.
4. Enhanced Order Fulfilment: ASN enables more accurate order fulfilment by providing visibility into
expected delivery dates and quantities, allowing the recipient to plan and prioritize order processing
activities accordingly.
5. Reduced Errors and Discrepancies: ASN helps reduce errors and discrepancies in receiving and
inventory management by providing detailed information about incoming shipments, enabling timely
resolution of issues.
6. Improved Efficiency: ASN streamlines logistics operations, reduces manual data entry, and
minimizes administrative overhead, leading to improved efficiency and productivity.
Overall, ASN plays a critical role in optimizing logistics operations, improving inventory management, and
enhancing supply chain visibility and efficiency.