Hercules Segers and his ‘printed paintings’

An Van Camp, British Museum

This introduction accompanies the display of the British Museum’s collection of

etchings by Hercules Segers, on show in Room 90, 6 January – 6 May 2012. This is
the first time the British Museum’s holdings of Segers’ prints have been exhibited as
a group, and the majority have never been previously displayed.

The first section contains introductory chapters on Hercules Segers’ life, his work, his
printmaking techniques and his use of colour. The second section features a list of
the works exhibited. A glossary of Segers’ most used printmaking techniques and a
bibliography can be found at the end of this introduction.

I would like to thank Jenny Bescoby (Paper conservator, British Museum) and Egbert
Haverkamp-Begemann (Professor Emeritus, Institute of Fine Arts, New York
University) for their invaluable support and expertise.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

I. Introduction
Segers’ life
Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638) was a Dutch painter and printmaker, specialising
in landscapes. He was born around 1589/90 in Haarlem, the son of the merchant
Pieter Segers and Cathalijntgen Hercules.1 He was known as Hercules Pietersz.,
and only started using his father’s name Segers from 1621 onwards. His father was
Flemish and as a Mennonite (Christian Anabaptist) probably had to leave his home
country during religious persecutions. The family moved to Amsterdam between
1592 and 1596, where the young Hercules became apprenticed to another Flemish
émigré, Gillis van Coninxloo, a painter specialising in imaginary wooded
landscapes.2 In 1612 Segers entered the painters’ guild in Haarlem. He lived in
Amsterdam from 1614 until 1631 where he married Anna van der Brugghen, an
Antwerp native who was 16 years his senior. She never bore him children but they
raised Segers’ illegitimate daughter from a previous relationship: Hester Hercules
also known as Nelletje. In 1619 he bought a large house on the Lindengracht in
Amsterdam, which he had to sell in 1631 to pay off a debt.3 In 1632 he is mentioned
in an archival document as ‘presently living in The Hague’.4 Although the exact year
he died is not known, a certain Cornelia de Witte is mentioned in 1638 in The Hague
as the widow of Hercules Pietersz., perhaps Hercules Segers.5 Segers’ name has
been commonly spelled as Seghers, even though he always signed his paintings
without an ‘h’ which will be followed here.

Biographical information about Segers is scarce, apart from few archival documents
regarding his financial situation. Samuel van Hoogstraten’s Inleyding tot de Hooge
Schoole der Schilderkonst (Introduction to the Academy of Painting) published in
Rotterdam in 1678 is the only 17th-century source providing an insight in his life and
work.6 Van Hoogstraten’s biography of Segers is highly anecdotal but appears to

1
In 1614 Segers claims to be 24 years old when registering for his marriage in Amsterdam (i.e. in the
notice of intention to marry); see I.H. van Eeghen, ‘De Ouders van Hercules Segers’, in
Amstelodamum 55 (1968), pp.73–76.
2
A legal document dated January 1607 (after Coninxloo’s death) from the owner Coninxloo’s estate
mentions that Pieter Segers still owes money for his son’s apprenticeship fee; see I.H. van Eeghen,
op. cit., pp.73–76.
3
J.Z. Kannegieter, 'Het huis van Hercules Segers op de Lindengracht te Amsterdam', in Oud-Holland
59 (1942), pp. 150–157.
4
E. Haverkamp-Begemann, Hercules Segers: The Complete Etchings, The Hague, 1974, p.19.
5
E. Haverkamp-Begemann, op. cit., p.19.
6
On page 312 he writes in Dutch: ‘Hier by past noch een staeltje van den ongeachten en nochtans, in
de konst, grooten Herkules Zegers: dezen bloeide, of liever verdorde, in mijn eerste groene jaren. Hy
was van een gewis en vast opmerken, zeker in zijn Teykening van lantschappen en gronden, aerdich
in verzierlijke bergen en grotten, en als zwanger van geheele Provinsien, die hy met onmetelijke
ruimtens baerde, en in zijne Schilderyen en Printen wonderlijk liet zien. Hy benaerstichde hem de
konst met onvergelijkelijken yver: maer wat was 't? niemant wilde zijn werken in zijn leven aenzien: de
Plaet-drukkers brochten zijn printen met manden vol by de Vettewariers, om boter en zeep in te doen,
en't geraekte meest al tot peperhuisjes. Eyndelijk vertoonde hy een plaet, als zijn uiterste proefstuk,
aen een kunstkooper tot Amsterdam, veylende de zelve voor klein gelt, maer wat was't? de Koopman
klaegde dat zijn werken geen waer en waren, en ontzach zich byna 't koper te betalen, zoo dat den
ellendigen Herkules ongetroost met zijn plaet na huis most, en na dat hy eenige weynige printen daer
afgedrukt hadde, sneed hy de zelve aen stukken, zeggende: dat'er noch liefhebbers komen zouden,
die viermael meer voor een afdruk geven zouden, als hy voor de geheele plaet begeert hadde, gelijk
ook gebeurt is, want yder print is naderhant zestien dukaten betaelt geweest, en noch gelukkich dieze
krijgen kon; maer den armen Herkules had'er niets van te bet: want schoon hy zijn hemden en de

© The Trustees of the British Museum

contain reliable information, mentioning that he printed on textile and cut down and
re-used some of his larger copper-plates; this is corroborated by his surviving prints.
Van Hoogstraten noted that nobody seemed to be interested in Segers’ prints during
his lifetime and that he only received recognition after his death. Later biographers
such as Arnold Houbraken in his Groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche
konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) and Jacob Campo Weyerman in his De
levens-beschryvingen der Nederlandsche konst-schilders en konst-schilderessen
(1729) merely repeated Van Hoogstraten.

Segers’ work
Segers surviving oeuvre is relatively small, only a dozen or so paintings by Segers
are known, most of them showing imaginary rocky landscapes which sometimes
incorporate actual topographical features. These paintings are relatively small,
roughly the same size as his largest prints. The atmospheric representation of the
imaginary scenes and the colour palette of brown and blue reflect the Antwerp
influence of his master, Gillis van Coninxloo. His painted work was keenly collected
after his death by other Dutch artists including Rembrandt, Herman Saftleven and
Jan van de Cappelle.7

Only 183 impressions of Segers’ prints are known worldwide, taken from 54 copper-
plates. The largest collections are held by the British Museum and the
Rijksprentenkabinet in Amsterdam.8 The majority of the British Museum impressions
come from the British collector John Sheepshanks, who collected 17th-century prints
which he sold to the Museum in 1836. Three other prints were purchased in the mid-
19th century and another one in 1956. Many of his prints are only known from a
single impression. Printmakers usually utilise their medium to create multiple
identical impressions of their prints; Segers on the contrary gave each impression its
own unique character and rarely created identical ones. To this aim Segers
combined a variety of printing inks, etching techniques, varying hand-colouring and
different printing supports. His etchings have often been described by scholars as
‘printed paintings’ as the extensive hand-colouring imbues them with pictorial
qualities. He experimented with contrasting tones, working with a variety of printing
techniques and colours. They are, however, not colour prints in the strict sense of
the word as they are only printed in one colour. The colours were either applied to
the support beforehand or after printing onto the printed surface. Segers never
signed or dated his plates and so a chronology of his work is impossible. None of
Segers’ copper-plates is known to have survived, although Rembrandt acquired one

lakens van zijn bedde verschilderde of verdrukte (want hy drukte ook Schildery) hy bleef in d'uiterste
armoede met zijn gansche gezin, zoo dat zijn bedroefde vrouwe eyndelijk klaegde, dat al wat'er van
lywaet geweest was, verschildert of verprint was. Dit nam de mistroostigen Herkules zoo ter harten,
dat hy allen met ten eynde zijnde. zijn droefheit in de wijn wilde smooren, en op eenen avont buyten
zijn gewoonte beschonken zijnde, quam t'huis, maer viel van de trappen, en sterf; openende met zijn
doot de oogen aen alle lief hebbers, die van die tijd af zijn werken in zoodanige waerde hebben
gehouden, als ze verdienen, en altijts verdienen zullen.’
7
See J.G. van Gelder, 'Hercules Seghers erbij en eraf', in Oud-Holland 65 (1950), pp.216–226.
8
The latter owns 75 impressions of which 43 come from the early collection of Michiel Hinloopen
(1619–1708) and 22 from Pieter Cornelis, Baron van Leyden (1717–1788) whose large collection was
bought by the Rijksprentenkabinet in 1808.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

of the plates after his death and re-worked it by changing the figures and the trees in
the background.9

Segers usually devised original compositions and only rarely copied designs of other
masters. Exceptions are Tobias and the Angel (HB 1), loosely based on Adam
Elsheimer’s painting, and The Lamentation of Christ after Hans Baldung Grien’s
woodcut (HB 2).10 Apart from a few still-lifes, tree studies and seascapes, Segers
usually conceived hauntingly beautiful, but desolate, mountainous vistas and rocky
valleys covered in menacing shadows bordered by steep cliffs. The valleys are
usually depicted from a high vantage point with winding roads in the foreground
leading the viewer into the rest of the view. Occasionally a couple of buildings or a
small town are visible in the distance. Human presence is rare and seems to have
been used to emphasise the emptiness of the scene. Bare tree stumps are
sometimes placed in the foreground. It is not known if Segers travelled, however,
some of the views have been tentatively identified as the Swiss Alps, Tyrol, the
Apennines or Dalmatia.11 Possible inspirations for the iconography in Segers’ art can
be found in the work of earlier Flemish and Dutch landscape artists such as Pieter
Bruegel the Elder, Joos de Momper, his master Gillis van Coninxloo, Lucas van
Valckenborch and Hendrick Goltzius.12

Segers also frequently made two versions of the same subject which are often hard
to distinguish but upon closer examination reveal different plates (for example HB
21-2213 and HB 46-4714). Another method of obtaining slightly different versions of a
print was achieved by Segers by trimming many of his impressions and thus creating
almost new compositions seen from different perspectives. Few impressions of
Segers prints have survived with the plate-marks still visible.

Nothing is known about the distribution of Segers’ prints. The small number of
surviving impressions and the fact that only a handful of collectors seemed to have
acquired them, suggests that they were not widely distributed.15 Part of Segers’
production is probably also lost because the prints were initially treated as small
cabinet paintings and hung on walls.16 This practice is in contrast to prints which
were usually protected in albums. From the mid-17th century Segers’ prints have
attracted the attention of artists such as Rembrandt, trying to reconstruct his
innovative etching techniques and printing processes. Although known and admired
in a small circle of print collectors from very early on, Segers only attracted the

9
The Flight into Egypt (1848,0911.31: Bartsch 56), see E. Hinterding et al., Rembrandt as a
Printmaker, exh.cat. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam and the British Museum London, 2000, cat.no.71. The
British Museum does not hold an impression of Hercules Segers’ original plate Tobias and the Angel
(HB 1).
10
Haverkamp-Begemann (HB) reference numbers always refer to the catalogue raisonné: E.
Haverkamp-Begemann, Hercules Segers: The Complete Etchings, The Hague, 1974.
11
See for example C. Hofstede de Groot, 'Langs welke weg trok Hercules Seghers naar Italië?', in
Oud-Holland 44 (1927), pp. 49–64; J.Q. van Regteren Altena, 'Hercules Seghers en de topografie', in
Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum 3 (1955), pp. 3–8.
12
See Hercules Seghers en zijn voorlopers, exh.cat. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 1967, pp.3–15.
13
See River valley with a waterfall (S.5518 and S.5519 for impressions of the second version, the
British Museum does not hold impressions of the first version).
14
See The Abbey of Rijnsburg (1854.0628.73 for an impression of the first version, the British
Museum does not hold impressions of the second version).
15
J. van der Waals, De Prentschat van Michiel Hinloopen, The Hague-Amsterdam, 1988, p.144.
16
J. van der Waals, op. cit., pp.137–140.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

interest of art historians in the 19th century, coinciding with the important acquisitions
made by the Rijksmuseum and the British Museum.

Segers’ printmaking techniques

Hercules Segers is particularly known for his extensive experimenting with new
printmaking techniques in an attempt to enrich his graphic vocabulary and introduce
more expression to his compositions. His greatest invention was undoubtedly the
process of lift-ground etching (also known as sugar-lift or sugar-bite etching, sugar
aquatint or pen method). Although no accounts by Segers of his working methods
have survived, it is assumed that he used a sugar solution to draw a composition on
a copper-plate either with a pen or even with a brush, as some of the lines are quite
broad. The plate was then probably covered with a thin, resinous ground and bathed
in hot water which made the sugar granules swell causing the ground to blister off
where the design had been applied. The plate would then have been treated as
usual: the exposed copper-plate bitten in an acid bath, inked and subsequently
printed. The resulting lines have a granulated surface, similar to aquatint which was
a later invention. This technique, allowing the artist to apply defined lines with a
brush, was not practised again until the 18th century. This new technique can be
best seen in Rocky mountains with a plateau (S.5521: HB 10.II.e) and Valley with
towns, churches and other buildings (S.5531: HB 29.h).

(S.5519: HB 22.II.g)

Segers almost never corrected flaws occurring on his copper-plates. His experiments
with different etching grounds and acid biting often caused damage to the copper.
Many prints show traces of these accidents and Segers must have consciously
printed from faulty plates, perhaps in order to use these imperfections to his
advantage while creating original compositions. Plate tone, i.e. tiny scratches on the
plate due to unpolished areas on the plate before etching, can also be noticed in
some impressions such as in Rocky mountain valley with waterfalls (S.5535: HB 5).
Areas of foul or false biting are often visible in Segers’ prints, see for instance River
valley with four trees (S.5534: HB 4.I.b), while other artists would usually consider
this a failed process and try to correct it or destroy the plate. False biting of the
copper-plate occurs when the acid bites areas of the plate supposed to be covered
by the ground and not meant to be bitten, such as for example blank sky areas.
Segers may have used etching grounds which were too soft and thus more

© The Trustees of the British Museum

penetrable and more prone to cracking.17 It is also possible that Segers deliberately
applied the ground too thinly in order to experiment with tonal areas, such as in River
valley with a waterfall (S.5518: HB 22.I.c). In order to conceal areas or false biting,
Segers seemed to have used stopping-out varnish, although not always effectively or
evenly as can be seen in River valley with a waterfall (S.5518 and S.5519: HB 22).

(S.5518: HB 22.I.c)

Another interesting feature of Segers’ graphic work is his inspired use of tonal areas
in order to create contrasts between light and dark. The easiest method to achieve
this effect is surface tone which is a layer of tone as the result of a thin film of ink left
on the copper-plate before printing. Surface tone can be often seen in Segers’
landscapes, especially in the skies in order to indicate clouds, see for example
Rocky mountains with a plateau (S.5520 and S.5521: HB 10) and View of
Wageningen (S.5526: HB 31.c).

(S.5521: HB 10.II.e)

A more complicated method for creating large areas of tone is Segers’ use of very
fine drypoint hatching, done after the biting of the plate and scratched directly into
the copper-plate. It looks almost as though it was done with a toothed instrument.

17
The use of soft grounds evolved into the soft-ground etching technique (also called vernis mou) in
the late 18th century.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

The burred lines created by the drypoint needle pick up a lot of ink, particularly in the
early impressions before the burr wears down. The result is a velvety, smudgy look
of which the most striking examples can be seen in Rocky mountains with a plateau
(S.5520: HB 10.I.b) and Distant view with a mossy branch (S.5527: HB 27.II.q).
These darker zones were previously often described as done in a sort of aquatint
technique, whereby porous ground made up of resin particles is applied to broad
areas. Microscopic examination, however, clearly shows the fine lines of the drypoint
needle and no traces of an aquatint ground.

(S.5520: HB 10.I.b)

Segers sometimes covered small areas of his prints with small triangular dots with a
burin which also create a tonal effect, although less subtle than the previously
described techniques. Rocky mountains with a plateau (S.5521: HB 10.II.e) features
this stippled technique in the foreground.

When looking at Segers etched lines and dots, it becomes clear that he used fine
needles as can be seen in the thin scratches and trial lines in Ruins of a Monastery
(S.5514 and S.5515: HB 44) and River valley with a waterfall (S.5518 and S.5519:
HB 22), evidently added in order to test the thickness of the ground, the etching
needles and the biting of the acid. Other prints show thicker and deeper lines
suggesting a longer exposure to acid and possibly even a second biting of the
etching plate. Blank edges bordering the composition, but still within the plate-mark,
are sometimes visible in Segers’ prints such as in Mountain valley with broken pine
trees (1840,0808.229: HB 3), Mountain valley with fenced fields (verso of S.5534:
HB 6.I.b) and both impressions on textile of The House in the Woods (S.5524 and
1956,0714.62: HB 35). These blank strips along the margins are created where
small banks of wax were erected along the edge of the copper-plate in order to retain
the acid during biting and to prevent it from flowing off.

Segers’ use of colours

In addition to his experimental printmaking techniques, Segers tried to make each of
his prints look unique by applying colours to them in different ways.18 He

18
Printing on coloured paper or hand-colouring following printing had been done before, especially in
Italian chiaroscuro woodcuts. Hendrick Goltzius also used this technique whereby an image is created

© The Trustees of the British Museum

experimented with tinting the support (paper or textile) before printing, with the use of
different printing inks, and the application of hand-colouring over the image after
printing.

Segers’ predecessors and fellow-printmakers nearly always used black printing ink.
Segers, however, tried out different ink colours and the majority of his etchings are
printed in green, blue and grey colours. The same plate printed with different printing
inks resulted in altered effects: two impressions of Distant view with a mossy branch
are respectively printed in black and blue (S.5528 and S.5529: HB 27). A most
extraordinary print is Ruins of the Abbey of Rijnsburg (1854,0628.73: HB 46.c) which
was printed in white ink, a difficult technique resulting in a stunning image.

Beside different colours of printing ink, Segers also made use of tinted papers or
textiles as supports. Although earlier printmakers had sometimes printed on shiny
white silk or satin, Segers was the first known to have made impressions on coarser
textiles such as linen or cotton. Roughly 30 of his impressions are printed on cloth,
often dyed grey or brown. Two impressions of The House in the Woods are
respectively printed on fine beige cotton and coarse grey linen (S.5524 and
1956,0714.62: HB 35). It is significant that Segers only made impressions on textile
in early states, when no drypoint hatching or other tonal effects were needed as they
would be lost on the coarse texture. Two impressions of The Enclosed Valley clearly
demonstrate this practice: the first state before the addition of the drypoint is printed
on fine linen while the second state with drypoint is printed on paper (S.5522 and
S.5523: HB 13).

Segers surprisingly never used coloured paper such as Venetian blue paper, which
was readily available and particularly popular at the end of the 16th century on which
to print woodcuts. Recent conservation work on the British Museum’s Segers prints,
however, revealed that many of Segers’ papers were tinted in ochre. He probably
tinted them himself, possibly dipping the papers in an ochre solution. This is not a
technique commonly found in other artists’ work. The clearest example can be seen
in Country road with trees and a farmhouse (S.5532: HB 37) which has not been
further coloured and still shows the original colour of the paper. The ochre tinting of
the paper is more clearly seen on the versos of the prints.

The ochre colour is only rarely visible on the rectos as it is usually covered in a more
or less opaque layer of colour which Segers applied with a broad brush, mostly in
greys, blues, greens and pinks. An impression entirely brushed with olive-green is
The Enclosed Valley (S.5523: HB 13.II.k).

Segers would often enhance the painted surfaces with smaller areas of translucent
watercolour, usually with a smaller brush. A second impression of The Enclosed
Valley (S.5522: HB 13.I.e) is touched with brown, grey and blue watercolour in order
to define the mountains in the foreground, the middle ground and the distance. The
coloured areas do not always follow the printed lines and often overlap.

by successive printing of several woodblocks in different hues of the same colour, see for example
Arcadian landscape with a shepherd (1868,0612.1: Hollstein 377).

© The Trustees of the British Museum

When Segers did not tint the paper or add further colour, he sometimes applied a
transparent substance over his composition in order to give the landscape a warmer
appearance. Mountain valley with broken pine trees (1840,0808.229: HB 3) is
covered in a translucent, shiny substance (probably gum arabic varnish).

All this additional hand-colouring of the prints, makes it difficult to study the papers
Segers used. The elaborate brushing of the papers with opaque colours and the
extensive trimming of the impressions make it very hard to identify watermarks which
might be helpful in dating Segers’ etchings more precisely.19 Only three fragments of
watermarks have so far been identified in the British Museum impressions which will
be discussed in the list of works displayed below. Future scientific research and x-
ray photography may possibly reveal more.

19
Almost half of the impressions in the Rijksprentenkabinet have been studied using x-radiography,
see J. van der Waals, op. cit., pp.206–207.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

II. List of prints displayed
Each exhibited object is illustrated and described as follows: artist’s name, title,
Haverkamp-Begemann catalogue number (HB), technique, the British Museum
register number and provenance details, followed by a commentary and a
description of the watermarks found.

All images are courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum unless otherwise
stated.

To find the British Museum’s Hercules Segers prints online, visit

www.britishmuseum.org/collection, go to Advanced search, select the category
‘People’ and search for ‘Hercules Segers’. Click on ‘Print made by (28 objects)’ from
the results.
Alternatively, to find individual prints, use the Museum number search and enter the
British Museum registration, for example ‘S.5534’ or ‘1854,0628.73’.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

1. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), River Valley with Four Trees (HB 4.I.b)
Etching with surface-tone (285 x 470mm)
S.5534 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is one of Segers’ largest landscape prints and is almost the same size as the
painting it copies in reverse. The painting at the Mauritshuis in The Hague, however,
has been cut down at the top (see reproduction).

© Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague

© The Trustees of the British Museum

The smudges in the top right corner are the result of acid accidentally spilling on the
copper-plate during the biting (see detail below). Segers did not correct these
imperfections before printing the plate, but instead used them to his advantage in
order to create an atmospheric effect. Here they can be interpreted as clouds.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

2. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Valley with Four Towers (HB 29.h)
Etching and sugar-lift, printed in grey-green ink on ochre-tinted paper, brushed with
green, touched with red watercolour (203 x 330mm)
S.5531 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is one of Segers’ most striking landscapes, showing an imaginary view of a

town in a valley. The buildings look northern European, perhaps inspired by his
native architecture, except for the classical building in the central foreground.

This etching is a striking example of Segers’ use of hand-colouring. It demonstrates

Segers’ precise handling of the red watercolour over an entirely olive-green
background.

An unidentified watermark was revealed through transmitted light (see detail below).
It shows a coat-of-arms, crowned with a fleur-de-lis (97 x 70mm).

© The Trustees of the British Museum

3. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Distant View with a Mossy Tree Branch
(HB 27.I.l)
Etching and sugar-lift, printed in dark-grey ink on ochre-tinted paper, brushed with
blue, touched with brown and blue watercolour (125 x 180mm)
S.5528 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This panoramic landscape, framed on one side by a moss-covered tree growing by a

rock face, is enlivened by a diminutive figure walking on a winding path leading into a
valley.

The British Museum has three impressions of this landscape, each printed and
coloured in a different way.

Each impression seems to evoke a different time of the day. The brown and blue
colours here suggest dusk.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

4. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Distant View with a Mossy Tree Branch
(HB 27.II.r)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint, printed in dark-blue ink on ochre-tinted paper,
brushed with white, blue and pink, touched with red and green watercolour
(136 x 188mm)
S.5529 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This impression of the same landscape is rendered in light colours, predominantly

light-blue and pink. The bands of shadow break up the scene and suggest the sun
low in the sky at dawn or dusk. Darker tones are added by scratching thin drypoint
lines in the foreground (see detail).

© The Trustees of the British Museum

5. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Distant View with a Mossy Tree Branch
(HB 27.II.q)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint, printed in blue-green ink on ochre-tinted paper,
brushed with blue-lilac and yellow (131 x 178mm)
S.5527 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

The colours Segers used in this impression are much lighter than in the other two
shown in this case. The yellows and light-blues suggest the light of dawn. The details
of the composition are clearly visible in this print because of the light tones. The
isolation of the figure on the path in the centre adds to the empty desolation of the
landscape.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

6. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Ruins of the Abbey of Rijnsburg (HB 46.c)
Etching, printed in yellow-white ink on black-brown-tinted paper (200 x 318mm)
1854,0628.73 (from the collection of Samuel Woodburn, acquired in 1854)

This print is very unusual in using white ink on a dark background. Segers uses tone
rather than outline to render the dilapidated and overgrown ruins.

Segers’ attention to detail allows the building to be identified as the Benedictine

abbey of Rijnsburg in the province of South Holland, destroyed during the Siege of
Leiden around 1573/4. The last remnants of these atmospheric ruins disappeared at
the beginning of the 1800s.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

7. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), View of Wageningen (HB 31.c)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint with surface-tone, printed in blue-green ink on ochre-
tinted paper, brushed with olive-green; corners trimmed (86 x 255mm)
S.5526 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is a panoramic view of the Dutch town of Wageningen in Gelderland seen from
an elevated point.

Together with the Abbey of Rijnsburg shown nearby, this is one of the few views by
Segers which are of real places. Segers’ vantage point gives as much prominence to
the pair of windmills as to the church beyond (see detail below).

© The Trustees of the British Museum

8. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Country-road with Trees and a Farmhouse
(HB 37)
Etching on ochre-tinted paper, with additions in pen and brown ink (230 x 275mm)
S.5532 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is the only known impression of this print of a dwelling set among trees, a motif
also depicted in House in the Woods, also on view. Segers’ landscapes differ from
those of most of his contemporaries in often not populating them with figures or
animals.

In this case the image was printed on tinted paper. The additional work in pen and
brown ink in the centre is not known elsewhere in Segers’ etchings and may have
been added in another hand.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

9. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), The House in the Woods (HB 35.b)
Etching on beige-dyed cotton (104 x 93mm)
S.5524 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

A small cottage is scarcely visible among the surrounding trees. Two impressions of
this print are in the British Museum, both printed on cloth with which Segers
experimented in order to obtain different surface textures.

This impression is printed on fine cotton and has not been coloured by Segers which
allows a detailed view of the trees and their leaves. The lightness of tone and the
trimming of the trees at the top create a sense of the woods enfolding the scene.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

10. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), The House in the Woods (HB 35.c)
Etching on grey-dyed linen, washed in brown and heightened with beige; varnished
(155 x 95mm)
1956,0714.62 (purchased from Mrs R Ceci in 1956)

This impression is from the same copper-plate as the print shown previously, but
could not look more different. It is also printed on textile but here on much coarser
cloth, possibly even a painting canvas.

Segers trimmed both impressions in different ways, thereby subtly altering the
perspective and atmosphere of the prints. The extensive use of thick, dark colours
on a sombre ground is radically different from the impression shown alongside.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

11. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Rocky Mountain Valley with Waterfalls
(HB 5)
Etching with plate-tone and surface-tone, printed in grey-green ink (285 x 505mm)
S.5535 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is the only known impression of this large landscape, the wild desolation of the
scene only relieved by the two buildings on the right side.

The light colour of the printing ink gives this imaginary landscape an eerie, unworldly
feel. This atmosphere is reinforced by the lack of figures or cattle in this scene.

The clouds in the sky are defined by a combination of sparse etching lines and
surface tone and some plate-tone.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

12. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Rocky Mountains with a Plateau (HB 10.I.b)
Etching and drypoint with surface-tone, printed in blue ink (130 x 197mm)
S.5520 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

The different impressions of this landscape are clear examples of Segers’ efforts to
achieve tone in his compositions to evoke different moods and times of day. The first
state of this etching might look bold and unbalanced, but it clearly shows Segers’ use
of fine drypoint hatching in the dark-blue shadow areas (see detail below). The
delicate colouring of the sky has been obtained by leaving a thin film of ink (known
as surface-tone) on the copper-plate before printing.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

13. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Rocky Mountains with a Plateau
(HB 10.II.e)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint with surface-tone, printed in dark-blue ink on ochre-
tinted paper, brushed with olive-green (135 x 208mm)
S.5521 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is an impression of the same print as the one shown above. Segers, however,
refashioned the scene by printing it in a different colour on paper brushed with a
lighter shade.

In this second state the drypoint tone is less strong and Segers has added sugar-lift
etching to reinforce the contrasts (see detail below). This etching technique creates a
well-defined tonal area with an atmospheric effect.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

14. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), The Enclosed Valley (HB 13.I.e)
Etching and sugar-lift on beige-dyed linen, touched with brown, grey and blue
watercolour (110 x 192mm)
S.5522 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This small landscape etching has survived in over 20 impressions, by far the most
numerous of all Segers’ prints which are generally known through a single
impression.

It shows a desolate valley, the panorama dominated by the rich blue of the hills in
the far distance.

The beige linen was printed in black ink, after which Segers applied additional
colour: brown for the mountains in the foreground, grey in the middle ground and
blue beyond.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

15. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), The Enclosed Valley (HB 13.II.k)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint, printed in dark-blue ink on ochre-tinted paper,
brushed with olive-green (106 x 188mm)
S.5523 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is another impression of the same print as the one on the previous page,
although it looks entirely different.

Segers added an olive-green wash instead of browns, greys and blues, thus creating
a more sombre view. More tone is also obtained by the addition of fine drypoint
hatching which can be particularly seen on the rocks on either side of the valley.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

16. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Mountain Valley with Broken Pine Trees
(HB 3)
Etching and drypoint in black ink; varnished (280 x 405mm)
1840,0808.229 (from the collection of William Esdaile, acquired in 1840)

This is the only known impression of this etching showing a rocky valley with bare
trees in the foreground. Some of the etched lines are particularly thick indicating that
they were bitten by the acid twice. The blank edge along the lower margin is the
result of a thick frame of wax having been applied all around the copper-plate to
prevent the acid from flowing off. Unusually the paper has not been tinted in ochre
but has been varnished after printing instead.

An unidentified watermark (63 x 38mm) was revealed through infrared reflectogram.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

17. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Ruins of a Monastery (HB 44a)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint, printed in black ink (138 x 210mm)
S.5514 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is one of only two known impressions of this print, both of which are in the
British Museum and shown in this display. The ruins have so far not been identified
and may be an invention of the artist.

The cross-hatched lines in the top part were probably applied by the artist to test the
thickness of the etching needle or the softness of the etching ground. It is a sign of
Segers’ idiosyncrasy that he printed the plate with this mark of his working method.

An unidentified watermark was revealed through transmitted light (see detail below).
It shows the lower half of an eagle with initials 'CN' or 'ND' (78 x 53mm).

© The Trustees of the British Museum

18. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Ruins of a Monastery (HB 44b)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint, print in black ink (100 x 210mm)
S.5515 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This impression comes from the same copper-plate as the one shown above.

Segers is known to have experimented by trimming identical impressions in different

sizes in order to change the perspective. In this case the paper has been trimmed by
the artist or a later collector, creating a more focused view as well as leaving out the
dark mass of cross-hatching in the sky.

The annotation ‘Harculus Segers fecit’ in the lower margin is probably not in Segers’
hand.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

19. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Rocky Mountains with a Forked Tree
(HB 15.II.d)
Etching, sugar-lift and drypoint, printed in light-blue ink on ochre-tinted paper,
brushed with grey-blue, touched with greenish-brown watercolour (120 x 195mm)
S.5516 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

An extensive valley seen from a high vantage point is a recurrent theme in Segers’
work. A lone figure seen walking on the road at centre accentuates the emptiness of
the whole scene.

The paper was first tinted with ochre-brown pigment, after which the etching was
printed in blue ink. Segers then painted the whole composition in a milky grey-blue
colour and applied brown watercolour to the mountains in the middle distance.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

20. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Rocky Mountains with Tree Stumps
(HB 8.b)
Etching and drypoint, printed in blue ink on ochre-tinted paper, brushed with
blue-grey, touched with yellow watercolour (130 x 194mm)
S.5517 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This stunning view of a mountainous valley conveys a gloomy menace through the
use of dark-blue and green washes. Segers re-used an old copper-plate as the
dense lines in the top right corner represent the rigging of a ship. This was etched on
a larger copper-plate cut down by Segers. Two other fragments of this ship appear in
other prints by Segers not in the British Museum’s collection (shown below).

(From E. Haverkamp-Begemann, Hercules Segers: The Complete Etchings,

Amsterdam-The Hague, 1973, p.106.)

© The Trustees of the British Museum

21. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), River Valley with a Waterfall (HB 22.I.c)
Etching and sugar-lift, printed in grey-green ink, brushed with pink (155 x 187mm)
S.5518 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

The rough sky in this densely-etched landscape is possibly the result of false biting
of the copper-plate. The etching ground covering the plate must have been too
porous or deliberately applied too thinly by Segers. This resulted in the acid
irregularly biting the upper part of the plate. Segers did not seem to mind these flaws
and many impressions still show signs of this false biting.

White clouds floating past the mountain have possibly been created by varnishing or
stopping out parts of the plate in order to prevent the acid reaching it.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

22. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), River Valley with a Waterfall (HB 22.II.g)
Etching and sugar-lift, printed in blue ink, with grey and brown watercolour
(155 x 185mm)
S.5519 (from the collection of John Sheepshanks, acquired in 1836)

This is the second state of the print shown above. Some etched lines are less
distinct while others seem to be acid-bitten a second time.

The false biting in the sky has disappeared, while more trial lines appear, possibly to
test the re-biting of the lines.

Specific areas are touched with grey and brown watercolour and leaves are added to
the tree branches in the top left corner. It is not clear if these were done by Segers or
by a later hand.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

23. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), Steep Cliffs bordering a River Valley
(HB 23.I.a)
Etching, printed in beige ink (99 x 133mm)
1857,1114.1 (purchased from Alexander Emil Posonyi in 1857)

The faint, glistening ink with which this etching is printed, gives this already desolate
landscape an even bleaker mood. The rocky landscape shows few signs of human
presence apart from the figures on the left side and the towns in the distance.

The etched lines are so fluid that the composition almost looks like a pen drawing.
The lower corners of the copper-plate were apparently cut by Segers and therefore
do not show in the print.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

24. Hercules Segers (c. 1589–c. 1638), re-worked by Rembrandt (1606–1669),
Flight into Egypt (HB 1)
Etching and drypoint on vellum (212 x 284mm)
1848,0911.31 (from the collection of the 5th Earl of Aylesford)

Rembrandt greatly admired the work of Hercules Segers and even acquired one of
his copper-plates of Tobias and the Angel (see reproduction below). Rembrandt
burnished part of the plate and transformed the figures on the right into the Flight into
Egypt. Segers’ innovative techniques must have appealed to Rembrandt who shared
his interest in creating contrast of tone in his prints. This rare early impression is
printed on vellum and clearly shows Rembrandt’s use of burred drypoint lines.

© Collection Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

III. Glossary of printmaking techniques
Drypoint
Printing method whereby the line is directly scratched into the copper-plate with a
sharp needle, creating a ridge of metal or burr on both sides of the line which wears
off after the first few impressions.

Etching
Printing method whereby the copper-plate is coated in a ground composed of wax or
resin into which the lines are drawn with a needle. The plate is then immersed in acid
which bites into the metal where it is exposed. The bitten lines are then inked and
printed. The longer the acid bites, the deeper the lines become and the darker they
print.

Plate tone
Tiny scratches left on the copper-plate due to insufficient polishing, which pick up ink
during printing.

Sugar-lift etching, also known as sugar-aquatint and lift-ground process

Printing method whereby the artist draws on the copper-plate with a sugar-solution.
The plate is then coated with a ground and immersed in hot water causing the sugar
granules to swell and the ground to blister off revealing the design. The plate is then
ready to be acid-bitten, inked and printed in the usual way.

State
A different stage in the development of a print where changes have been made on
the plate.

Surface tone
Tone created by leaving a film of ink on the copper-plate before printing.

Stopping-out varnish
Varnish applied to specific areas of a copper-plate to protect them from further biting.

© The Trustees of the British Museum

IV. Bibliography
C. Ackley, Printmaking in the Age of Rembrandt, exh.cat. Boston, 1981.
K.G. Boon and J. Verbeek, Hercules Seghers, exh.cat. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam,
1967.
A. Bredius, 'Hercules Seghers', in Oud-Holland 16 (1898), pp.1–11.
L. Collins, Hercules Seghers, Chicago, 1953.
S. Dackermann, Painted Prints: The Revelation of Color in Northern Renaissance
and Baroque Engravings, Etchings, and Woodcuts, exh.cat. The Baltimore Museum
of Arts, 2001.
I.H. van Eeghen, ‘De Ouders van Hercules Segers’, in Amstelodamum 55 (1968),
pp.73–76.
J.P. Filedt Kok, ‘Hercules Segers’s Influence on Post-World War II Netherlandish
Printmakers’, in Print Quarterly (2011), pp.456–462.
W. Fraenger, Die Radierungen des Hercules Seghers: ein Physiognomischer
Versuch, Zurich, 1933.
J.G. van Gelder, 'Hercules Seghers erbij en eraf', in Oud-Holland 65 (1950), pp.216–
226 and Oud-Holland 68 (1953), pp.149–157.
Grafiek van Hercules Seghers, exh.cat. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 1967.
A. Griffiths, ‘White Ink’, in Print Quarterly 8 (1991), pp.286–290.
E. Haverkamp-Begemann, Hercules Segers: The Complete Etchings, The Hague,
1974.
J.C.H. Heldring, 'Hercules Seghers, A tribute', in Oud-Holland 72 (1957), pp.127–
139.
Hercules Seghers, exh.cat. Museum Boymans Rotterdam, 1954.
E. Hinterding et al., Rembrandt as a Printmaker, exh.cat. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam –
British Museum London, 2000.
C. Hofstede de Groot, 'Langs welke weg trok Hercules Seghers naar Italië?', in Oud-
Holland 44 (1927), pp.49–64.
C.J. Holmes, 'The Landscape Work of Hercules Seghers', in The Burlington
Magazine 52 (1928), pp.208–221.
J.Z. Kannegieter, 'Het huis van Hercules Segers op de Lindengracht te Amsterdam',
in Oud-Holland 59 (1942), pp.150–157.
W. van Leusden, The Etchings of Hercules Segers: An Enquiry into his Graphic
Technique, Utrecht, 1960.
G. Luijten (ed.), Dawn of the Golden Age: Northern Netherlandish Art, 1580–1620,
Amsterdam, 1994.
J.Q. van Regteren Altena, 'Hercules Seghers en de topografie', in Bulletin van het
Rijksmuseum 3 (1955), pp.3–8.
J. Rowlands, Hercules Segers, London, 1979.
J. Springer, Die Radierungen des Hercules Seghers, Berlin, 1910.
J. van der Waals, De Prentschat van Michiel Hinloopen: Een reconstructive van de
eerste openbare papierkunstverzameling in Nederland, The Hague-Amsterdam,
1988.
C. White, ‘The House in the Woods’, in The British Museum Quarterly 22 (1960),
p.70.

© The Trustees of the British Museum