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18 views7 pages

Chapter 1 Revision

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midomostafa504
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Chapter 1
Software Engineering:
1. The economies of ALL developed nations are dependent on software.
2. More and more systems are software controlled.
3. Software engineering is concerned with theories, methods, and tools for professional
software development.
4. Expenditure on software represents a significant fraction of GNP in all developed
countries.

Software costs:
1. Software costs often dominate computer system costs. The costs of software on a PC
are often greater than the hardware cost.

2. Software costs more to maintain than it does to develop. For systems with a long life,
maintenance costs may be several times development costs.

3. Software engineering is concerned with cost-effective software development.

What is software?
• Computer programs and associated documentation such as requirements, design models
and user manuals.
Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be
developed for a general market.
✓ Software products may be:
1. Generic - developed to be sold to a range of different customers (e.g., PC software
such as Excel or Word).

2. Bespoke (custom) - developed for a single customer according to their specification.

New software can be created by developing new programs, configuring


generic software systems, or reusing existing software.
What is Software Engineering?
• Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of
software production.

• Software engineers should adopt a systematic and organized approach to their work and use
appropriate tools and techniques depending on the problem to be solved, the development
constraints and the resources available.

What is the difference between software engineering and computer


science?
Software Engineering Computer Science
• Software engineering is concerned with • Computer science is concerned with
the practicalities of developing and theory and fundamentals.
delivering useful software.
• Computer science theories are still
insufficient to act as a complete
underpinning for software engineering
(unlike e.g., physics and electrical
engineering).

What is the difference between software engineering and system


engineering?
Software Engineering System Engineering
• Software engineering is part of this • System engineering is concerned with all
process concerned with developing the aspects of computer-based systems
software infrastructure, control, development including hardware,
applications, and databases in the system. software, and process engineering.

• System engineers are involved in system


specification, architectural design,
integration and deployment.
What is a software process?
• A set of activities whose goal is the development or evolution of software.
Generic activities in all software processes are:
1. Specification - what the system should do and its development constraints.

2. Development - production of the software system.

3. Validation - checking that the software is what the customer wants.

4. Evolution - changing the software in response to changing demands.

What is a software process model?


• A simplified representation of a software process, presented from a specific perspective.
Examples of process perspectives are:
1. Workflow perspective - sequence of activities.
2. Data-flow perspective - information flow.
3. Role/action perspective - who does what.
Generic process models
1. Waterfall.
2. Iterative development.
3. Component-based software engineering.

What are the costs of software engineering?


• Roughly 60% of the costs are development costs, 40% are testing costs. For custom
software, evolution costs often exceed development costs.

• Costs vary depending on the type of system being developed and the requirements of
system attributes such as performance and system reliability.

• Distribution of costs depends on the development model that is used.


What are software engineering methods?
• Structured approaches to software development which include system models,
notations, rules, design advice and process guidance.

1. Model descriptions
✓ Descriptions of graphic models which should be produced.

2. Rules
✓ Constraints applied to system models.

3. Recommendations
✓ Advice on good design practice.

4. Process guidance
✓ What activities to follow.

What are CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tools?


• Software systems that are intended to provide automated support for software
processing activities.
• CASE systems are often used for method support.
1. Upper-Case
• Tools to support the early process activities of requirements and design.
2. Lower-Case
• Tools to support later activities such as programming, debugging, and testing.

What are the attributes of good software?


o The software should deliver the required functionality and performance to the user and
should be maintainable, dependable, and acceptable.
1. Maintainability
• Software must evolve to meet changing needs.
2. Dependability
• Software must be trustworthy.
3. Efficiency
• Software should not make wasteful use of system resources.
4. Acceptability
• Software must be accepted by the users for which it was designed. This means it
must be understandable, usable, and compatible with other systems.

What are the key challenges facing software engineering?


• Heterogeneity, delivery, and trust.
1. Heterogeneity
• Developing techniques for building software that can cope with heterogeneous
platforms and execution environments.
2. Delivery
• Developing techniques that lead to faster delivery of software.
3. Trust
• Developing techniques that demonstrate that software can be trusted by its
users.

Professional and ethical responsibility


• Software engineering involves wider responsibilities than simply the application of
technical skills.

• Software engineers must behave in an honest and ethically responsible way if they are
to be respected as professionals.

• Ethical behavior is more than simply upholding the law.

Issues of professional responsibility


1. Confidentiality
• Engineers should normally respect the confidentiality of their employers or clients
irrespective of whether a formal confidentiality agreement has been signed.

2. Competence
• Engineers should not misrepresent their level of competence. They should not
knowingly accept work that is out with their competence. Issues of professional
responsibility
3. Intellectual property rights
• Engineers should be aware of local laws governing the use of intellectual property such
as patents, copyright, etc. They should be careful to ensure that the intellectual property
of employers and clients is protected.

4. Computer misuse
• Software engineers should not use their technical skills to misuse other people’s
computers. Computer misuse ranges from relatively trivial (game playing on an
employer’s machine, say) to extremely serious (dissemination of viruses).
Questions
1. https://quizlet.com/3224257/software-engineering-9th-ed-by-sommerville-
chapter-1-flash-cards/
2. https://quizlet.com/347567042/software-engineering-9th-ed-by-sommerville-
chapter-1-flash-cards/
3. https://quizlet.com/178095611/software-engineering-9th-ed-by-sommerville-
chapter-1-flash-cards/

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