ES14

Differential Equation
For Engineers
Classification of First-Order Differential
Equations
Prepared by:
Engr. Marc Lin F. Abonales
Instructor
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

STANDARD AND DIFFERENTIAL FORM

The standard form for a 1st order DE in the unknown function y(x) is
𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
For f(x,y) written as a quotient of two other functions M(x,y) and -N(x,y).

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
−𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

The differential form is,

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE: ANSWERS:
Write the following DEs in standard form:
𝑦2
1. y′ =
1. 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑥
2. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ′ −𝑥 𝑥
2. y = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦

Note: There isn't a precise answer

because when expressing differential
equations in standard form, multiple valid
answers exist.
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE: ANSWER:
Write the following DE in differential form:
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 1 = 𝑥
Note: There isn't a precise answer
because when expressing differential
equations in differential form, multiple
valid answers exist.
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A first-order differential equation is a differential equation in which any

derivatives with respect to the independent variable have order no greater
than 1.
A first-order differential equation can be classified as:
✓Separable
✓Homogeneous
✓Exact
✓Linear
✓Bernoulli
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS

Consider a differential equation in differential form

M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0.

If M(x, y) = A(x) (a function only of x) and N(x, y) = B(y)

(a function only of y), the differential equation is separable, or
has its variables separated.
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

A differential equation in standard form y’ = f(x,y) is homogeneous if

f(tx,ty) = f(x,y)
for every real number t.

A differential equation in differential form M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is

homogeneous if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree that
is,
M(tx,ty) = tα M(x,y) and N(tx,ty) = tα N(x,y)
α is any real number and α is the degree of the homogeneous function.
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXACT EQUATIONS

A differential equation in differential form M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is

exact if

(Test for Exactness) 𝝏𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝝏𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)

𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

LINEAR EQUATIONS

Consider a differential equation in standard form y’ = f(x,y). If f(x,y) can be

written as
f(x,y) = -p(x)y + q(x)

(that is, as a function of x times y plus another function of x), the differential
equation is linear. First-order linear differential equations can always be
expressed as
y’ + p(x)y = q(x)
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

BERNOULLI EQUATIONS

A Bernoulli differential equation is an equation of the form

y’ + p(x)y = q(x)yn

where n denotes a real number. When n = 1 or n = 0, a Bernoulli equation

reduces to a linear equation.
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are separable:
1. sin x dx + y 2 dy = 0
2. xy 2 dx − x 2 y 2 dy = 0
3. 1 + xy dx + ydy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are separable:
1. sin x dx + y 2 dy = 0
2. xy 2 dx − x 2 y 2 dy = 0
3. 1 + xy dx + ydy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are separable:
1. sin x dx + y 2 dy = 0
2. xy 2 dx − x 2 y 2 dy = 0
3. 1 + xy dx + ydy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are separable:
1. sin x dx + y 2 dy = 0
2. xy 2 dx − x 2 y 2 dy = 0
3. 1 + xy dx + ydy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
y+x
1. y ′ =
x

y2
2. y′ =
x

x
2xye ൗy
3. y ′ = x
x2 +y2 siny

x2 +y
4. y′ =
x3
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
y+x
1. y ′ =
x

y2
2. y′ =
x

x
2xye ൗy
3. y ′ = x
x2 +y2 siny

x2 +y
4. y′ =
x3
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
y+x
1. y ′ =
x

y2
2. y′ =
x

x
2xye ൗy
3. y ′ = x
x2 +y2 siny

x2 +y
4. y′ =
x3
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
y+x
1. y ′ =
x

y2
2. y′ =
x

x
2xye ൗy
3. y ′ = x
x2 +y2 siny

x2 +y
4. y′ =
x3
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
y+x
1. y ′ =
x

y2
2. y′ =
x

x
2xye ൗy
3. y ′ = x
x2 +y2 siny

x2 +y
4. y′ =
x3
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
1. x 2 − xy + y 2 dx − xydy = 0
2. (x − 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0
3. 3x 2 y 2 dx + 2x 3 + 4y 3 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
1. x 2 − xy + y 2 dx − xydy = 0
2. (x − 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0
3. 3x 2 y 2 dx + 2x 3 + 4y 3 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
1. x 2 − xy + y 2 dx − xydy = 0
2. (x − 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0
3. 3x 2 y 2 dx + 2x 3 + 4y 3 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are Homogeneous:
1. x 2 − xy + y 2 dx − xydy = 0
2. (x − 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0
3. 3x 2 y 2 dx + 2x 3 + 4y 3 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are exact:
1. 3x 2 ydx + y + x 3 dy = 0
2. xydx + y 2 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are exact:
1. 3x 2 ydx + y + x 3 dy = 0
2. xydx + y 2 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are exact:
1. 3x 2 ydx + y + x 3 dy = 0
2. xydx + y 2 dy = 0
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRST ODE

EXAMPLE:
Determine if the following differential equations are linear and/or Bernoulli:
1. y ′ = sin x y + ex
2. y ′ = x sin y + ex
3. y ′ = 5
4. y ′ = y 2 + x
5. y ′ + xy 5 = 0
6. xy ′ + y = y
7. y ′ + xy = ex y
x
8. y ′ + = 0
y