EXPERIMENT-1

TITLE: To draw V-I characteristics of a semiconductor diode (Ge, Si) and determine its knee
voltage

OBJECTIVE:-
p-n junction diode is used in rectifier, clipping, clamping and voltage multiplier circuits. Diode is
also used in designing logic circuits. The V- I characteristics of diode decides its working and
applications. In this lab experience, students will determine the forward bias and reverse bias
characteristics and also determine the knee voltage

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY :-
The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material. The
lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type
material is the cathode. In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode.
In forward biasing, the positive terminal of battery is connected to the P side and the negative
terminal of battery is connected to the N side of the diode. Diode will conduct in forward biasing
because the forward biasing will decrease the depletion region width and overcome the barrier
potential. In order to conduct, the forward biasing voltage should be greater than the barrier
potential. During forward biasing the diode acts like a closed switch with a potential drop of
nearly 0.6 V across it for a silicon diode. The forward and reverse bias characteristics of a silicon
diode. From the graph, you may notice that the diode starts conducting when the forward bias
voltage exceeds around 0.6 volts (for Si diode). This voltage is called cut-in voltage.
In reverse biasing, the positive terminal of battery is connected to the N side and the negative
terminal of battery is connected to the P side of a diode. In reverse biasing, the diode does not
conduct electricity, since reverse biasing leads to an increase in the depletion region width; hence
current carrier charges find it more difficult to overcome the barrier potential. The diode will act
like an open switch and there is no current flow.

Apparatus :-

PROCEDURE :-
Forward bias characteristics
1. Connect the p-n Junction diode IN4007 ( Si) in forward bias as shown in Fig. .
2. Vary the supply voltage (Vs) in steps of 0.1V.
3. Note the voltage across diode (Vd)
4. Note the corresponding values of forward bias current (ID).
5. Plot a graph of forward current (ID) Vs forward voltage (VD)
6. Find the voltage on x- axis where the forward current (ID) increases rapidly.
7. Note this voltage as the knee voltage or cut in voltage of the diode.
Reverse bias characteristics
8. Connect the p-n Junction diode ( Si) in reverse bias as shown in Fig. .
9. Vary the supply voltage (Vs) in steps of 0.5 V.
10 Note the voltage across diode (VR)
11 Note the corresponding values of reverse current (Is).
12. Plot a graph of reverse current (Is) and VR.
OBSERVATION TABLE: –

Forward Bias Silicon Diode

Reverse Bias Silicon Diode

CONCLUSION :
 EXPERIMENT-2

TITLE: To verify Ohm’s law by plotting graph between current and potential difference.
.

OBJECTIVE:- Measurement of electric current, voltage and resistance in a given electrical

circuit is an essential requirement for diploma engineers of every branch. Ohm’s law helps to
design electrical circuits and this experiment helps to find the relation between voltage, current
and resistance of a given electrical circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY :- The law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points. Such a conductor is characterized by its
‘Resistance’ – R measured in Ohms. V=I×R V is the Voltage in Volts across the conductor. I is
the current in Amperes through the conductor. Voltage(V) is directly proportional to current i.e
V=I×R. Resistance(R) in inversely proportional to current(I)

Apparatus :-

PROCEDURE :-
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram in Fig. .

2. Note the LC and range of Ammeter and voltmeter.

3. Switch on power supply and close key.

4. Keep the position of rheostat at maximum resistance.

5. Note the reading of ammeter and voltmeter.

6. Change the position of variable arm of rheostat gradually.

7. Note the corresponding change in reading of ammeter and voltmeter.

8. Repeat the step from 6 to 7 eight times.

9. Plot the graph between electric current (I) along X-axis and voltage (V) along Y-axis.

10. Plot graph and find the slope of line.

OBSERVATION TABLE: –
Least Count of ammeter :- 0.1 mA

Least Count of Voltmeter :- 0.1 V

No. of Voltmeter Ammeter reading in Ratio

observation Reading(V) in volt A
R=(V/I) in Ω

1. 7.8 23.1 x 10 ^-3 329.0

2. 7.8 23.8 x 10 ^-3 327.7

3. 8.1 24.5 x 10 ^-3 330.6

4. 8.5 25.9 x 10 ^-3 328.2

5. 8.9 27 x 10 ^-3 329.6

CONCLUSION :-
 EXPERIMENT-3

TITLE: To verify Kirchhoff ’s law using electric circuits

OBJECTIVE:-Use Kirchhoff ’s law to find current and voltage across elements in a given
circuit

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY :-
Kirchhoff ’s laws are used to analyze a given circuit. Two Kirchhoff ’s laws, one for voltage
Kirchhoff ’s voltage law (KVL) and one for current Kirchhoff ’s current law (KCL) helps us to
find voltage and current respectively in a given circuit. This experiment helps students to
experimentally measure the sum of current at nodes and voltage across different components in a
loop.

APPARATUS :-
PROCEDURE :-
For KCL

1. Make connection as per circuit diagram in Fig P9.1.

2. Note the LC and range of Ammeter and voltmeter

3. Switch on power supply and close key.

4. Note the reading of ammeters for I, I1 and I2.

5. Change the voltage of power supply and repeat step 4.

For KVL

6. Make connection as per circuit diagram in Fig P9.2.

7. Switch on power supply and close key.

8. Note the reading of voltmeter for V, V1,V2 and V3

9. Change the voltage of power supply and repeat step 8.

OBSERVATION TABLE: –
Range of ammeter 1 = ..........0 - 500 mA
Range of ammeter 2 = ......... 0 - 500 mA
Range of ammeter 3 = .......... 0 - 500 mA
Range of voltmeter = .......... 0-10 V

R1 = 220 Ω R3 = 330 Ω

Sl. No Voltage I1 I2 I I = I 1+I 2

1. 5V 22.72 mA 15.15 mA 37.8 mA 37.8 mA
2. 10 V 45.42 mA 30.28 mA 75.28 mA 75.28 mA
Range of voltmeter 1 = .......... 0-10 V
Range of voltmeter 2 = .......... 0-10 V
Range of voltmeter 3 = .......... 0-10 V
Range of voltmeter = .......... 0-10 V

R1 = 1000 ,R2 =2200 Ω & R3 = 3300 Ω

Sl. No Voltage V1 V2 V3 V = V 1+V 2 + V 3

1. 5V 0.76 V 1.69 V 2.53 V 4.95 V
2. 10 V 1.53 V 3.38 V 5.07 V 9.98 V

CONCLUSION :-