RAINFALL

ABSTRACTION
RAINFALL ABSTRACTION
Rainfall is lost through various
processes such as Evaporation,
Transpiration, Evapo-transpiration,
Interception, Depression Storage,
Detention & Infiltration.
 EVAPORATION

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
 EVAPORATION
❑ Evaporation is the process by which
water changes from a liquid to a gas
or vapor.
❑ It is a cooling process in which latent
heat of vaporization must be provided
by water body itself.
585 Cal/g
LATENT HEAT OF
EVAPORATION
OF WATER
EVAPORATION

❑ BULK PHENOMENON
❑ SURFACE PHENOMENON ❑ NEEDS EXTERNAL
SOURCE

BOILING
 FACTORS

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
 TEMPERATURE

The rate of
evaporation increases
on increasing the
temperature of the
liquid.
 FACTORS

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
 The rate of WATER SURFACE
evaporation of a liquid
can be increased by
increasing the surface
area of the liquid.
 FACTORS

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
 HUMIDITY OF AIR

When the humidity of

air is low, then the rate
of evaporation is high,
and water evaporates
more readily.
 FACTORS

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
WIND SPEED

The rate of
evaporation of a liquid
increases with
increasing wind speed.
 FACTORS

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
SOLUBLE SALT

When salt is present,

vapor pressure is
decreased and hence
the rate of evaporation
is also decreased.
 EVAPORATION

TEMPERATURE WATER HUMIDITY OF WIND SPEED SOLUBLE SALT

SURFACE AIR
 TRANSPIRATION
❑ Transpiration is the process by which plants
lose water vapor through stomata in their
leaves.
❑ It plays a crucial role in plant physiology and
ecosystem dynamics.
MECHANISM OF TRANSPIRATION

Transpiration primarily occurs

through stomata on leaf surfaces.
Driving Forces: It is driven by
diffusion, adhesion, and cohesion
within the plant's vascular system.
 FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANT
 FACTORS
TEMPERATURE-Higher temperatures increase ENVIRONMENTAL
transpiration rates.
HUMIDITY-Lower humidity levels promote
faster transpiration.
WIND SPEED-Increased air movement
enhances transpiration.
LIGHT INTENSITY-Higher light intensity
stimulates stomatal opening.
 FACTORS
PLANT
LEAF SURFACE AREA-Larger surface
area leads to higher transpiration rates.
STOMATAL DENSITY-More stomata
result in higher transpiration rates.
 SIGNIFICANCE
Water Transport: Facilitates upward
movement of water and nutrients.
Temperature Regulation: Helps in leaf
cooling through evaporative cooling.
Gas Exchange: Facilitates the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION
❑ Evapotranspiration is the sum of
all processes by which water
moves from the land surface to
the atmosphere via evaporation
and transpiration.
 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
INCLUDES:

WATER EVAPORATION into the atmosphere from:

✔ soil surface
✔ capillary fringe of the groundwater table
✔ water bodies on land.

TRANSPIRATION which is the water movement from the

soil to the atmosphere via plants.
 THE TRANSPIRATION HAS 3 MAIN STEPS

Water moves through Leaves release

Roots uptake water plant tissues, serving water vapor into
critical metabolic and the air through
from the soil
physiologic functions
in the plant
their stomata
Evapotranspiration is an important part in the Earth's
hydrologic cycle. About 30% of the total ocean volume
evaporates each year. Wind carries this water vapor to
higher elevations where it cools and condenses, and
finally precipitates. About 76% of it goes right back to the
ocean, and the rest hits land and drives the life cycles
there.
 INTERCEPTION
❑ It is the process of interrupting the
movement of water.

❑ A portion of the rainfall is intercepted by

plant foliage, buildings, and other
objects. This water is not available for
in runoff and will not infiltrate
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCEPTION

1 2 3
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCEPTION

1
RESULTS IN A NET LOSS OF WATER
AVAILABLE TO THE BASIN
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE.
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCEPTION

1 2 3
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCEPTION

2 LOWERS THE
PRECIPITATION
INTENSITY OF
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCEPTION

1 2 3
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCEPTION

3
WASHES SOLID PARTICLES AND DISSOLVE
CARBON FROM LEAVES AFFECTING SOIL
AND WATER CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING
PROCESSES.
 INTERCEPTION

1 2 3
 DEPRESSION
❑ A region of low atmospheric pressure
that is usually accompanied by low
clouds and precipitation.
❑ Also known as Low Pressure System
❑ occurs when the weather is dominated
by unstable conditions.
❑ Under depression air is rising,
forming an area of low pressure at
the surface. This rising air cools and
condenses and helps encourage
cloud formation, so the weather is
often cloudy and wet.
 ANTICYCLONE
VS.
CYCLONE

✔ Anticyclone is an area of high pressure ✔ A cyclone is an area of low pressure

where air moves apart and sinks. where air masses meet and rise.
✔ anticyclone has a clockwise spin ✔ The cyclone has a spin direction of
direction (in the Northern Hemisphere). counterclockwise
✔ anticyclones bring clear skies, mild ✔ Cyclones bring cloudy, windy and rainy
breezes and no precipitation. weather
 DEPRESSION STORAGE
❑ DEPRESSION is the water retained
in the puddles, ditches, and other
depressions in the surface ground.
❑ It doesn’t contribute in the recession
area in the hydrograph.
DEPRESSION STORAGE
 DETENTION
❑ temporary storage of water.
❑ Below ground, soil water drainage by
gravity is slowed, though not stopped,
in macropores.
DETENTION BASIN
DETENTION BASIN
❑ Detention Basins are designed
for areas in which storm runoff
needs to be contained for a
period of time to allow solids
to settle and for downstream
peak flow to be reduced.
IMPORTANCE OF DETENTION BASIN

The main purpose of a detention basin

is to store runoff and reduce peak
discharge by allowing flow to be
discharged later at a controlled rate,
and within a reasonable time.
 INFILTRATION
Infiltration is the process by which surface
water on the ground surface enters the soil
mass, through the pores of soil or it is defined
as flow of water from above ground into the
subsurface.

PERCOLATION on the other hand is the

passage of water within the soil.
 INFILTRATION
Infiltration usually is the largest abstraction and
therefore has the most significant effect on runoff.

The rate of infiltration depends on the soil type,

slope, vegetation, soil moisture content,
temperature, and the precipitation intensity.

Infiltration rates generally decrease with time as the

rainfall proceeds and the soil becomes saturated.
 INFILTRATION
❑ INFILTRATION RATE ( f ) - The rate at which soil can absorb rainfall. It is measured by
mm/hr or in/hr
For: Dry soil-( infiltration rate ) f is MORE
Moist soil-( infiltration rate ) f is LESS

❑ INFILTRATION CAPACITY ( fp ) - maximum rate of water absorption by soil

If ( I ≥ fp ) then fa=fp ( depend upon soil capacity )
If ( I< fp ) then fa=I ( depend upon rainfall intensity )
Note:fa - actual infiltration capacity
I - rate of rainfall
fp - infiltration capacity
 INFILTRATION
Rainfall Excess

Rainfall Intensity in/hr fi

Φ-Index

Time in hours
 FACTORS
1. Vegetation cover
2. Moisture content
3. Precipitation
4. Temperature
5. Human activity
6. Quality of water
7. Movement of man & animals
8. Presence of ground water table
9. Size and characteristics of soil particles
10. Evapotranspiration
11. Slope of the Land
 FACTORS
1. VEGETATION COVER defines the percentage of soil
which is covered by green vegetation.
 FACTORS
2. MOISTURE CONTENT quantity of water contained in a
materials.

3. PRECIPITATION any liquid or frozen water that forms in the

atmosphere and falls back to the earth.
 FACTORS
4.TEMPERATURE higher rates occurring during warmer
periods, affecting the infiltration rate by as much as 56%.

5. HUMAN ACTIVITY the various actions for recreation, living,

or necessity done by people.
 FACTORS
6. Quality of water Turbidity, Silt and other impurities in
water resulting in reduction of infiltration.
 FACTORS
7. Movement of man & animals Heavy movements cause
compaction of soil, results in less infiltration.
8. Presence of ground water table If ground water table is
near to the earth surface, it reduces infiltration.
 FACTORS
9. Size and characteristics of soil particles Infiltration is
directly proportional to the grain size/diameter, for
granular soils. However, if the soil has swelling minerals
like illite and montmorillonite, the infiltration rate will
reduce drastically.
10. Evapotranspiration indirectly affects infiltration by
influencing soil moisture levels.
 FACTORS
11. SLOPE OF THE LAND - The steeper the slope
(gradient), the less the infiltration or seepage.
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