GE3451/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY

UNIT IV
SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT

[Development , GDP ,Sustainability- concept, needs and challenges-economic, social and aspects
of sustainability-from unsustainability to sustainability-millennium development goals, and
protocols- Sustainable Development Goals-targets, indicators and intervention areas Climate
change- Global, Regional and local environmental issues and possible solutions-case studies.
Concept of Carbon Credit, Carbon Footprint. Environmental management in industry-A case
study]

PART A (TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)

1. Define Sustainable development. (May 2018)

 Sustainable development is defined as the development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
 Sustainable development 1S an organizing principle for meeting human development
goals while also Sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources
and ecosystem Services on which the economy and society depend.
 The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to
continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the
natural system.
2. What are the Challenges of environmental sustainability? (May 2018)
 Global warming due to CO, emissions
 Air pollution and water contamination
 Pollution of the oceans, seas and inland waters
 Slow energy transition and insufficient share of renewable energy
 Uncompromising food production harms
 Animal species extinction and destruction of their natural habits
 Hydraulic stress and water scarcity

3. What are the goals of sustainable development? (May 2019)

 End of poverty from everywhere.

 End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
 Ensure health and lives and promote well-being for all ages.
 Ensure healthy and equitable quality education and promote lifelong opportunities for
learning. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation.
  Ensure access of affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
 Promote sustained, inclusive and economic growth, full employment and decent work for
all.

4. What is Green GDP? (May 2019)

Sustainability in the economic and social spheres is subordinate to Sustainability of the

environment social economic

GDP = C+I+G+(X- M)

GDP = Gross Domestic Product

C = Consumption

I = Investment

G = Government Expenditure
I = Import
Green GDP is the regular GDP minus the cost of environmental and scocial damage

Green GDP = GDP - (Environmental Cost +Social Cost)

5. Write the four pillars of sustainability. (Dec 2019)

a. Social Sustainability

b. Economic sustainability.

c. Environmental sustainability

d. Human Sustainability.

6. Differences between Sustainable and Unsustainable Development. (May 2016)

Sustainable Unsustainable

Preservation of natural resources Exploitation of resources faster than the

planet can handle and replenish

Long-term economic growth without Not quantifying ecosystem services at and

negatively impacting our environment or increased vulnerability to Crises
society

Equality, diversity, social cohesion, and Racism, labor laws, human rights, gender
democracy inequality, and poor treatment of indigenous
peoples
7. What are the 8-millennium development goals? (May 2017)

 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

 Achieve universal primary education
 Promote gender equality and empower women
 Reduce child mortality
 Improve maternal health
 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
 Ensure environmental sustainability
 Develop a global partnership for development

8. Define Climate Change. (May 2019)

 Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to
define Earth's local, regional and global climates."Climate Change: Abnormal Variation
in Climate. Effect parts of Earth (ice caps) over decades to millions of years.

 Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These
shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle.

 But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change,
primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.

9. List the effects of Climate Change. (May 2019)

(a) Global Warming.

(b) Ozone Layer Depletion
(c) Air Pollution
(d) Deforestation
(e) Water Pollution
10. Define Carbon Credit. (Dec 2019))

A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to
emit a set amount of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of a different greenhouse gas
(t CO2e).

11. Examples of Environmental Management in Industry. (Dec 2018)

 Installation of Air-cooled Condenser (ACC) to conserves water

 Installation of Tail Gas Treatment for cleaning of tail gas
 Installation of Cansolv Technology
 Multiple Effect Evaporators at Dariba smelting complex for sustainable water use
 Waste Dump Stabilization at RAM- Innovative Techniques
 Nurturing our floral kinsfolk
  Sewage Treatment Plant, Udaipur
 A park developed for peacock conservation

12. Explain the goals of sustainable development.

1. End of poverty from everywhere.

2. End hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition and promote Sustainable agriculture.
3. Ensure health and lives and promote well-being for all ages.
13. What is green GDP?

Green GDP is the regular GDP minus the cost of environmental and social Damage.

Green GDP= GDP- (Environmental Cost + Social Cost)

14. What are the four pillars of sustainability?

 Social
 Economic
 Environmental
 Human

15. What is Global Warming?

 The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from automobiles and chlorofluorocarbons add to
the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
 It led to an increase in the earth's temperature causing environmental changes. This
increase in temperature across the globe is known as global warming.
16. Define Economic Sustainability
 Economic sustainability requires that a business or country use its resources efficiently
and responsibly so that it can operate in a sustainable manner to consistently produce an
operational profit.
 Without an operational profit, a business cannot sustain its activities. Without acting
responsibly and using its resources efficiently a company will not be able to sustain its
activities in the long term.

17. What are the causes of un-sustainability energy usage?

 Overconsumption
 Overpopulation
 Poor infrastructure
 Unexplored renewable energy options
 Delay in commissioning power plants
 Wastage of energy
 Poor distribution systems
18. What is GDP?
 Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final
goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries.
 Due to its complex and subjective nature, this measure is often revised before being
considered a reliable indicator. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect
differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries;

19. Why social aspect is important in sustainability?

 Social sustainability is much more qualitative than it is quantitative.
 It addresses the ways in which members of a community live their lives and interact with
each other. It intertwines the maintenance of basic human needs along with the exercising
of political, economic, and social freedoms.

20. Write about social aspect of sustainability.

 This aspect acknowledges the need for equity within and between generations, and within
and between ethnic and social groups.
 It is inclusive of people’s mental and physical well-being and the cohesion of their
communities based on a fair distribution of resources.

21. Write about the environmental aspect of sustainability.

 This aspect acknowledges the need to enhance and maintain the biophysical systems that
sustain all life on Earth.
 It includes the structure and function of natural ecosystems and the interactions between
them and people, and calls for guardianship of our environment.

22. What is meant by carbon foot print?

 A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbo dioxide and
methane) that are generated by our actions. 
 To have the best chance of avoiding a 2°C rise in global temperatures, the average global
carbon footprint per year needs to drop to under 2 tons by 2050. 

23. What is meant by Carbon credit?

 A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the
right to emit a set amount of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of a different
greenhouse gas.
 Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts
to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
 One carbon credit is equal to one tone carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon
dioxide equivalent gases. 

24. What is the need for environmental management in industry?

 Environmental issues like climate change, water availability, pollution, waste generation
and disposal are commanding considerable global attention.
 Industries, as a major user of raw materials and energy and source of pollution and waste
generation, have a major role in addressing current and emerging environmental issues.
  Environment managers in industry have a challenging task to keep industry clean,
competitive and compliant with national and international rules, Acts and treaties.
25. Write some examples for environmental management in industry.
 Common examples of environmental management might be to have systems in place to
control and prevent pollution, such as effluents getting into a river course, or the
implementation of a biodiversity programme to ensure that the flora and fauna of an area
is enhanced once a project has been completed.
26. What is the global carbon foot print rate per annum?
 The global average annual carbon footprint per person in 2014 was about 5 tones CO 2e.
Although there are many ways to calculate a carbon footprint, the Nature Conservancy
suggests that the average carbon footprint for a U.S. citizen 18.16 tons.
 This is one of the highest rates in the world, leading to new policies implemented to
reduce carbon footprint.
 Scholars estimated that New York City can eliminate the carbon footprint of its buildings
by 2050.

27. Write the difference between Sustainability and Sustainable Development.

 UNESCO formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows: "Sustainability
is often thought of as a long-term g0al (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable
development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it.
 The concept of sustainable development has been criticized in various ways.

28. List out the various indicators of Climate change.

 Land surface air temperature
 Sea-surface temperature
 Marine air temperature
 Sea level
 Tropospheric temperature
 Ocean heat content
 Specific humidity.

29. What is meant by Climate Intervention?

 Climate intervention is a deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment
to counteract anthropogenic climate change.
 The most plausible approaches to climate intervention fall into two distinct categories.
The first category, known as carbon dioxide removal (CDR), utilizes approaches and
techniques that remove CO, directly from the atmosphere.
 The second general category of climate intervention proposals is albedo modification
(AM).

30. Write some examples for un-sustainability.

 Pollution and contamination of our air, land, and water.
 Soil degradation and erosion.
 Wasteful consumption of water.
 PART B (13 MARKS & 15 MARKS)

1. Define Sustainable Development. Explain in detail about the history of Sustainable

development.
Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development
goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and
ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of
society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without
undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system.

HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development was defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report as "development
that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it
has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and
environmental protection for future generations. Sustainable development was first
institutionalized with the Rio Process initiated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In
2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
(2015 to 2030) and explained how the goals are integrated and indivisible to achieve sustainable
Environmental Sciences and Sustainability development at the global level. They address the
global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation,
peace, and Justice.

Sustainable development interlinked with the normative concept of sustainability.

UNESCO formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows: "Sustainability is often
thought of as a long-term g0al (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development
refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it." The concept of sustainable
development has been criticized in various ways. While some see it as paradoxical (or an
oxymoron) and regard development as inherently unsustainable, others are disappointed in the
lack of progress that has been achieved so far. Part of the problem is that "development" itself is
not consistently defined.

2. Explain in detail about the various factors associated with Sustainable development.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key
concepts within it:

 The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and
  The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future needs.

Sustainability is a societal goal that broadly aims for humans to safely co-exist on planet Earth
over a long time. Sustainability is commonly described along the lines of three dimensions (also
called pillars): environmental, economic and social. This concept can be used to guide decisions
at the global, national and at the individual level (e.g. sustainable living). In everyday usage of
the term, sustainability is often focused mainly on the environmental aspects. The most dominant
environmental issues since around 2000 have been climate change, loss of biodiversity, loss of
ecosystem services, land degradation, and air and water pollution. Humanity is now exceeding
several "planetary boundaries". Reducing these negative impacts on the environment would
improve environmental sustainability.

These may be defined as:

 Environmental Sustainability: Environmental sustainability means that living within
the means of our natural resources. Our natural resources, such as materials, energy fuels,
land, water...etc., at a sustainable rate. Environmental sustainability should not be
confused with full sustainability, which also need to balance economic and social factors.

 Economic Sustainability: Economic sustainability requires that a business or country

use its resources efficiently and responsibly so that it can operate in a sustainable manner
to consistently produce an operational profit. Without an operational profit, a business
cannot sustain its activities. Without acting responsibly and using its resources efficiently
a company will not be able to sustain its activities in the long term.

Sustainable development
  Social Sustainability: Social sustainability is the ability of society, or any social system,
to persistently achieve a good social well-being. Achieving Environmental Sciences and
Sustainability an social sustainability ensures that the social well-being of a country,
organization, or a community can be maintained in the long term. Taking these three
pillars of sustainability further if we only achieve two out of three pillars then we end up
with:
 Social + Economic Sustainability= Equitable
 Social+ Environmental Sustainability = Bearable
 Economic + Environmental Sustainability= Viable

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

Sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest management,
which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. In response to a growing
awareness of the depletion of timber resources in England, John Evelyn argued, in his 1662
essay Sylva that "sowing and planting of trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every
landowner, in order to stop the destructive over-exploitation of natural resources.

In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature published a world

conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable development as a
global priority and introduced the term "sustainable development". Two years later, the United
Nations World Charter for Nature raised five principles of conservation by which human conduct
affecting nature is to be guided and judged.

Since the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has developed
beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of "socially inclusive
and environmentally sustainable economic growth". In 1992, the UN Conference on
Environment and Development published the Earth Charter, which outlines the building of a just,
sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century. The action plan Agenda 21 for
sustainable development identified information, integration, and participation as key building
blocks to help countries achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars.
Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision-making 1s
fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.

The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward: for the first time, the world agreed on a sustainability
agenda. In fact, a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting concrete goals and operational
details. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) now have concrete targets (unlike the
results from the Rio Process) but no methods for Sanctions.
3. What are the challenges of environmental sustainability? Explain in detail.

a. Global warming due to CO, emissions. The climate change is accelerating and threatens the
completely global ecosystem by causing serious Meteorological disasters like droughts, fires and
floods, which are becoming increasingly frequent and extreme. So, it is strongly advised to
mitigate the climate change.

b. Air pollution and water contamination. Experts estimate that neariy 90% of humanity
breathes polluted air. That is why, it is important to reduce air pollution and minimize the use of
chemicals, treating more Wastewater- to cut rates of respiratory illnesses, thus preventing seven
million deaths a year. Contaminated water also causes major health problems.

c. Pollution of the oceans, seas and inland waters. The oceans have become the giant waste
dumps for plastic and other synthetic materials. Due to economic advancement of many
economically underdeveloped regions- there are serious environmental problems related to the
oceans such as damage to ecosystems iron dumping pollutants, wastewater and fuel spills.

d. Slow energy transition and insufficient share of renewable energy. Quite a number ot the
world's population lacks access to electricity and depends on fOssil fuels for cooking. This
situation requires an energy transition towards a cleane, more accessible and efficient model
based on the use of renewable energy sources to build communities that are more sustainable.

e. Uncompromising food production harms. Overexploitation of natural resources and

disturbance of the environment depletes the soil and damages the marine ecosystems. It requires
focus and consideration in order to change the food production model and food habits, including
a more plant-based diet featuring local ingredients to save energy and reduce gas emissions.

f. Animal species extinction and destruction of their natural habits. The experts film UN call
for protecting biodiversity and undertake conclusive actions to put an end to these threats and
conserve our natural heritage, including our increasingly threatened forests.

g. Significant development of modern cities and agglomerations without a transparent and

comprehensive urban strategy. The growth of cities, which will need to accommodate around
5 billion people by 2030, will be another of the decade's big environmental challenges. The
metropolises of the future will need to be compact, safe, inclusive, ecological and energy
efficient, with more green spaces, more environmentally friendly buildings and more sustainable
methods of transport which put the needs of pedestrians above those of traffic.

h. Hydric stress and water scarcity. The lack of this resource affects more than 40% of the
world population, and according to the World Economic Forum, agriculture accounts for more
than 70% of the water used in the planet's most arid countries. The responsible use of
hydrological resources will improve food and energy production, as well as protecting the
biodiversity of our water ecosystems and helping us slow climate change.

i. Overpopulation and waste management. The world population is expected to exceed 8.5
billion by 2030, forcing us to considerably reduce the amount of waste we generate through
prevention, reduction, and reuse and recycling as part of the circular economy, with the aim of
minimizing the impact on health and the environment.

4. Enlist the goals of sustainable development.

 End of poverty from everywhere.

 End hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition and promote Sustainable
agriculture.

 Ensure health and lives and promote well-being for all ages.

 Ensure healthy and equitable quality education and promote lite tong Opportunities for
learning.

 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation.

 Ensure access of affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy tor all.

 Promote sustained, inclusive and economic growth, full employment and decent work for all.

 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and faster
innovation.

 Reduce inequality within and among countries.

 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, same resilient and sustainable.

 Ensure sustainable production and consumption pattern.

 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its action.

 Conserve and sustainably use Oceans, Seas and Marine resources for sustainable
development.

 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystem sustainably manage
forest, combat desertification, reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

 Promote peaceful and inclusive society for sustainable development provide just for all and
build effective and inclusive institutions at all levels.
 Strengthen the means of implementation of global partnership for sustainable development

5. Write short notes on Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final
goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to
its complex and subjective nature, this measure is often revised before being considered a
reliable indicator. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of
living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at
purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between
nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international
market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of
the economy. The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP (also
called the Mean Standard of Living).

The Green Gross Domestic Product, or Green GDP for short, is an indicator of economic
growth with environmental factors taken into consideration along with the standard GDP of a
country. Green GDP factors biodiversity losses and costs attributed to climate change.

Sustainability

Green GDP The ecological approach: Sustainability in the economic and social spheres is
subordinate to sustainability of the environment social economic.

GDP = C + 1+ G + (X - M)

GDP = Grooss Domestic Product

C = Consumption

I = Investment

G = Government Expenditure

I = Import
Green GDP is the regular GDP minus the cost of environmental and social Damage.

Green GDP= GDP- (Environmental Cost + Social Cost)

Environment

[Social] + [Economic]

Green GDP

6. What are the four pillars of sustainability? Describe briefly.

 Sustainability is a broader term that refers to the process of meeting our own needs
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

 At the social ripple, which is an initiative towards sustainable social development, they
say that sustainability is not only defined as the conservation and Protection of the
environment and natural resources.

 Sustainable social development is an integration of social equity and economic

development. Hence, we can say that sustainability consists of the three pillars of
development they are social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

 Social sustainability is a combination of formal and informal processes that involve

infrastructure to support the cultural and social life of the people.

 It generates an environment feasible for social engagement and space for people and
spaces to evolve.

 It promotes the health and well-being of the people by giving them equal Opportunities
and access to the resources to support their families socially and economically.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

 It refers to the practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively
affecting the social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

 Economic sustainability is all about giving people what they want without compromising
the quality of life, especially in the developing world.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

 It is the process of meeting the needs of air, food, water, and shelter as well as ensuring
that the environment is neither affected nor polluted.
  With the conservation of all the energy and natural resources, environmental
sustainability can be attained.

 With the economic sustainability, ecological system is maintained and all the
environmental terms are kept in balance. Natural resources are consumed by humans,
taking care that they are preserved, for future generations.

HUMAN SUSTAINABILITY

 Human sustainability aims to maintain and improve the human capital in society.

 Investments in the health and education systems, access to services, nutrition, knowledge
and skills are all programs under the umbrella of human sustainability.

 Natural resources and spaces available are limited and there is a need to balance continual
growth with improvements to health and achieving economic wellbeing for everyone.

 Sustainability is all about keeping these three pillars in balance. It is important to

understand their interdependencies.

 Sustainable social development believes that to bring sustainable development there

should be a balance between these three pillars of development. It will give rise to a
healthy and inclusive environment where people would like to live.

Examples of sustainability

Using the following examples of sustainability, we can protect and enhance environmental
conditions. It helps us to retain social and economic sustainability.

 Wind energy
 Solar energy
 Crop rotation
 Water-efficient fixtures
 Green spaces
 Green spaces such as forests, parks, lakes, and rivers

7. Tabulate the differences between sustainable and unsustainable development. Also

compare the Millennium Development goals with Sustainable Development Goals.

SUSTAINABILITY AND UNSUSTAINABILITY DEFINITIONS

 Sustainability is the ability to meet our current needs without compromising the ability of
future Generations to meet their own needs. "Sustainable: The ability to be maintained at
a certain rate or level Avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain
an ecological balance".

 "Unsustainable: Something that is unsustainable cannot continue at the same rate Causing
damage to the environment by using more of something than can be replaced naturally'".
If something is unsustainable, it cannot be continued at the same pace, level, rate, etc. In
other words, it is anything that cannot be prolonged or continued.
 The differences between the two are in terms of environmental, economical, and social factors.

Sustainable Unsustainable

Environmental sustainability Preservation of natural resources Exploitation of resources

faster than the planet can

handle and replenish

Economic sustainability Long-term economic growth Not quantifying ecosystem

without negatively impacting services at and increased

our environment or society vulnerability to crises

Social sustainability Equality, diversity, social Racism, labor laws, human

cohesion, and democracy rights, gender inequality, and
poor treatment of indigenous

Peoples

The following have all been listed as causes of unsustainable energy usage:

1. Overconsumption

2. Overpopulation
3. Poor infrastructure

4. Unexplored renewable energy options

5. Delay in commissioning power plants

6. Wastage of energy
7. Poor distribution systems

 To be environmentally unsustainable is to deplete natural resources faster than they can

regenerate. Nonrenewable resources are finite and are therefore unsustainable.

 We are currently depleting nonrenewable resources (coal, oil, and natural gas) at an alarming
rate.

 As of 2015, at this rate, we will run out of coal by 2130, natural gas by 2069, and oil by
2067. This means we have approximately 50 years left of oil and natural gas.
THE EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Fig.4.5.8 Millennium development goals

1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

Table 4.1. Sustainable development goals and targets

MDG# Concept SDG# Concept

1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 1 No Poverty

2 Achieve Universal Primary 2 Zero Hunger
Education

3 Promote Gender Equality and 3 Good Health and Well-

Empower Women being

4 Reduce Child Mortality 4 Quality Education

 5 Improve Material Health 5 Gender Equality
6 Combat HIV/ AIDS malaria and 6 Clean Water and Sanitation
other diseases
7 Ensure Environmental 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
Sustainability

8 Global Partnership for 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth

Development

9 Industry, Innovation and

Infrastructure

10 Reduced Inequalities
11 Sustainable Cities and
Communities

12 Responsible Consumption and

Production

13 Climate Action

14 Life Below Water

15 Life on Land

16 Peace, Justice and Strong

Institutions

17 Partnerships for the Goals

8. Explain in detail about targets and indicators of climate change.

The global climate fight will be won or lost in this crucial decade on our watch. So let us
fight together - and let us win. For the 8 billion members of our human family and for
generations to come" - ANTONIO GUTERRES. The list of proposed Sustainable Development
Goal indicators Sustainable Development Goal indicators should be disaggregated, where
relevant, by income, sex, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability and geographic location,
or other Characteristics, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics.
 Goals and targets Indicators

(from the 2030 Agenda)

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Direct disaster economic loss in relation to global
gross domestic product (GDP)

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and Proportion of agricultural area under productive and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable sustainable agriculture
agriculture

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well- Proportion of births attended by skilled health
being for all at all ages personnel

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality Percentage of population in a given age group
education and promote lifelong learning achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in
opportunities for all functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were
married or in a union before age 15 and before age
empower all women and girls
18

Goal 6. Ensure availability and Sustainable Degree of integrated water resources

management of water and sanitation for all
management implementation (0-100)

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, Renewable energy share in the total Final energy
sustainable and modern energy for all consumption

Goal8.Promote sustained, inclusive and Average hourly earnings of Female and male
sustainable economic growth, full and productive employees, by occupation, age and persons with
employment and decent Work for all disabilities

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and and per capita
foster innovation

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among Financial Soundness indicators
countries

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth
inclusive, safe, resilient and Sustainable rate.

Goal 12. Ensure sustainability consumption and Global food loss index
production patterns

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat Number of countries with national

Climate change and its impacts and local disaster risk reduction strategies

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably usse Proportion of national exclusive economic zones
managed using ecosystem-based approaches
the oceans, seas and marine resources

for sustainable development

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable Forest area as a proportion of total land area
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and Inclusive Unsentenced detainees as a Proportion of overall
societies for sustainable Development, provide prison Population
access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of Total government revenue as a Proportion of GDP,
Implementation and revitalize the Global by source
Partnership for Sustainable Development

FACTS AND FIGURES

 In 2021, the global mean temperature was about 1.1°C above the pre-Industrial level (from
1850 to 1900). The years from 2015 to 2021 were the seven warmest on record.
 The global annual mean temperature is projected to rise beyond .5°C above pre-industrial
levels in at least one of the next five years.
 Global carbon dioxide (CO,) emissions declined by 5.2 per cent 2020 due to lowered
energy demand caused by COVID-19-induced social and economic disruptions. But with
the phasing out of COVID- related restrictions, energy-related CO, emissions for 2021
rose by 6 percent, reaching their highest level ever.
 Climate finance provided and mobilized by developed countries totaled $79.6 billion in
2019, up from $78.3 billion in 2018. It is estimated that $1.6 trillion to $3.8 trillion will
be needed each year through 2050 for the world to transition to a low-carbon future and
avoid warming exceeding 1.5◦
  About one third of global land areas will suffer at least moderate drought by 2100.
 The sea level could rise 30 to 60 centimeters by 2100; even if greenhouse gas emissions
are sharply reduced and global, warming is limited to well below 2°C.
 About 70 to 90 per cent of warm-water coral reefs will disappear even if the 1.5°C
threshold is reached; they would die off completely at the 2°C level.
 3 billion to 3.6 billion people live in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate
change.
 By 2030, an estimated 700 million people will be at risk of displacement by drought
alone.
 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural
disasters in all countries
 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate
change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
 Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly S100
billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in
the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and
fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible.
 Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change- related planning
and management in least developed countries and small island developing States,
including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

9. Explain in detail about the climate change and climate interventions.

Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to
define Earth's local, regional and global climates." Climate Change: Abnormal Variation in
Climate. Effect parts of Earth (ice caps) over decades to millions of years.

 Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These
shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s,
human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning
fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
 Science of Climate change

 Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket Wrapped
around the Earth, trapping the sun's heat and raisin temperatures.

 Examples of greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change include carbon
dioxide and methane. These come from using gasoline for driving a car or coal for
heating a building, for example. Clearing land and forests can also release carbon
dioxide. Landfills for garbage are a major source of methane emissions. Energy, industry,
transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among the main emitters.

Climate change in India

Warmer Seasons
 Avg.temp rise: 2.0 deg C Predicted
 1.0-4.0 deg C at extreme ranges
Increased Annual Precipitation
 Lower frequency of rainy days,
Increased intensity
Cyclonic Disturbances
 Lower frequency, Increased
intensity
 Increased risk of storm surges
Sea-level Rise
 1.3 mm/year on average
Fresh Water Supply
 High variability predicted in Water
yields (from 50% increase to 40-
50% reduction)
 10-30% increased risk of floods;
increased risks of droughts
Climate change Impacts in India

CLIMATE INTERVENTION

 Climate intervention is a deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment

to counteract anthropogenic climate change.

 The most plausible approaches to climate intervention fall into two distinct categories.
The first category, known as carbon dioxide removal (CDR), utilizes approaches and
techniques that remove CO, directly from the atmosphere.

 CDR approaches include large-scale afforestation, which is already being done on the
planet to some degree, along with enhanced mineralization or weathering, combining
energy crops with storage of CO, in the soils or reservoirs deep underground, and
machines that chemically capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

 AGU endorses calls for substantial CDR research programs such as those outlined by the
National Academies.

 Understanding the economic, environmental, and practical challenges in scaling these

options is essential given the urgency of climate problem and the potential roles for CDR
in overall strategies for lowering the concentrations of warming pollutants in the
atmosphere.
  The second general category of climate intervention proposals is albedo modification
(AM). It involves cooling Earth by reflecting sunlight away from the planet. Most AM
research has focused on putting reflective particles into the up atmosphere or seeding
clouds in the lower atmosphere to brighten them.

 AM cannot substitute for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, because its effects on
simply to reverse warming and because it would have no direct the climate are not simply
to reverse warming and because it's effects on the climate are not simply to reverse
warming and because it would have no direct effect on ocean acidification caused by
increasing carbon dioxide levels.

CLIMATE INTERVENTION IS NO SUBSTITUTE for reductions in carbon dioxide

emissions and adaptation efforts aimed at reducing the negative consequences of climate change.
However, as our planet enters a period of changing climate never before experienced in recorded
human history, interest is growing in the potential for deliberate intervention in the climate
system to counter climate change. This study assesses the potential impacts, benefits, and costs
of two different proposed classes of climate intervention: (1) carbon dioxide removal and (2)
albedo modification (reflecting sunlight). Carbon dioxide removal strategies address a key Driver
of climate change, but research is needed to fully assess if any of these technologies could be
appropriate for large-scale deployment. Albedo modification strategies could rapidly cool the
planet's surface but pose environmental and other risks that are not well understood and therefore
should not be deployed at climate- altering scales, more research is needed to determine if albedo
modification approaches could be viable in the future.

Climate intervention - purposeful actions intended to produce a targeted change in Some

aspect of the climate (e.g., global mean or regional temperature), includes actions designed to
remove carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere or to change Earth's
radiation balance (referred to as "albedo modification"), but not efforts to limit emissions of
greenhouse gases (ie… climate mitigation).

Carbon Dioxide Removal - intentional efforts to remove carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, including land management strategies, accelerated weathering, ocean iron
Fertilization, bioenergy with carbon capture and Sequestration, and direct air capture and
sequestration. CDR techniques complement carbon capture and Sequestration methods that
primarily focus on reducing CO, emissions from point sources Such as fossil fuel power plants.

Albedo Modification - intentional efforts to increase the amount of sunlight that is

Scattered or reflected back to space, thereby reducing the amount of sunlight Absorbed by Earth,
including injecting aerosols into the stratosphere, marine cloud absort brightening , and efforts to
enhance surface reflectivity.
Climate Change: ACTION

Goal 13 calls for urgent action to Combat Climate change and its impacts. It is intrinsically
linked to all 16 of the other Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To address
climate change, countries adopted the Paris Agreement to limit global temperature rise to well
below 2 degrees Celsius. Learn more about Goal 13, and for the latest United Nations climate
news, visit un.org/climate change.

Initiatives for Action

Governments, businesses and civil society members are connecting in climate Initiatives to speed
the pace of climate action. Initiated at the 2019 Climate Action Summit held at the United
Nations, the initiatives are reducing emissions, tackling critical concerns such as jobs and gender
equality, unlocking finance, building Sustainable infrastructure, using nature-based solutions,
and advancing adaptation and climate resilience.

The United Nations role as a convener is needed more than ever to encourage people to
collaborate, be ambitious and take actions required to limit global temperature Ties to no more
than 1.5 degrees Celsius. The United Nations also stands behind a transition to a sustainable,
low-carbon economy that is just and beneficial for all people.

10. Explain in detail about the some climate action initiatives.

 Energy
 Industry and transport
 Business and finance
 Resilience and adaptation
 Nature-based solutions
 Urban planning

Climate change affecting our planet from pole to pole. You can explore more the Global Climate
Dashboard.

 Global temperatures rose about 1.8°F (1°C) from 1901 to 2020.

 Sea level rise has accelerated from 1.7 mm/year throughout most of the Twentieth
century to 3.2 mm/year since 1993.
 Glaciers are shrinking: average thickness of 30 well-studied glaciers has Decreased more
than 60 feet since 1980.
 The area covered by sea ice in the Arctic at the end of summer has shrunk by about
40%% since 1979.
 The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen by 25% Since 1958. and by
about 40%% since the Industrial Revolution.
  Snow 1S melting earlier compared to long-term averages.

Climate change in India

Humans and wild animals face new challenges tor survival because of climate change. More
frequent and intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming
oceans can directory, harm animals, destroy the places they live, and wreak havoc on people's
livelihoods and communities.

UNICEF is committed to tackling the climate and environmental crisis in partnership with
public, private, civil society and children/youth partners. UNICEF actions are structured around
the following work areas of work, with a focus on most vulnerable and marginalized children in
the region:

 Reducing the vulnerability of children’s, families and their communities to the current
and projected impacts of climate change;
 Improving climate resilience of social services that are critical for Children’s health,
education, nutrition and well-being:
 Limiting anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and pollution While delivering
co-benefits on children’s health, nutrition, education and water&& sanitation rights
 Integrating children's needs and perspectives into climate change policies, Finance and
interventions through empowerment and participation of children and adolescents in
climate actions

The following greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.

Carbon dioxide (CO,) - Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere when fossil fuels like coal, oil,
and natural gas are burned. Carbon dioxide is also released when trees and other plants are
burned or cut down and through manufacturing cement. Carbon dioxide made up 81% of man
made greenhouse gas emissions from the United States in 2018 according to the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Methane (CH4) - Methane is released from fossil fuels (natural gas in particular), agriculture
(cow farts and manure), and landfills. Methane made up 10% of greenhouse gases in the US in
2018.

Nitrous oxide (N2O)- Nitrous oxide is emitted from agriculture, fossil fuels, industry, and
waste-water treatment. Nitrous oxide made up 7% of greenhouse gas emissions in 2018.

Fluorinated gases Fluorinated gases are hydrofluoric carbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur

hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride. They are man-made gases commonly use

Our environment is constantly changing, and as our environment changes so does the
need to become increasingly aware of the environmental issues that are causing these changes.
With a massive increase in natural disasters, warming and cooling periods, and different types of
weather patterns, people need to be a lot more cautious with the way they lead their lives in
conjunction with the types of environmental issues our planet is facing.

Climate Change

Climate change is a great concern in today's scenario. This problem has surface in the last few
decades. Greenhouse gases are the major cause of climate change Environmental changes have
several destructive impacts such as the melting of glaciers, change in seasons, epidemics, etc.
Sustainability and Management

GLOBAL WARMING

The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from automobiles and chlorofluorocarbons add to the
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has led to an increase in the earth's temperature
causing environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the globe is known as global
warming.

11. Define ozone layer depletion. Explain the factors associated with it in detail.

The ozone layer is a layer of concentrated ozone gas. It protects us from the sun's harmful
ultraviolet rays. This very important layer is being destroyed by CFCs (chlorofluoro carbons),
which are used in industries and everyday life (e.g. aerosol cans).

The chlorine in these compounds destroys the ozone layer. The hole in the ozone layer
leaves humans and wildlife exposed to harmful UV rays resulting in several skin diseases
including cancer.

a. Water Pollution

The introduction of harmful substances into rivers, oceans, lakes and ponds, which changes the
physical, chemical or biological condition of the water is called water pollution. The polluted
water lacks oxygen and therefore the organisms die. Water is the main source of life and
therefore it is our prime duty to prevent it from any kind of pollution.

b. Air Pollution

Air pollution is the result of emissions from industries, automobiles, and the increasing use of
fossil fuels. The gaseous emissions have added to an increase in the temperature of the earth. Not
only this, but it had also increased the risk of disease among individuals.

c. Solid Waste Management

Solid-waste management is defined as the discipline associated with the Generation, storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste in a manner that it does
not have a harmful effect on the environment.

d. Deforestation

Deforestation is the depletion or traces and forests at an alarming rate. The trees provide several
raw materials and us with oxygen and maintain the temperature of the earth. Due to the depletion
of trees for commercial purposes, there has been a drastic change in the earth's climate.

Forests are an abode to a large number of wild animals and plants. Destruction of forests has led
to the elimination of a large number of plants and animal species affecting biodiversity.

e. Overpopulation

The earth's population is increasing drastically. It is estimated to be more than seven billion. The
increasing population has led to a shortage of resources. If this continues, it will be very difficult
to sustain such a huge population. The other environmental issues including pollution, waste
management, deforestation, climate change and global warming are all associated with
overpopulation.

Common solutions to the environmental issue

1. Replace disposal items with reusable items.

2. The use of paper should be avoided.

3. Conserve water and electricity.

4. Support environmental friendly practices.

5. Recycle waste to conserve natural resources.

12. Give a case study about Climate Change in India. Describe in brief.

 The Indian metropolitan city of Mumbai was besieged with India's heaviest Downpour of
the century in July 2005, killing nearly 600 people.
 June 2005 recorded the highest temperature of 46.3 degree Celsius Bhubaneswar of the
last 33 years, which is 10 degrees above normal, leading to a heat wave.
 Speaking of heat wave, the 1998 heat wave in Orissa was recorded as one the worst,
claiming more than 2000 lives.1998 was the warmest year globally.
 Floods are an annual feature in Bihar, but the 2004 floods were unique for severity.
Andhra Pradesh reeled under heat wave in 2003 killing 1,421 people, which is an all-time
high in the history of Andhra Pradesh.

Climate Change

Climate change

DIRECT IMPACTS

The weather has a direct impact on our health. If the overall climate becomes warmer,
there will be an increase in health problems. It is anticipated that there will be an increase in the
number of deaths due to greater frequency and severity of heat waves and other extreme weather
events. The elderly, the very young and those suffering from respiratory and cardiovascular
disorders will probably be affected by such weather extremes as they have lesser coping
capacity. An extreme rise in the temperature will affect people living in the urban areas more
than those in the rural areas. This is due to the heat islands that develop here owing to the
presence of Concrete constructions, paved and tarred roads. Higher temperatures in the cities
would lead to an increase in the ground-level concentration of ozone thereby increasing air
pollution problems.
INDIRECT IMPACTS

Indirectly, changes in weather pattern, can lead to ecological disturbances, changes in food
production levels, increase in the distribution of malaria, dengue and other vector-borne diseases.
Fluctuation in the climate especially in the temperature. Fluctuation in the climate especially in
the temperature, precipitation and humidity can influence biological organisms and the processes
linked to the spread of infections diseases.

Potential effects on health due to sea level rise include:

 Death and injury due to flooding;

 Reduced availability of lresh water due to saltwater intrusion;
 Contamination of water supply through pollutants from submerged waste dumps,
 Change in the distribution of disease-spreading insects
 Health effect on the nutrition due to a loss in agriculture land and changes in fish catch;
and health impacts associated with population displacement.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN STEEL RE-ROLLING MILLS

Steel Re-rolling mill

 Duration: 2004-2012
 Implementing Partners: UNDP and Ministry of Steel
 Budget Total: USS 14.03 million
 Global Environment Facility: USS 6.75 milllion
 Steel Development Fund, Gol: US$ 7.28 million

Results

 Identification and popularization of 10-technology packages 1 o intervention in the re-

heating furnace and 19 eco-tech options to enatic greater energy efficiency in rolling mill
processes.
  Significant savings through implementation of energy-efficient technologies in 29 SRRM

units resulting in- savings of 87,819,968 MJO energy and reduction of 131,738 t CO2

 Post commissioning measurements have been conducted in 16 of them This has resulted
in:
 Saving of 10,077 kilo liters furnace oil
 6,345 tons of coal
 13,706,205 KWh (units) of electricity
 Greater awareness generated through training and capacity building programmers to
internalize energy efficiency and conservation measures.
WIND POWER FOR CAPTIVE USE

Company State Bank Of India

Location of intervention Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat

Type of intervention Wind energy

 SBI had initiated "Green Banking" activities in the year 2007 by way of putting in place a
comprehensive board approved policy.
 Under this intervention 10 wind mills were commissioned in the states of Maharashtra
(6), Tamil Nadu (3) and Gujarat (1)- Total 15 MW
 Total investment incurred: INR 100 crores in March,2010
 Total generation in FY 2012-13:51 million units (kWh)
 Estimated payback period: 10 years

WASTE TO ENERGY

Company Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL)

Location of intervention Nasik, Maharashtra

Type of intervention Waste of energy from gas produced though ETP's sludge digestion

 Sludge Digester was installed in the ETP. This facilitates anaerobic digestion, thereby
converting a part of the organic waste mto Methane gas. Methane gas is then fed into the
engine for generating electricity and used to power streetlights
 Biogas plant capacity is around 2500 kg/ day
 Gas produced is approximately 175 m' per day which 1s equivalent to 78 kg of LPG or
315 kWh per day of electricity
 Total investment incurred: INR 56 lakh in March, 2013
 Estimated savings through project lifetime: INR 100 lakhs
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV

Company Mahindra Life spaces

Location of intervention Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Type of intervention Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) based power generation

 Realizing the uncertainty in electricity supply and to lessen dependency on power

utilities, Mahindra life spaces installed a 75kW Solar PV plant at their site.
 Diesel generators were used earlier but frequent diesel price hikes were increasing cost of
generation. they also caused air and noise pollution
 Estimated annual generation:1 16,000 kWh
 Estimated saving in electricity bills: 8%

13. What is meant by Carbon Credit and Carbon foot print? Explain in detail.

Carbon credits

A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the
right to emit a set amount of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of a different
greenhouse gas (tCO2 e)

 Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts
to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
 One carbon credit is equal to one tone carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon
dioxide equivalent gases.
 Carbon trading 1s an application of an emissions trading approach Greenhouse gas
 Emissions are capped and then markets are used to allocate the emission among the group
of regulated sources.
 The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes in
the direction of low emissions or less carbon cost to intensive approaches than those used
when there emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the atmosphere.
 Since GHG Mitigation projects generate credits; this approach can be used to Finance
carbon reduction schemes between trading partners around the world.

 There are also many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual
customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis.
These carbons off setters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon
development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects.

 Buyers and sellers can also use an exchange platform to trade, which is like a stock
exchange for carbon credits.
  The quality of the credits is based in part on the validation process and sophistication of
the fund or development company that acted as the sponsor to the carbon project. This is
reflected in their price; voluntary units typically have less value than the units sold
through the rigorously validated.

Carbon Credit

Carbon credits, often referred to as carbon allowances, can be thought of as a unit of

measurement, however, they have a "tradeable" component. Carbon credits ARE NOT the same
as carbon offsets.

Cap & Trade Footprint

Carbon credits only exist in jurisdictions that are governed by what has called a "Cap & Trade"
system (such as the California Cap-and-Trade Program, which is overseen by the California Air
Resources Board). Carbon credits are created by the governing organization and allocated to
individual companies within that jurisdiction. A single credit represents 1 tonne or CO 2 (or
Carbon dioxide equivalent) that the company is allowed to limit.

Carbon footprint

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbo dioxide and
methane) that are generated by our actions. The average carbon footprint for a person in the
United States is 16 tons, one of the highest rates in the world. Globally, the average carbon
footprint is closer to tons. To have the best chance of avoiding a 2°C rise in global temperatures,
the average global carbon footprint per year needs to drop to under 2 tons by 2050. Sustainability
and Management

Lowering individual carbon footprints from 16 tons to 2 tons does not happen overnight! By
making small changes to our actions, like eating less meat, taking fewer connecting flights and
line drying our clothes, we can start making a big difference.

A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event,
organization, service, place or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO,e).
Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbon dioxide and methane, can be
emitted through the burning of fossil fuels, land clearance and the production and consumption
of food, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other
services.

In most cases, the total carbon footprint cannot be calculated exactly because of inadequate
knowledge of data about the complex interactions between contributing processes, including the
influence of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide. For this reason, Wright,
Kemp, and Williams proposed the following definition of a carbon footprint:

A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO,) and methane (CH4) emissions of a
defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within
the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system or activity of interest calculated as
carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential (GWP100).

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol has extended the range of gases.

The standard covers the accounting and reporting of seven greenhouse gases covered by the
Kyoto Protocol- carbon dioxide (CO,), methane (CH,), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PCFs), Sulphur hexafluoride (SF) and nitrogen difluoride (NF,).

The global average annual carbon footprint per person in 2014 was about 5 tones CO2e.
Although there are many ways to calculate a carbon footprint, the Nature Conservancy suggests
that the average carbon footprint for a U.S. citizen 18.16 tons. This is one of the highest rates in
the world, leading to new policies implemented to reduce carbon footprint. Scholars estimated
that New York City can eliminate the carbon footprint of its buildings by 2050. The use of
household carbon footprint calculators originated when oil producer BP hired Ogilvy to create a
Collective propaganda'" campaign to shift responsibility of climate change-causing pollution
away from the corporations and institutions that created a society where carbon emissions are
unavoidable and onto personal lifestyle choices. The term Carbon footprint" was also
popularized by BP. heating

Reducing Carbon Footprint

14. Explain in detail about environment management along with a case study.

 Installation of Air-cooled Condenser (ACC) to conserves water

 Installation of Tail Gas Treatment for cleaning of tail gas
 Installation of Cansolv Technology
 Multiple Effect Evaporators at Dariba smelting complex for sustainable water use
 Waste Dump Stabilization at RAM-- Innovative Techniques
 Nurturing our floral kinsfolk
 Sewage Treatment Plant, Udaipur
 A park developed for peacock conservation
 Paste Fill Plant
 Platinum Green Building
 Solar Power Plant
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, UDAIPUR

HZL has constructed && commissioned Udaipur s first STP under PPP between Government of
Rajasthan. With ever-increasing evidences of Climate Change Impacts, especially on water
sources, we have taken long strides in reducing our water footprint and to increase the Source
Water Sustainability through various PPP (Public-Private Partnership) projects with the
Government of Rajasthan. One of such recent PPP project is "Installation of Municipal Sewage
Treatment Plant of 20 MLD capacity in Udaipur for reduction of pollution load of the Lakes in
the city and it is one of the major step towards "Swachh Bharat Mission".

The treated water (20,000 m /day) is being sent to RajpuraDarbia Complex of HZL through 80
km long pipeline network resulting around 80% reduction in fresh water consumption of the
Plant. Generated manure is being sold by Udaipur Municipal Corporation to the local bodies.
With the success of phase-1, we are planning to expand this by another 40 MLD.

SOLAR POWER PLANT

The captive usage of solar energy is one of our core focus areas at Hindustan Zinc. Solar rooftop
projects with a capacity of 200 KW have already been installed at each of our head offices,
including the Udaipur and Chanderiya lead zinc smelter we have commissioned 16 MW solar
power projects during FY 16-17 comprising of a 12 MW project at Debari Zinc Smelter.
Additionally, a solar project with a capacity of 4 MW has also been commissioned at
RajpuraDariba mine for captive consumption. Whilst the 12 MW project at Debari Zinc Smelters
happens to be the largest solar energy project in the Udaipur district; the four MW project at
RajpuraDariba mine is the first of its kind in the Rajasmand district of Rajasthan. In the next
phase, we have planned to commission a 100 MW solar power plant in near future. These efforts
are geared to help Hindustan Zinc establish a firm footing in the Field of solar energy generation
for energy efficiency.
 Fig. 4.16. Solar power plant

NURTURING OUR FLORAL KINSFOLK

In 2013, we established a nursery at Rampura Agucha mines. Done to help retain the vast pool of
floral species, the nursery was inaugurated on World Environment Day. Subsequently, we have
launched more projects at various locations, such as:

 A floral nursery at Kayad Mine site

 A herbal nursery at Debari Zinc Smelter colony
 A seasonal nursery at Head Office, Udaipur
 A unique "Rashi van at Head Office

Fig. 4.17, Floral nursery at Kayad Mine site

The objective of the In-house Nursery is conservation of biodiversity while ensuring sustained
and inclusive development of the community.

Case Study 1: Deendayal (Kandla) Port Trust (Multi-Purpose Special Economic Zone-
MSEZ)

Study Area

The port of Kandla, presently known as Deendayal Port Trust (DPT), established in 1931, owes
its source to the leader of the then august province of Kutch, Maharao Khengarji IIt. He neded an
all-climate shut port for his kingdom and fabricated an RCC breakwater where bonts of about 8.8
meters draft could billet round the year. This pier, which is situated at old Kandla, turned into the
core of what in present years was to develop as the Deendayal Port. On January 20, 1952, Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, established the framework stone for the new
Port on the Western Coast of India. It was proclaimed a Major Port on April 8, 1955, by Late
Shri LalBahadur Shashtri, the then Minister of Transport and the Port Trust was shaped in 1964
under Major Port Trust Act 1963 instituted by Parliament. From that point forward, the Major
Port of Kandla has made some amazing progress in turning into the "Port of the New
Millennium"

Deendayal Port is situated at Latitude 23.01 N and Longitude 70.13 E on the shores of the
Kandla Creek. It is the area of Kutch and is situated on the west of Kandla River, which keeps
running into the Gulf of Kutch at a separation of 90 nautical miles from the Arabian Sea. The
absolute length of the Kandla Port methodologies Channel is around 23 km, the width of the
channel changes from 200 meters to 1000 meters, and the form profundity along the
transportation channel is around 10 meters. The route is allowed amid the day and night as
indicated by the draft of the ship. Pilot board the boats at Outer fish float (OTB) something like
two hours before high tide.

India is an expansive promontory with a coastline of around 7500 km. The country accordingly
requires a lively and solid shipbuilding industry for financial just as vital reasons. At present
South Korea, Japan and China command the shipbuilding business. In spite of a long coastline,
great potential, and accessibility of positive locales for shipbuilding, the nation's offer in the
general shipbuilding tonnage on the planet is around 1.12%. Indian shipbuilding is basically
focused on "27" Shipyards including "8" Public Sector and "19" Private Sector units. A
noteworthy offer of the shipbuilding limit is held by open segment yards. Private Shipyards,
however more Sustainability and Management in number are seriously restricted by limit and
size of boats they can 1abricate.

Demand of Shipbuilding

In the ongoing past, the worldwide delivery industry encountered a phenomenal interest. Ihe
accompanying variables are in charge of the expansion sought after for boats, worldwide:

1. Overall growth in worldwide sea exchange and dynamic development in waterfront

development.
2. Progressive rise sought after of holder dispatches because of fast increment in
containerization and boats for transportation of unrefined petroleum and oil-based goods
because of the enormous expansion of refining limit.
3. New guidelines routine prohibiting single frame tankers and required Condition
Assessment Program reported by DG Shipping
4. The Scrapping of old boats, particularly mass transporters because of presentation of
higher basic norms would result in increment sought after for mass bearers.
15. Explain the various effects of climate change.

Hotter temperatures

 As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the global surface temperature. The last decade,
2011-2020, is the warmest on record. Since the 1980s, each decade has been warmer than the
previous one.
 Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves. Higher temperatures increase
heat-related illnesses and make working outdoors more difficult.
 Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter. Temperatures
in the Arctic have warmed at least twice as fast as the global average.

More severe storms

 Destructive storms have become more intense and more frequent in many regions. As
temperatures rise, more moisture evaporates, which exacerbates extreme rainfall and flooding,
causing more destructive storms.
 The frequency and extent of tropical storms is also affected by the warming ocean. Cyclones,
hurricanes, and typhoons feed on warm waters at the ocean surface. Such storms often destroy
homes and communities, causing deaths and huge economic losses.

Increased drought

 Climate change is changing water availability, making it scarcer in more regions.

 Global warming exacerbates water shortages in already water-stressed regions and is leading to
an increased risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing
the vulnerability of ecosystems.
 Droughts can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand
across continents.
 Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not
having enough water on a regular basis.

A warming, rising ocean

 The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming.

 The rate at which the ocean is warming strongly increased over the past two decades, across all
depths of the ocean. As the ocean warms, its volume increases since water expands as it gets
warmer.
 Melting ice sheets also cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal and island communities.
 In addition, the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. But more
carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life and coral reefs.

Loss of species

 Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks
increase as temperatures climb.
 Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at
any other time in recorded human history.
 One million species are at risk of becoming extinct within the next few decades.
 Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats related
to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.

Not enough food

 Changes in the climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a
global rise in hunger and poor nutrition.
 Fisheries, crops, and livestock may be destroyed or become less productive. With the ocean
becoming more acidic, marine resources that feed billions of people are at risk.
 Changes in snow and ice cover in many Arctic regions have disrupted food supplies from
herding, hunting, and fishing.
 Heat stress can diminish water and grasslands for grazing, causing declining crop yields and
affecting livestock.

More health risks

 Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity.

 Climate impacts are already harming health, through air pollution, disease, extreme weather
events, forced displacement, pressures on mental health, and increased hunger and poor
nutrition in places where people cannot grow or find sufficient food.
 Every year, environmental factors take the lives of around 13 million people.
 Changing weather patterns are expanding diseases, and extreme weather events increase deaths
and make it difficult for health care systems to keep up.

Poverty and displacement

 Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in poverty. Floods may sweep
away urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can make it difficult to work in
outdoor jobs.
  Water scarcity may affect crops. Over the past decade (2010–2019), weather-related events
displaced an estimated 23.1 million people on average each year, leaving many more
vulnerable to poverty.
 Most refugees come from countries that are most vulnerable and least ready to adapt to the
impacts of climate change.

16. Explain in detail about the various aspects of Sustainability.

Environmental aspects
 This aspect acknowledges the need to enhance and maintain the biophysical systems that
sustain all life on Earth.
 It includes the structure and function of natural ecosystems and the interactions between
them and people, and calls for guardianship/kaitiakitanga of our environment.
Social aspects
 This aspect acknowledges the need for equity within and between generations, and within
and between ethnic and social groups.
 It is inclusive of people’s mental and physical well-being and the cohesion of their
communities based on a fair distribution of resources.
Economic aspects
 This aspect acknowledges the interactions of humans with the natural environment in
using resources to create goods and services which add value to their lives.
 It acknowledges the resource use and waste disposal must occur within the capacity of
our planet.
 It encourages a fair trading system that equitably distributes benefits and costs. It further
encourages innovation and creativity in developments that lead to a sustainable future