Dar –e- Arqam School Karachi Region

Session: 2023-2024

Class: Pre-IX

Subject: computer

Chapter#1: Fundamentals Of Computer

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 QB1: Discuss the use of computer in any two fields of life.

Ans: computer plays an important role in the activities of the daily life of human beings. Due to the
significant advantages, the use of computer can be seen in almost every field. Education,
banking, research, medical, business, home, transportation, media, entertainment etc.

Use of Computers in Education:

Computer technology has a deep impact on the education. Because of computers, education has
become easier and much more interesting than before.

The main uses of computer in education are as follows:

1. Computer teaching plays a key role in the modem education system. Students find it easier to
refer to the Internet than searching for information in fat books. The process of learning has
gone beyond learning from prescribed textbooks. Internet is a much larger and easier-to-access
storehouse of information.

2. When it comes to storing retrieved information, it is easier done on computers than

maintaining hand-written notes.

3. Computer technology has made the dream of distance learning, a reality. Education is no
longer limited to classrooms. It has reached far and wide.

4. Computers facilitate effective presentation of information. Computers facilitate audio-visual

representation of information, thus making the process of learning interactive and interesting.
Computer-aided teaching adds a fun element to education.

5. The Internet can be used to refer to information on different subjects. Both teachers and
students benefit from the Internet. Teachers can refer to it for additional information and
references on the topics to be taught.

Uses of Computers in Banking:

Banking has become so advanced due to the use of computer over time. Some main uses of
computer in banking are as follows:

1. Bank uses computer system to save customers data, access customers personal
information, record transaction, issue cards or loan etc.

2. User can access their bank account online, check their balance, access or print
statements, transfer money and perform many other banking related tasks with ease.

3. Bank ATMs are the best computer base devices that help customers to deposit and
withdraw money from their account using debit\credit cards,

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 4. Banks have reduced manual errors and expenses to a great extent through extensive use
of computers.

5. Banks have taken the advantage of computer to reduce the potential cost of salaries to
employee or representative.

QB4. Describe artificial intelligence with example.

Ans: Artificial intelligence or AI refers to software technologies that make a robot or computer act and
think like a human. Artificial intelligence is a theory and development of computer systems that can
perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Speech recognition, decision-making, visual
perception, for example, is features of human intelligence that artificial intelligence may possess.
There are many different fields of Al, including 'robotics', but one of the most commonly known
forms is referred to as 'machine learning'. This involves a program applying known information to
new experiences and 'learning' how to take this historical information and its experiences into account
in future actions. Machine learning can find patterns in large amounts of data that humans might
otherwise miss.

Example of Artificial Intelligence:

 A.I. is also used for Machine Learning. It learns from our daily routines and suggests us different
options. Like google maps suggest the best ways for our daily commute.
 A.I. is vastly used in scientific experiment, healthcare and space technologies.

 Artificial intelligence is most commonly used in video games, where the computer is made to
act as another player.

 One of the biggest challenges for ridesharing services such as Uber and Ola was pricing. How
can they determine prices for various scenarios? To tackle this problem, they use dynamic
pricing, which, as you would’ve guessed, is based on Machine Learning and AI.

 Artificial Intelligence has many applications in the field of economics. For example, companies
like Betterment and Wealth front are using AI to give customers investing advice that’s based
on the best practices of expert investors.

QB9: Prepare a table of generation.

Generations Period Technology Examples of machines

First 1940 to 1956 Vacuum tube ENIAC, UNIVAC

Second 1956 to 1963 Transistors IBM 7094, IBM 1401

Third 1964 t0 1971 ICs IBM 360, IBM 370

Forth 1971 to present Microprocessors Apple Macintosh, IBM PCs

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
 Eras Major Innovations

1 Mechanical Era ( dark age) Abacus, Napier’s Bones, Slide Rules, Pascaline or
Pascal’s Calculator, Leibniz’s calculator, Babbage’s
Difference And Analytical Engines.

2 Electro-Mechanical Era(Middle Age) Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

3 Electronic Era

Fifth Present and beyond Artificial intelligence Humanoid Robot

Activity 1: Develop a timeline for major innovations in computer evolutions.

Activity 4: List analog, digital and hybrid devices from your surroundings (any five).

Analog devices:

1. CRT (cathode ray tube) televisions and monitors.

2. VCR (video cassette recorder) players and tapes.

3. Any clock without a digital display.

4. Speedometer of car.

5. Traditional laser photocopiers.

Digital devices:

1. Smartphone, tablet and smart watches

2. ATM

3. Laptop/Personal Computer

4. Microwave ovens

5. Automatic washing machines

Hybrid devices:

1. Electrocardiogram Machine

2. Ultrasound Machine

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 3. Monitoring Machine

4. Auto Gasoline pump

5. Thermometer

QB5: Discuss Impact and Non-impact Printers with examples.

ANS: Impact and Non-Impact Printers are two categories of the printer. Impact printers involve
mechanical components for conducting printing. While in Non-Impact printers, no mechanical
moving component is used.

Impact Printers:

It is a type of printer that works by direct contact of an ink ribbon with paper. These printers are
typically loud but remain in use today because of their unique ability to function with multi part
forms. An impact printer has mechanisms resembling those of a typewriter.

Examples of Impact Printers:

Dot-matrix printers, Daisy-wheel printers, and line printers

Non-Impact Printers:

It is a type of printer that does not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They used laser, xerographic,
electrostatic, chemical and inkjet technologies. Non-impact printers are generally much quieter.
They are less likely to need maintenance or repairs than earlier impact printers.

Example of Non-Impact Printers:

Inkjet printers and Laser printers.

Printer

Dot-matrix Daisy-wheel Line

printers printer printers

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

QB6: Write the use of these storage devices: Hard Disk, USB Flash Disk, SD Card.

Uses of Hard Disk:

 Desktop computers  TV and satellite recorders

 Laptop computers  Servers and mainframes

 Portable (external) drives are sometimes used to backup home computers or transfer large files

Uses of USB Flash Disk:

 USB memory sticks - saving and transferring documents etc.

 They're lightweight and small so we can bring a thumb drive anywhere we go.

Uses of SD Card :

 SD and micro SD memory cards are often used to record and store photos, music, videos, apps and
files.

 Both card types can store data taken directly from a device while users are on the go, such as
photos or videos of party, increasing their value because they allow users to store their memories
as they occur.

 They are mostly used in smart phones to enhance their storage capacity.

B7: Which monitor will you prefer in your school: CRT or FPD? Why?

Ans: I prefer FPD (Flat Panel Display) because

 They take up less desk space and their prices continue to drop.

 FPDs are more susceptible to accidental or deliberate damage

 FPDs have more lifetime than CRT.

 FPDs are, on average, brighter than CRTs.

 An inexpensive FPO may have a better contrast ratio than an excellent CRT monitor.

 Those big CRT monitors also produce a lot of heat, which wastes energy.

 FOPs consume less power and this can lead to a considerable reduction in the power
bill.

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

QB8.List any five components present on motherboard.

Microprocessor (CPU), Ports, Buses, RAM, ROM

Prepare a list of input and output devices and write their uses.

Input Devices:

Input devices are used to enter data into computers. These devices can be categorized into Text Entering,
Pointing end Image Scanning Devices. Following are some input devices.

Keyboard (Text Entering Devices):

It is the most common text entering device and used to enter data usually in text format or to perform other
controlling functions. When a key is pressed, keyboard controller chip sends its corresponding code in
keyboard buffer called scan code, which is processed by CPU.

Pointing Devices (Mouse and its Variants):

They are used for the quick movement of cursor on screen needed usually in graphic mode. It includes
mouse, joystick, track ball and track pad.

Image Scanners:

Scanners convert image into electronic format understandable by computers through light sensing. They
also work on Optical Recognition which occurs when a device scans a clear printed surface and translates
the image into machine readable formats that a computer understands. Image scanners include Optical
Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Barcode Reader (OBR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR).

Others Types of Input Devices:

There are also other input devices. For example, microphones are used to accept sound input and convert
it in digital audio format. Microphones are also used for voice recognition which can convert voice input
into text files. Touch Screen is also used for input. It accepts input directly on monitor by touching finger
or any object on the screen. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) and Magnetic Strip Reader are
also used for input.

Output Devices:

A hardware device that sends data from a computer (CPU) to another device or user is called an output
device. The most common output devices of a computer are monitor and printer. There are two types of
output devices.

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

(i) Soft Copy Output Devices:

It is screen display or voice output. It is volatile output and lost when other output is shown or computer is
turned off. Following are some of the devices used to give output in soft form.

(a) Monitors:

It is TV like device that displays data by small bright dots called pixels. Monitors are of two types.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Flat Panel Display (FDP)

(b) Data Projectors:

Data projectors are used to show colorful slides and images directly from computer disk on a wall or large
screen through an optical lens. They are also called digital light projectors and video projectors.

(c) Speakers:

Speakers give output in form of sound. They are good for people with visual disabilities or where display
is not easy.
(ii) Hard Copy Output Devices:

It is output on paper. It is nonvolatile output that is relatively stable and permanent form. Hard Copy

Output Devices are:

(a) Printers:

They usually give output on paper and can print both text and graphics. There are two types of printers:
Impact, Non-impact
(b) Plotters:
Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large format images such as maps,
construction drawing, advertising hoardings etc.
Activity3: Make a list of specification that you should know before buying a computer.

o RAM o Resolution
o Processor o Size and weight
o Storage o Operating system
o Screen Size o Connectivity

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 QB2: Differentiate compiler and assembler?

Compiler Assembler

1 Compiler translates high level Programming Assembler converts the assembly level
language code to machine level code language to machine level code.

2 Compiler checks and converts the complete Assembler generally does not convert
code at one time complete code at one time

3 There are 7 phases of the compiler: There are only two phases of an assembler:

Lexical Analyzer ,Syntax analyzer, First Phase

Semantic analyzer, Intermediate code
generated ,Code optimizer ,Code generator , Second Phase
Error handler

4 It inputs source code It inputs assembly level code

5 The output is a mnemonic version of The output is Binary code

machine code

6 Example of compiler are C, C++ , Java Examples of assembler are GAS, GNU
compilers assemblers.
QB3: Differentiate System and Application Software.

System Software Application software

System Software is the type of software Application software is the type of software
1 which is the interface between application which runs as per user request. It runs on the
software and system. platform which is provided by system
software.
2 In general System software are developed in While In case of Application software high
low level language which is more compatible level language is used for their development
with the system hardware in order to as they are developed as some specific
interact with. purpose software.
3 System software is used for operating application software is used by user to
computer hardware. perform specific task.
4 System software’s are installed On the Application software’s are installed
computer when operating system is installed. according to user's requirements.
Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
 No user interaction available in case of In application software user can interacts
5 system software. with it as user interface is available in this
case.
System software can run independently. It Application software can't run independently.
6 provides platform for running application They can't run without the presence of
software. system software.
Some examples of system software's are some examples of application software's are
7 complier, assembler, debugger, driver, word processor, web browser, media player
etc. etc.

QB10. Give example of business, education, entertainment and productivity software.

MS Word Tux Paint VLC Media Player Core IDRAW

Google Docs Delta Drawing Windows Movie Maker Blender

MS Access Mind Play Adobe Photoshop Paint shop Pro

Activity 5: Label the following block diagram of computer system.

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 Short/Detailed Question Answer
Q1: What is Computer?

Ans: A computer is an electronic data processing machine or device that performs processes, calculations
and operations based on instructions provided by a program.

Q2: Describe the mechanical era of computer evolution.

Ans: Mechanical Era. (Dark Age):

Men have been trying to invent machines that can solve mathematical problems. In mechanical era, human
became successful to make simple machines that could help performing simple arithmetic operation, in
other words computing. These machines were manually operated since the electricity was not invented.
Some of the important machines of this era are:
a)Abacus (3000 B.C.):
Abacus was invented about 5000 years ago. It is also known as counting frame. Abacus is still used to teach
basic arithmetic operations to the students. Abacus is considered as first computer prototype.
b) Napier's Bones (1612 A.D.):
Scottish mathematician John Napier developed Napier's Bones, in 1612. It is also called Napier's Rods. It
was a small machine that contained ten rods. The rods were made up of bones, wood or metal. Napier's
bones was used for multiplication and division.

(c) Slide Rule {1622 A.D.J:

English mathematician William Oughtred invented a Slide Rule. This was basically a pair of two moveable
rules placed side by side. They had a standardized set of markings called scales. These scales were used for
mathematical computations. Slide Rule was used to multiply and divide numbers. The modem slide rules
are still used in some countries.

(d) Pascaline or Pascal's Calculator {1642 A.D.}:

French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculator which was called Pascaline. He
developed this machine to help his father who was a tax collector. Pascaline can perform addition and
subtraction by eight figures. User had to adjust wheels in order to perform calculations.

(e) Leibniz's Calculator {1694 AD):

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Leibniz's Calculator was developed by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also
called stepped reckoner. It was the first calculator that could perform all four basic arithmetic operations;
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

(f) Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engines (1822 and 1837 A.D.):

Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and mechanical engineer. He is known as Father of
Computer because he developed the first complete computing machine. His first invention was Difference
Engine. It was an automatic mechanical calculator. Difference Engine was a large machine, made, of metal
and was powered by steam. Difference Engine had storage (mechanical memory) that could hold the data
temporarily for processing and to store results. It was used to allow a user to enter calculations and get
printed results. The difference Engine worked on deference equations.

Then, Charles Babbage designed but could not build a very big machine in 1837. This was named Analytical
Engine. The proposed design included an ALU its basic programmatic flow control. It was programmed
using punched cards and contained integrated memory. Historians consider it to be the first design concept a
general-purpose computer because of its comprehensive design.

Q3: Name the eras of evolution of computers.

Ans: Eras of Evolution of Computers:

The computers which we see today are modem shape of computers which have been evolved since centuries.
The evolution of computers is generally divided in following three eras.
(i) Mechanical Era. (Dark Age)
(ii) Electro-Mechanical Era (Middle Age)
(iii) Electronic Era (Modem Age)
Q4: Describe the electro-mechanical era of computer evolution.

Ans: Electro-Mechanical Era (Middle Age):

This era starts from the mid of 19th century. In this era scientists became able to develop faster and more
accurate computing machines as they were powered by steam and electricity. One of such machines was
Tabulating Machine.

Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machine (1890 A.O.):

It was invented by American inventor Herman Hollerith in 1890. Hollerith's first tabulator was used for the
U.S. 1890 Census. Because of Hollerith's tabulating machine census data took only six months to compile,
which was very fast as compared to previous U.S. census in 1880 which took 7 years to be completed.
Hollerith Tabulating Machine became very famous and used in many offices of U.S. Government. His
tabulating machine could read and sorted out data from punched cards.
Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
Q.5: Describe the electronic era of computer evolution.

Ans:Electronic Era (Modern Age):

The advancement in the vacuum or electron tube gave birth to the electronic era. In this era the true
computers were invented which worked on the principle of input, store, process and output. Continuous
advancement in electronic engineering increased deficiency and speed of computers considerably. The
electronic era may be categorized in generations on the basis of core technology used to build computers.

 The First Generation of Computers (1940 to 1956)

 The Second Generation of Computers (1956 to 1963)
 The Third Generation of computers (1964 to 1971)
 The Fourth Generation of computers (1971 to Present)
 The Fifth Generation of Computers {Present and Beyond)
Q.6: Describe the characteristics of the first generation of computers.

First Generation of Computers (1940 to 1956):

 Firs generation of computer was based on vacuum tubes.

 First generation computers were very large in size.
 This generation used machine language (i.e. l's and O's).
 Magnetic drums were used as primary internal storage medium and punched cards for input.
 In this generation mainly batch processing operating system was used.
 Computers of this generation were primarily used for scientist and research purposes. Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) are
examples of first generation computers.

Q.7: What do you know about the second generation of computers?

Ans: Second Generation of Computers (1956 to 1963):

 Second generation of computer was based on transistors. Because of transistors computers became
smaller, faster, cheaper and more efficient.
 Assembly language and a high-level language FORTRAN were introduced.
 Magnetic core was used as primary internal storage medium. Punched Cards were used for input.
 Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating systems were used.
 These computers were mainly used for commercial productions, scientific and engineering analysis
and design.
 Examples are IBM 7094 end IBM1401.

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Q8: Briefly describe the characteristics of the third generation of computers.

Ans: Third Generation of Computers (1964 to 19711):

 Third generation of computer was based on ICs .The use of ICs further decreased size of computers
and increased the speed and efficiency.
 In this generation less expensive computers were introduced.
 High level programming languages such as Pascal and COBOL were used.
 Keyboard as input and monitor as output also eased the use of computer.
 Time sharing and Real-time Operating Systems were used.
 The use of computers was extended to database management and automatic industrial control.
 IBM 360 and IBM 370 are the examples of this generation's computers.

Q9: Describe the characteristics of the fourth generation of computers.

Ans: Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 to Present)

 Fourth generation of computers was based on Microprocessor.

 The invention of microprocessors was revolutionary which caused the development of faster, less
expensive, smaller and more reliable computers.
 They used semi-conductor memories RAM and ROM and magnetic storage became popular.
 More high-level languages were introduced like C, C++, Java, etc.
 These computers are used in almost every field of life, like space applications, business and art work.
 Time sharing, real time and distributed operating system are used. This generation also saw
the development of graphics User Interfaces (GUTS).Examples are Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.

Q 10: What do you know about the fifth generation of computers? Or Describe the characteristics of
the fifth generation of computers and its main features.

Ans: Fifth Generation of Computers (Present and Beyond):

 Fifth Generation computing devices are still being developed.

 In this generation, computers will be capable of self- learning, reasoning and generalization.
 These computers or controlled machines like robot will also be able to process human languages.
 The branches of AI include: Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing,
Robotics and Expert Systems.
Main Features

• Technology Used: Artificial Intelligence Technology, still being developed

• Size: very tiny in size

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 • Language: Al (Artificial Intelligence) include; Machine Learning, Deep Learning. Natural language Processing,
Robotics and Expert Systems. These computers or controlled machines like robot will also be able to process human
languages.
• Main memory (internal storage): EEPROM, SIMM, DIMM
• External storage: Modified magnetic and optical disk etc.
• 1/0 Device: Keyboard, pointing device, scanner (input) Monitor, printer (output) etc.
• Operating system: GUI based Microsoft windows 95 and onward, Windows NT.
• Use: In all fields of life. Computers will be capable of self- learning, reasoning and generalization.
• Example: laptop, notebook, digital diary, Android, Pocket PC, Palm top, Humanoid Robots.

Q11: Write down the names of different ways of computer classification.

Ans: Classification of Computers:

Classification of computer

Technology/ Type Size Purpose

Of Data Handled

Analog Super General

computer Purpose
Main frame
Digital computer Special
Hybrid Purpose
Mini computer

Micro
computer

Q12: Describe the classification of computers according to technology.

Ans: Classification of Computers According to Technology:

According to technology or type of data they handle, computers are classified into three types.
(a) Analog Computers:
Analog Computers are used to process analog data. Analog data are in the form of continuously
varying physical quantities like pressure, temperature, voltage, speed and weight. Examples of
Analog computer are speedometer of a car, voltmeter etc.

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(b) Digital Computers:
Digital Computers are most commonly used type of computers. They are used to process information with
quantities using the binary number system (O's end l's). Digital Computers are used in home, educational
institutes, offices, business, scientific fields, etc.
(c) Hybrid Computers:
Hybrid Computers are the combination of Analog and Digital Computer system. These computers combine
analog and digital features of computers in a single machine. A Hybrid Computer uses analog to digital and
digital to analog conversion. It may input or output either digital or analog data.
Q13: How can we classify computers according to their sizes?
Ans: Classification of Computers According to Size:

Computers are also divided into four groups according to their size.

(a) Super Computers:

Super Computers are the most powerful, fastest and largest computers. They are extremely expensive.
These computers are widely used in scientific applications such as aerodynamics, design simulations,
processing of geological data, weather forecasting and nuclear research.
(b) Mainframe:

Mainframe Computers are powerful multi-user and multi-processors computers. They can process huge
amount of calculations at very high speed. Mainframes are also very expensive and require a lot of
technical expertise to be installed and operated. They are used in banks and many large business
organizations where several users work simultaneously.
(c) Minicomputer:

These are smaller than mainframe computers, but they are more powerful than microcomputers.
Minicomputers usually use multi-user operating System. Multiple users can use the minicomputers
through terminals. Minicomputers may be used as network servers and internet servers. DEC VAX and
IBM AS/400 are good examples of minicomputers.
(d) Microcomputers:

Microcomputers are also called Personal Computers (PCs). The use of microprocessor has made computers
cheaper yet faster and more reliable. These are the smallest computers designed to be used by individuals.
PCs can be used for variety of tasks like documentation, calculations, illustration and entertainment. The
power of network and internet has also made it more useful. Now computers are also used for
communication and socialization.
Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
Q.14: Describe the classification of computers according to purpose.

Ans: Classification of Computers According to Purpose:

According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or special purpose.

(a) General Purpose Computers:

Most computers in use today are General Purpose Computers. These computers can process variety of
tasks. These computers can store and execute different programs in their memory. Therefore, various
tasks like word processing (typing & editing), payrolls, accounts, inventory control, manipulating facts
in a database, making scientific calculations and statistical data analysis, and controlling security system
of an organizations are achieved by these computers. Desktops, laptops, tablets and smart phones are
examples of General Purpose Computers.

(b) Special Purpose Computers:

As the name states, Special Purpose Computers are designed to perform species tasks. Special Purpose
Computers repeatedly perform single job more efficiently. They are also known as Dedicated Computers.
These computers are useful in traffic lights control system, gravitational system, aviation, weather
forecasting, satellite tracking and ATMs.

Q15: Explain the uses of computers in different fields of life.

Ans: Role and Uses of Computer:
The role of computer in our lives is increasing day by day. Different aspects of the changing role of
computer are as follows:
Computers in Different Fields of Life:

We are living today in the information era and the information has become one of the most valuable
assets. To process this information, we make use of computers in various fields in our daily life.
Computers have been integrated in our life in different shapes and sizes like desktops, laptops, mobile
phones, gaming consoles and smart devices. Our lives have become so dependent of computers that we
cannot work even a single day without the help of it. We have automated many of the repetitive tasks
with the help of more advanced, faster and accurate computers and brought our routine tasks, office
work, businesses, researches and industrial applications to a new level .Computers are largely used in
every field of life. Manufacturing, ecommerce, education, medical, banking, communication,
entertainments engineering, agriculture, architecture, business, defense, and sports are highly influenced
by computers.
Computers in Today's World:

21st century is the era of technological revolution. In the past technology was only used to access and share
information. However, with the passage of time, the rapid change in technology has made it nearly

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 impossible to perform any human activity without its use. Computers are playing an important part in our
daily life. News, weather updates, travelling information and bookings, money transfer and even taxi
bookings are done with the help of mobile phone apps. Many managerial tasks are also done by computer
software. School, library and hospital management are some examples. Online shopping is becoming a
trend in our society too.
Computers are also providing variety of choices for entertainment like online games in which players from
different parts of the world can participate simultaneously. 3D graphical software has given a new look
to movies in which different comic characters can act with human actors. Photo, sound and video editor
software not only help artists and singers to produce extraordinary creations but also inexperienced people
can enjoy their productivity with ease of use.

Q16: Discuss the emerging computer technology for tomorrow's world.

Ans: The emerging technologies are also getting better day by day and we can imagine that how computer
will be used in future. Artificial intelligence, robotics, wireless communication and virtual realities are
some areas which are shaping the modern world.

Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence is based on simulating human intelligence in machines that can easily mimic and
execute tasks from simple to more complex operations. The term Al may also be referred to any machine
that displays qualities associated with a human brain such as learning, reasoning, and problem solving. AI
is also used for machine learning. It learns from our daily routines and suggests us different options. Like
Google maps suggest the best ways for our daily commute. Al is vastly used in scientific experiment,
healthcare and space technologies.

Robots:

Robots are the machines that can be controlled by a computer and are capable of carrying out a complex
series of actions automatically. Robot scan be controlled by an external control device or through
programming. Robotics deals with designing, creating and programming of the robot and enhancing it by
taking sensory feedback and processing information. Robots are commonly used in manufacturing,
industry, science, medicine and education.

Wireless Communication:

Wireless Communication has become an integral part of our lives. Wireless communication technology
transmits information using electromagnetic waves like IR (Infrared), RF (Radio Frequency), satellite,
etc. Global Positioning System (GPS) is now used to find real time location of people and objects. Smart
phones that include 3G, 4G and SG networks have transformed the conventional use of telephones. These

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 phones not only provide better coverage but also fast mobile internet experience Wireless Communication
is also giving new meaning to the socialization and human interactivity.

Virtual Reality:
Virtual Reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and presented to the user in a way
that the user feels it as a real environment. Virtual reality can be used for the simulation of a real
environment for training and education. It is also used for development of an imagined environment for a
game or interactive story.

Q17: Discuss the scope of the different careers in IT sector. Ans: Careers in IT Field:
Today Computer Science plays a key role in all fields of life. Computer Science (CS) jobs are ranked as
having some of the highest salaries in the world. It's no surprise that computer science and information
technology (IT) are changing tomorrow's job market. Let's look at different careers that are present in the IT
sector.
(i) Software Engineer:
A Software Engineer is a person who uses different programming languages to develop software products
like games, learning management system (LMS), business applications, educational and entertainment
software.

(ii) Network Administrator:

Network Administrator is an IT expert who manages an organization's network. He or She is responsible
for installing, maintaining and upgrading any software or hardware required to efficiently run a computer
network.

(iii) Database Administrator:

A Database Administrator (also known as DBA) is a skilled professional who maintains a secure database
environment in an office, business or organization.

(iv) Web Designer:

Web is short for World Wide Web or www. This is another name for internet. Web designers are people
who build websites. They prepare a site's content with eye catching designs, attractive images and strong
text. They rely on many web designing tools to ensure an interactive website. How the site works and how
it looks is the responsibility of web designers. They are also responsible for maintaining end updating an
existing site.

(v) Graphic Designer:

Graphic is another word for image. Graphics Designers develop overall layouts of brochures, magazines
and other types of published advertisements and documents. They do this by using various computer
graphics software. This task is usually accomplished by combining art and technology, conveying ideas
through images, layout of websites and printed matter.

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

(vi) Information Security Analyst:
These people protect networks... They plan and carry out security measures to ensure that no loss of data
(or information) occurs. We can call them the police force of the internet. Computer technology has
expanded into online banking and businesses. Computer hackers are always on the lookout for customer
account details that they can use to steal money. Information Security Analysts ensure that no such theft
occurs.

(vii) Computer Science or IT Teacher:

Another very rewarding career for Computer Science graduates and post-graduates is teaching in schools,
colleges and universities. These instructors instill in their students the importance of computers in today's
world, and the impact these machines will have in their later lives.

Q18: Write short note on mother board.

Motherboard:
The motherboard is the main board which connects different parts of computer. It includes the following
general components: Microprocessor (CPU), Slots, Ports, Buses, RAM, ROM and other electronic
components for example resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, jumpers etc. Just like nervous system it
allows communication between all parts of the computer. We can find CPU, memory slots, expansion
slots and a number of chipsets on motherboard. Motherboards are made of layered fiberglass. These layers
contain copper lines that form the circuitry by which electrical signals are provided to all parts of
computer. Various components of computer may be attached, detached and upgraded on motherboard
according to need of the user. Motherboards also have connectors called ports. These ports are used to
connect input, output and other peripheral devices.

Q19: Write short note on Microprocessor.

Microprocessor (CPU):
CPU or microprocessor is the brain of computer. The microprocessor is a chip containing millions of tiny
transistors. These transistors manipulate data. Microprocessor performs all the calculations necessary to
make the computer work. These calculations are performed at very high speed and accuracy.
Microprocessor is made up of silicon. The microprocessor fetches, decodes, executes and stores all the
instructions given by the user or any other device. The speed of computer mainly depends upon the speed
of microprocessor. A microprocessor that has faster clock speed (measured in GHz) and more cores and
cache works faster.

Q.20: Describe the components of a microprocessor.

Ans: There are typically five components of a microprocessor.

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

(a) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
ALU performs all the actual calculations like arithmetic operations and logical comparisons. Arithmetic
operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division while logical comparisons include
comparing, selecting and matching of data.

(b) Control Unit (CU):

Control Unit is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
computer. This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual
data processing operations. CU functions just like a traffic policeman. It manages and coordinates all the
units of the computer.

(c) Clock:
Clock generates pulses and instructions are executed on the basis of pulses. Clock speed is measure in
MHz and GHz.

(d) Registers:
It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that is being processed. It is also known as programming
model which may be of 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits or 64 bits.

(e) Cache:
Cache is an intermediate storage area, which is available inside microprocessor. The immediate processed
information is stored in cache. The cache inside the microprocessor is called internal cache and outside is
called external cache.
Q.21: What are buses in computer? Define the types of buses.
Ans: Buses In computer, Buses are the electric paths on which data is sent and received by different
components. They are just like roads. As roads connect different places, buses connect all the parts of the
computer to each other. They also connect all internal components on the motherboard. There are three
types of buses:

i. Control Bus:
Control Bus carries command between different components to control all activities in a computer.
ii. Data Bus:
It carries data between the processor, memory unit and other components.
iii. Address Bus:
It carries the address of the data (but not the data). The address bus is used to specify memory location to be
used by micro-process for specific operation.

Q.22: Define computer software. Write the names of its types.

Ans: Computer Software:

Software is a set of instructions that a computer uses to perform a task. It is a general term for a computer
program. There are two main types of software:
Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
(i) System Software (ii) Application Software

Q 22: Describe storage devices and its types.

Storage Devices:
A storage device refers to a hardware used to store information. There are two types of storage devices:
Primary and Secondary.

(i) Primary Storage Devices:

Primary storage devices are used by computer during processing. They are quite smaller in storage
capacity. Most primary storage devices are found inside the computer, and they have the fastest access to
data. Primary data include RAM and ROM.
ROM: ROM is the Read Only Memory. It is permanent memory. ROM is quite small in capacity. It stores
the major setting of computer permanently.
RAM: RAM is Random Access Memory. RAM is volatile means it loses its content as the power supply is
disconnected. This is used to store data and instructions temporarily.

(ii) Secondary Storage Devices:

Secondary storage devices have a larger storage capacity and can store data permanently. Users save their
data on secondary storage devices. Hard Disk, CD and DVD, SD Card and USB flash disk are examples of
secondary storage devices.
Example: Hard Disc, Secure Digital Card, Pen Drive, DVD, CD,

Q22: Describe the basic operations of a computer.

Basic Operations of a Computer:
A computer is a machine that acts according to the instructions given by the user. A computer performs
four basic operations: input, processing, output and storage.
(i) Input:
Computer input has many forms. It can be from a command entered using a keyboard or a mouse. It can be
data sent from another computer on a net-work.
(ii) Processing:
Processing is done inside the computer by CPU. Processing is the conversion of input into output. After
processing, data is turned into meaningful information. This is carried out with thehelp of arithmetic and
logical operations.
(iii) Storage:
Storage refers to the holding or saving data. RAM, ROM and Hard Disk are the devices that are used for
storage.

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

(iv) Output:
Output is the result of a computer processing. Output may be viewed on a monitor screen, heard through
speakers or printed on paper. Here, monitor screen, speakers and printer are called output devices.

Q23: Define and explain system software and its types.

System Software:
System software is a computer program that coordinates all activities and functions of a computer. It also
controls all the operations of the computer hardware. It includes operating systems, device driver's utility
programs and language translators.

(i) Operating System:

Operating system is the master control program that manages all the system resources. It creates an
interface between computer system and user. Windows and Linux are commonly operating systems.

(iii) Device Drivers:

Device drivers are computer programs that control a particular device when it is connected to a computer.
Any hardware that we have in our computer must have a device driver to communicate with operating
system. A device driver is a translator between the operating system and the hardware device. For many
devices, operating system has drivers pre-installed in them. This gave rise to the concept of plug and play,
where the device would be attached to the computer and the operating system will instantly recognize it. A
non-plug-and-play device would require you to go through several steps of installing drivers and setting up
the device before it would work.
(iv) Utility Programs:
Utility means being useful. Utility programs are useful computer programs that help to manage, maintain
and control computer resources. Operating systems usually have pre-installed programs that can serve the
purpose, but utility software provides further functionality. One example of utility program is in antivirus
software. This computer program helps to protect a computer from viruses and other harmful files.
Hard Disk tools are also part of utility programs. They manage hard disk drives and other storage devices.
This includes utilities to scan the hard disks for any potential problems. Disk cleaner utility is used to
remove any unnecessary files while disk defragmenter is used to re-organize file on a hard disk drive to
increase performance of disk.

(v) Language Translators:

Language Translators are used to translate human readable instructions into machine language. Computer
can only understand machine language which is composed of O's and l's. The computer languages are used
to make computer programs (software). Generally, software is written in high-level languages, using natural
language words. Language translators are of three types: assembler, compiler and interpreter.
Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
 (a) Assembler:
The assembler translates the program written in assembly language into machine language instructions for
execution.
(b) Compiler:
It translates the entire high-level language program at once into machine language before it is executed.
(c) Interpreter:

It translates the high-level language program line by line into machine language

Q.36: Describe application software.

Application Software:
Application Software is used to complete specific tasks, such as creating documents, databases,
spreadsheets and presentations. Computer games, media players and web browsers are also the examples
of application software. User needs to install application software to accomplish specific tasks.
Application software’s are not pre-installed on operating system. They are installed separately. For
example, making spreadsheet is not possible with Windows. For that application software such as MS
Excel is used. There are different types of application software.

(i) Productivity Software:

This kind of application software is used to produce things such as documents, spreadsheets, databases and
presentations. Many of the productivity software are intended to be used in businesses and offices. MS
Office for windows is an example of productivity software.

(ii) Business Software:

Business Software are used to manage business activities efficiently. It is used to provide many business
functions such as billing database management and inventory management.

(iii) Entertainment Software:

This type of software provides amusement and fulfills a user's hobby. The most common entertainment
software are video games.

(iv) Educational Software:

Educational software is used for teaching and learning. This kind of software is used in many schools to
enhance knowledge of students in learning different subjects.

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer.

1. The device that converts hard copy into soft copy is:
a) printer c) plotter
b) scanner d) barcode reader
2. Abacus was invented about:
a) 5000 years ago c) 3000 years ago
b) 4000 years ago d) (d) 2000 years ago
3. The programs that are generally installed to manage and maintain overall computer resources is:
a) operating system c) language translator
b) utility program d) device driver
4. Media players are:
a) Business software c) entertainment software
b) education software d) productivity software
5. Modern languages use
a) device driver c) interpreter
b) compiler d) converter
6. A collection of wires connecting the CPU with main memory that is used to identify particular locations is:
a) control bus c) address bus
b) data bus d) memory bus
7. The inexpensive and most commonly used computers are:
a) super computer c) minicomputer
b) mainframe computer d) microcomputer
8. Computer cannot start without:
a) operating system c) language translator
b) utility program d) device driver
9. Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed in:
a) Third generation c) mechanical era
b) fourth generation d) electro-mechanical era
10. A person who uses different programming languages to develop programs is:
a) database administrator c) software engineer
b) web designer d) graphic designer
11. The volatile memory
a) is permanent c) possesses large storage
b) loses contents as the power is disconnected d) manages hardware resources

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 12. It is considered as first computer prototype.
a) Napier's bones c) Slide rule
b) Abacus d) Pascal's calculator

13. It was a small machine that contained ten rod:

a) Napier's bones c) Slide rule
b) Abacus d) Pascal's calculator
14. Napier's bones was used for:
a) Addition & subtraction c) Subtraction & division
b) Addition & multiplication d) Multiplication & division
15. Slide rule was invented by:
a) John Napier c) Blaise Pascal
b) William Oughtred d) Gottfried Leibniz
16. Pascaline or Pascal's calculator was invented in:
a) 1642 c) 1622
b) 1612 d) 1694
17. Pascaline or Pascal's calculator can perform addition and subtraction by:
a) eight figures
b) seven figures
c) six figures
d) five figures
18. Leibniz's calculator was also called:
a) counting frame
b) Pascaline
c) stepped reckoner
d) analytical engine
19. It was the first calculator that could perform all four basic arithmetic operations.
a) Pascal's calculator c) Napier's bones
b) Slide rule d) Leibniz's calculator
20. The first complete computing machine was invented by:
a) John Napier
b) Charles Babbage
c) Blaise Pascal
d) Wilhelm Leibniz
21. He is known as 'Father of Computer'.
a) Charles Babbage
b) John Napier
c) William Oughtred
d) Blaise Pascal
22. Charles Babbage's first invention was:
a) analytical engine c) tabulating machine
b) difference engine d) Pascaline

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 23. It was an automatic mechanical calculator.
a) analytical engine c) tabulating machine
b) difference engine d) Pascaline
24. Historians consider it to be the first design concept of a general-purpose computer.
a) analytical engine c) tabulating machine
b) difference engine d) Pascaline
25. Electro-mechanical era starts from the mid of:
a) 16th century c) 18th century
b) 17th century d) 19th century
26. This first tabulator was used for the U.S. 1890 Census.
a) Blaise Pascal c) Charles Babbage
b) Herman Hollerith d) Wilhelm Leibniz
27. The advancement in the vacuum or electron tube gave birth to the:
a) Mechanical era c) Electronic era
b) Third generation computers d) Fourth generation computers
28. First Generation of Computers was based on:
a) vacuum tubes c) ICs
b) transistors d) microprocessors
29. ENIAC and UNIVAC are examples of:
a) First Generation Computers c) Fourth Generation Computers
b) Second Generation Computers d) Fifth Generation Computers
30. The second generation of computers became smaller, faster and more efficient because of:
a) vacuum tubes c) ICs
b) transistors d) Microprocessors

31. Third Generation of Computers was based on:

a) vacuum tubes c) ICs
b) transistors d) Microprocessors
32. IBM 7094 and IBM 1401 are examples of:
a) First Generation Computers c) Third Generation Computer
b) Second Generation Computers d) Fourth Generation Computers
33. IBM 360 and IBM 370 are examples of:
a) First Generation Computers c) Third Generation Computer
b) Second Generation Computers d) Fourth Generation Computers
34. Fourth Generation of Computers was based on:
a) vacuum tubes c) ICs
b) transistors d) Microprocessors
35. Use of semi-conductor memories RAM and ROM and magnetic storage became popular in:
a) First Generation Computers c) Third Generation Computer
b) Second Generation Computers d) Fourth Generation Computers
36. This generation also saw the development of Graphical User Interface (GUIs).
a) First Generation Computers c) Third Generation Computer
b) Second Generation Computers d) Fourth Generation Computers
37. According to technology or type of data, computers are classified into:
a) Two types c) Four types
b) Three types d) Five types

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 38. According to their size, computers are divided into:
a) Two types c) Four types
b) Three types d) Five types
39. The most powerful, fastest and largest computers are:
a) Super computers c) Mini computers
b) Mainframe computers d) Microcomputers
40. They are powerful multi-user and multi-processors computers.
a) Super computers c) Mini computers
b) Mainframe computers d) Microcomputers
41. They are also called Personal Computers (PCs).
a) Super computers c) Mini computers
b) Mainframe computers d) Microcomputers
42. According to purpose, computers are divided into:
a) Two types e) Four types
b) Three types f) Five types
43. Desktops, laptops, tablets and smart phones are examples of:
a) Mini computers c) General purpose computers
b) Special purpose computers d) Mainframe computers
44. ________ used to find real time location of people and objects.
a) A.I c) RF
b) IR d) GPS
45. It can be used for the simulation of a real environment for training and education.
a) Artificial Intelligence c) Robotics
b) Virtual reality d) GPS
46. An IT expert who manages an organization network is:
a) Software Engineer c) Graphic designer
b) Network Administrator e) Web designer
47. www stands for:
a) World Wide Web c) Wide World Web
b) Web World Wide d) Wide World Work

48. Motherboard have connectors called:

a) Jacks c) Slots
b) Ports d) Wires
49. A microprocessor typically has:
a) Three components c) Four components
b) Five components d) Six component
50. It is the part of computer that contains the primary devices.
a) Microprocessor c) System unit
b) Control unit d) ALU
51. It functions just like a traffic policeman and manages and coordinates all the units of computer.
a) Arithmetic logic unit c) Control Unit
b) System unit d) Registers
52. It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that is being processed.
a) Registers c) Cache
b) Address bus d) Data bus
53. It is an intermediate storage area, available inside microprocessor.
a) Registers c) Cache
b) Address bus d) Data bus
Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX
 54. The immediate processed information is stored in:
a) Registers c) Cache
b) Address bus d) Data bus
55. In computer, they are the electric paths on which data is sent or received by different components.
a) Buses c) Registers
b) Cache d) ALU
56. They converts image into electronic format understandable by computer through light sensing:
a) Input devices c) Printer
b) Scanner d) Output devices
57. It stores the major setting of computer permanently.
a) ROM c) Cache
b) Registers e) RAM
58. It is volatile memory and used to store data and instructions temporarily.
a) RAM c) Hard drive
b) ROM f) All of these
59. It is the master control program that manages all the system resources.
a) Device drivers c) Interpreter
b) Utility drivers d) Operating system
60. Antivirus software is an example of:
a) Device drivers c) Interpreter
b) Utility program d) Operating system
61. It is used to reorganize file on a hard disk drive to increase performance of disk.
a) Disk defragmenter c) Disk cleaner
b) Disk organizer d) Disk formation
62. It translates the entire high-level language program into machine language before it executed.
a) Assembler c) Interpreter
b) Compiler d) Translator
63. Computer games, media players and web browsers are the examples of:
a) Operating system c) Device driver
b) Utility programs d) Application software
64. MS Office for Windows is an example of:
a) Productivity software c) Entertainment software
b) Business software d) Educational software
65. It is a set of instructions or a program.
e) Hardware g) ALU
f) Software h) Control unit
66. Computer instructions are executed on the basis of:
a) Clock pulses c) ALU timing
b) CU timing d) Software instructions
67. Primary storage devices include:
a) Registers & Cache
b) Registers & RAM
c) RAM & ROM
d) Cache ROM
68. The evolution of computers is generally divided in following three eras.
a) Two c) Four
b) Three d) Five

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX

 69. First Generation of Computers were developing during:
a) 1940 to 1956 c) 1964 to 1971
b) 1956 to 1963 d) 1971 to Present
70. Second Generation of Computers were developing during:
a) 1940 to 1956 c) 1964 to 1971
b) 1956 to 1963 d) 1971 to Present
71. Third Generation of Computers were developing during:
a) 1940 to 1956 c) 1964 to 1971
b) 1956 to 1963 d) 1971 to Present
72. Fourth Generation of Computers were developing during:
a) 1940 to 1956 c) 1964 to 1971
b) 1956 to 1963 d) 1971 to Present
73. Computer ________is a collection of all the physical parts or components of a computer.
a) Hardware c) Malware
b) Software d) Live ware
74. The ________is the main board which connects different parts of computer.
a) Hard board c) Soft board
b) Motherboard d) keyboard
75. There are typically components of a microprocessor (CPU).
a) six c) Four
b) Three d) Five
76. Clock speed is measured in :
a) Minute and seconds c) Mb and Gb
b) MHz and GHz d) Hours and minutes
77. ________is a temporary storage area known as programming model of 8 bits,16 bits, 32 bits and 64bits.
a) Ports c) Cache
b) Register d) Buses
78. CPU has_____ buses.
a) Two c) Four
b) Three d) Five
79. The device that convert hard copy into soft copy is :
a) Printer c) Plotter
b) Scanner d) Driver
80. The most common__________ devices of a computer are keyboard and mouse.
a) Input c) Pointing device
b) Output d) Storage

Computer science Dare Arqam Schools Karachi Region Class IX