M.A.

M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Siruganur,Tiruchirappalli – 621 105.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

EC 3271 – CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

M.A.M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Siruganur, Tiruchirappalli – 621 105.
 M.A.M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Siruganur,Tiruchirappalli – 621 105.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Subject Name : CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

Subject Code : EC 3271

Year /Semester : I/ II

Branch : ECE

University : Anna University

Regulation : R2021

APPROVED BY
PREPARED BY REVIEWED BY

Dr. P. Ranjith
P.KAVITHA P.KAVITHA
Kumar
Name

HOD/ECE HOD/ECE PRINCIPAL

Designation

Signature

M.A.M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

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Siruganur, Tiruchirappalli – 621 105.

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 EC 3271 – CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LAB

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

● To gain hands- on experience in Thevenin & Norton theorem, KVL & KCL, and Superposition Theorems.

● To understand the working of RL,RC and RLC circuits

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Verifications of KVL & KCL.

2. Verifications of Thevenin & Norton theorem.

3. Verification of Superposition Theorem.

4. Verification of maximum power transfer Theorem

5. Determination of Resonance Frequency of Series & Parallel RLC Circuits.

6. Transient analysis of RL and RC circuits.

TOTAL: 30 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course, the student will be able to

● Design RL and RC circuits.

● Verify Thevinin & Norton theorem KVL & KCL, and Super Position Theorems

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CYCLE I
Ex.No Name of the Experiment Page
No

1 Verifications of KVL & KCL

2 Verifications of Thevenin & Norton theorem

3 Verification of Superposition Theorem

4 Verification of maximum power transfer Theorem

5 Determination of Resonance Frequency of Series & Parallel RLC Circuits

6 Transient analysis of RL and RC circuits.

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 1.VERIFICATION OF KVL & KCL (KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS)

AIM:

To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) (ii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KCL)

EQUIPMENTS & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipments & Range Quantity

No. Components
1 RPS (0-30) V 1
2 Ammeter (0-5) mA, (0-10) mA, (0-30) 2, 2, 1
mA respectively
3 Voltmeter (0-10) V 3
4 Resistor 1 KΩ 5
5 Bread Board 1
6 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):

KCL states that “the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals
zero”.

i.e., Sum of all currents entering a node = Sum of all currents leaving a node

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

KVL states that “the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit
equals zero”.

i.e., Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

PROCERURE:

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.

(2) Switch on the DC power supply and note down the corresponding ammeter
readings.

(3) Repeat the step 2 for different values in the voltage source.

(4) Finally verify KCL.

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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.

(2) Switch on the DC power supply and note down the corresponding voltmeter
readings.
(3) Repeat the step 2 for different values in the voltage source.

(4) Finally verify KVL.

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus (i) Kirchhoff’s Current Law & (ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law are verified.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):

TABULAR COLUMN:

VS I = I1 + I2
I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA)
(volts) (mA)

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

TABULAR COLUMN:

VS2 VS1 –
VS1 V1 V2 V3 V = V 1 + V2 + V3
(volts) VS2
(volts) (volts) (volts) (volts) (volts)
(volts)

Viva Questions :

1. State KCL and KVL.

2. What is meant by short circuit and open circuit?
3. Two resistances with the value of R1, R2 are connected in i) series and ii) parallel. What is the
equivalent resistance?

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4. Two inductors with the value of L1, L2 are connected in i) series and ii) parallel. What is the equivalent
inductance?
5. Two capacitors with the value of C1, C2 are connected in i) series and ii) parallel. What is the
equivalent capacitanc

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 2. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S & NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM:

To verify Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem using experimental set up.

EQUIPMENTS & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipments & Range Quantity

No. Components
1 RPS (0-30) V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10) V 1
3 Ammeter (0-1) mA 1
4 Resistor 1 KΩ, 560 Ω, 470 Ω, 1 Ω, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1
829.10 Ω, 10 KΩ, 5.6 KΩ, respectively
5.1 KΩ
5 Bread Board 1
6 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Thevenin’s theorem states that “any two terminal linear network having a number of
voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit
consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance”, where the value of the voltage
source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network, and
resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all the
energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.

NORTON’S THEOREM:

Norton’s theorem states that “any two terminal linear network having a number of
voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
single current source in parallel with a resistance”. The value of the current source is the short
circuit current between the two terminals of the network, and resistance is the equivalent
resistance measured between the terminals of the network with all the energy sources
replaced by their internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

General Circuit:

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram 1.

(2) Measure the voltage across the load using a voltmeter or multimeter after switching
on the power supply. Let it be VL.
To find Thevenin’s Voltage: (VTH)

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram 2.

(2) Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuited voltage V TH across the
output terminal.

To find Thevenin’s Resistance: (RTH)

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram 3.

(2) Remove the voltage source and replace it with an internal resistance as shown.

(3) Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the output
terminal.

Thevenin’s Circuit:

(1) Connect the power supply of VTH and resistance of RTH in series as shown in the
circuit diagram 4.

(2) Connect the load resistance RL and measure VL’ across the load resistance using a
voltmeter after switching on the power supply.

(3) Voltage measured with figure 1 should be equal to the voltage measured with this
circuit. (i.e., VL = VL’)

NORTON’S THEOREM:

General Circuit:

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram 5.

(2) Measure the current through the load using an ammeter or multimeter after
switching on the power supply. Let it be IL.

To find Norton’s Current: (IN)

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram 6.

(2) Remove the load resistance and short circuit the output terminal. Then measure the
current through the short circuited terminals.

To find Norton’s Resistance: (RN)

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram 7.

(2) Remove the voltage source and replace it with an internal resistance as shown.

(3) Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the output
terminal.
Norton’s Circuit:

(1) Draw the short circuit current source IN in parallel with RN as shown in the circuit
diagram 8.
(2) Draw the equivalent circuit by replacing the current source I N in parallel with RN by
a voltage source such that Veq = IN . RN volts.

(3) Then connect the circuit as shown in figure 9 and measure the load current I L’
through the load resistor RL. This must be equal to IL.

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus Thevenin’s theorem & Norton’s theorem are verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

(a) FIGURE 1

(b) FIGURE 2

(c) FIGURE 3
(d) FIGURE 4

TABULAR

VTH RTH VL’

VS (volts) VL (volts) (volts) (ohms) (volts)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NORTON’S THEOREM:
(e) FIGURE 5
(f) FIGURE 6

(g) FIGURE 7
(h) FIGURE 8

(i) FIGURE 9

TABULAR COLUMN:

Veq = IN .
VS (volts) IL (mA) IN (mA) RN (KΩ) RN IL’ (mA)
(volts)

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. How Rth is obtained in any circuit for applying Thevenin’s and Norton’s
theorem?
2. What is Vth or Thevenin’s voltage?
3. How Vth is obtained in any circuit for applying Thevenin’s theorem?
4. What is IN or Norton’s current?
5. How IN is obtained?
 3. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM:
To verify Superposition theorem for (i) Symmetrical T- Network (ii) Asymmetrical T-
Network (iii) Symmetrical π Network

EQUIPMENTS & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipments & Range Quantity

No. Components
1 RPS (0-30) V 1
2 Ammeter (0-1) mA, (0-10) mA 1 each
3 Resistor 10 KΩ, 22 KΩ, 5.8 KΩ, 1 3, 1, 1, 1
Ω respectively
4 Bread Board 1
5 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

Superposition theorem states that “in any linear network containing two or more
sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by
the individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative”.

While considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage and current
sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across the terminal
respectively.

PROCEDURE:

(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.

(2) Switch on the DC power supplies VS1 & VS2 (e.g.: to 10 V & 5 V) and note down the
corresponding ammeter reading. Let this current be I.

(3) Replace the power supply VS2 (5 V) by its internal resistance and then switch on the
supply VS1 (10 V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading. Let this current be I1.

(4) Now connect back the power supply V S2 (5 V) and replace the supply V S1 (10 V) by
its internal resistance.

(5) Switch on the supply VS2 (5 V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading.
Let this current be I2.

(6) Repeat the steps 2 to 5 for different values of VS1 & VS2.

(7) Verify the theorem using the relation I = I 1 + I2 (for T- Network) & I = I1 ~ I2 (for
Symmetrical π- Network)
CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus Superposition theorem is verified for the following (i) Symmetrical T- Network (ii)
Asymmetrical T- Network (iii) Symmetrical π- Network.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SYMMETRICAL T- NETWORK:
(a) When both VS1 & VS2 are active

(b) When VS1 acts alone

(c) When VS2 acts alone

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TABULAR COLUMN:

VS1 VS2 I = I1 + I2
(volts) (volts) I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA)
(mA)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

ASYMMETRICAL T- NETWORK:

(a) When both VS1 & VS2 are active

(b) When VS1 acts alone

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 (c) When VS2 acts alone

TABULAR COLUMN:

VS1 VS2 I = I1 + I2
(volts) (volts) I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA)
(mA)

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State superposition theorem.
2. What is duality theorem?
3. Explain dependent sources and sources transformation.
4. Explain Star-Delta conversion
5. State voltage division rule & State current division rule

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 4.VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER & RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM:

To verify Maximum Power Transfer & Reciprocity Theorem for the given
circuit.

EQUIPMENTS & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipments & Range Quantity

No. Components
1 RPS (0-30) V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10) V 1
3 Ammeter (0-10) mA 1
4 Resistor 10 KΩ, 1 KΩ 1, 3 respectively
5 Capacitor 0.1 μF 1
6 Decade Resistance Box 1
7 Decade Inductance Box 1
8 Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1
9 CRO with probes 20 MHz 1
10 Bread Board 1
11 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that “maximum power is delivered from a
source to a load when the load resistance is small compare to the source resistance”. (ie, R L =
RS)

In terms of Thevenin equivalent resistance of a network, it is stated as “a network

delivers the maximum power to a load resistance RL where RL is equal to the Thevenin
equivalent resistance of the network”.

PROCEDURE:

For DC Circuit:

(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.

(2) Set the power supply to say, 10 V.

(3) Vary the values of the load resistance and note the corresponding voltage reading
using a voltmeter.
(4) Tabulate the readings and calculate power using the relation V2/R.

(5) Plot the graph between power and load resistance. For

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AC Circuit:

(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.

(2) Set the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal to, say 5 V.

(3) Vary the frequency of the input signal from 1 KHz to 3 KHz in steps of 100 and note
down the corresponding voltage readings using a CRO.

(4) Tabulate the readings and calculate power.

(5) Plot the graph between power and frequency.

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the maximum power transfer theorem are verified.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

For DC Circuit: (FIGURE 1)

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. Load Resistance, Output Voltage,

Power, P (mW)
No. RL (KΩ) V0 (volts)

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For AC Circuit: (FIGURE 2)

Design:

The maximum power is transferred if the following is satisfied. i.e., XC = XL.

1
where XC =
2 π F0 C

X L = 2 Π F0

From these we have,

F0 =
1
2 LC

Considering F0 = 3 KHz & C = 0.1 μF i.e., 0.1 x 10-6 F

L= 1
4 π 2 F 2C
0 1
L=
= 28.1 mH
6
4 π 2  9 *106  0.1*1 0

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 MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Frequency, F Output Voltage, V0 Power, P

Sl. No. (Hz) (volts) (mW)

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State Maximum Power transfer theorem.
2. State reciprocity theorem?
3. What is duality theorem?
4. Explain dependent sources and sources transformation.
5. Explain Star-Delta conversion

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 5.DETERMINATION OF RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF SERIES & PARALLEL RLC
CIRCUITS.

AIM:

To plot the resonance curve and to determine the bandwidth & Q-factor of
series and parallel resonance circuit.

EQUIPMENTS & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipments & Range Quantity

No. Components
1 Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1
2 CRO with probes 20 MHz 1
3 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
4 Capacitor 0.1 μF 1
5 Decade Inductance Box 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 Connecting wires As required

DESIGN:

PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT:

For a parallel resonant circuit, at resonance, XC = XL.

Resonant frequency is 1
fr =
2 LC

Considering fr = 3 KHz & C = 0.1 μF i.e., 0.1 x 10-6 F

L= 1
4 2 f 2C
r 1=
L=
= 28.1 mH
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4 2  9 *106  0.1*1 0

fr
Quality factor is obtained by, Q factor = where BW is bandwidth, which
BW
is the difference between the upper cutoff, (f2) and lower cutoff frequencies (f1) i.e., f2 - f1

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SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT:

For a series resonant circuit, resonant frequency is obtained as follows, At

resonance, XC = XL

1
where XC =
2  fr C

XL=2 fr

Therefore, f = 1
r
2 LC

Considering fr = 3 KHz & C = 0.1 μF i.e., 0.1 x 10-6 F

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 L=
1
4 2 f 2C
r 1
L=
= 28.1 mH
6
4 2  9 *106  0.1*1 0

fr
Quality factor is obtained by, Q  factor  where BW is bandwidth, which
BW

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is the difference between the upper cutoff, (f 2) and lower cutoff frequencies (f 1) i.e.,
f2 - f1

PROCEDURE:

(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

(2) Set to amplitude of the sinusoidal signal to 5 V, say.

(3) Frequency of the input signal is varied from 100 Hz to 2 KHz. Note down
the corresponding voltages on CRO for different frequencies.

(4) Tabulate the readings and calculate the current using the formula I = V0/R
(mA).

(5) Plot the graph between voltage measured and frequency.

(6) Draw a horizontal line exactly at √2 times the peak value, which intersects
the curve at two points. Draw a line from intersecting points to x-axis which meets at
f1 and f2.

(7) The bandwidth and Q-factor is obtained from the formula given above.

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the resonance curve is plotted and bandwidth & Q-factor is determined
for the parallel and series resonance circuits.

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 Parallel Resonance Series Resonance Circuit
Circuit
Bandwidth (BW in Hz)
Q-factor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT: (FIGURE 1)

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. Frequency, F Output Voltage, V0

Current, I (mA)
No. (Hz) (volts)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT: (FIGURE 2)

MODEL GRAPH:

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 TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. Frequency, F Output Voltage, V0

Current, I (mA)
No. (Hz) (volts)

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is a parallel resonant circuit?
2. What is a series resonant circuit?
3. What are tuned circuits?
4. When the circuit is said to be in resonance?
5. What is resonant frequency?

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AIM:
TO OBTAIN THE TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND MEASURE THE TIME CONSTANT OF A SERIES RL
AND RC
CIRCUIT FOR A PULSE WAVEFORM
6. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS

AIM:

To obtain the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RL and RC
circuit for a pulse waveform

EQUIPMENTS & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipments & Range Quantity

No. Components
1 Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1
2 CRO with 2 probes 20 MHz 1
3 Resistor 4KΩ 1
4 Capacitor 1 nF 1
5 Decade Inductance Box 1mH 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RL and RC circuit to analyze the
transient response of the circuit. The pulse width relative to the circuit’s time constant
determines how it is affected by RL and RC circuit. Generally when the elapsed time exceeds
5 time constants (5ԏ) after switching has occurred ,the current and voltages have reached
their final value, which is also called steady state response.
The time constant of the RC circuit is then product of equivalent capacitance and
Thevenin’s resistance as viewed from the terminals of equivalent capacitor
ԏ = RC

A Pulse is a voltage or current

that changes from one level to
the other and back again. If
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a waveform’s high time equals
its low time, as in figure, it is
called a square wave. The
length of
each cy
A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back again. I fa
waveform’s high time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square wave. The length of
each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width (tp) of an ideal square
waveis equal to half the time period.

rocedure for RL:

1. Make the connections as per
the circuit diagram.
2. Choose square wave mode in
signal generator
3. Using CRO, adjust the
amplitude to be 2 volts peak to
peak.

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4. Take care of the precaution
and set the input frequency.
5. Observe and plot the output
waveform.
6. Calculate the time required
by the output to reach 0.632
times the final value (peak).
7. This value gives the practical
time constant
Procedure for RL:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Choose square wave mode in signal generator
3. Using CRO, adjust the amplitude to be 2 volts peak to peak.
4. Take care of the precaution and set the input frequency.
5. Observe and plot the output waveform.
6. Calculate the time required by the output to reach 0.632 times the final value (peak).
7. This value gives the practical time constant

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 RESULT:

Thus the transient response and the time constant of a series RL and RC circuit for a
pulse waveform is obtained.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Give the expression for quality factor of series RLC Circuit.
2. Give the expression for quality factor of parallel RLC Circuit.
3. What is the formula to find the power factor in a three phase circuits.
4. What is the formula to find the reactive power in three phase circuits?
5. What is the advantage of using three phase rather than using three single phase circuits?

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