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Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

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Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

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Debojit Nandi
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7 Synchronized Study of XI Boards + JEE Main & Advanced NaNO, + #0 os: Re NaBH, (ot ESS ESO Class XI & XII Atomic Structure INTRODUCTION This study material is based on our experience over the past few years. This material Covers extensively the fundamental Principles and concepts involved, solved problems which highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and assignments for practice by the students. In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed. This study material besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students for other Engineering examinations as well as their ‘school curriculum, Wishing you all success. A WORD OF ADVICE Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after completion of related topics in the chapter. Allempt the assignments, The purpose of the assignments is to give you @ practice in solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem has some important concept which it highlights. When you do a problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed the study material, have committed the formulae fo your memory and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own before seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to refer to formulaeltheoretical concepts while doing the assignment problems unless it is absolutely essential to do so. Do fiall justice to the exercises and assignment problems, Even if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot of attempis. Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer (it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop ‘your ability to think. Try to introduce twists and turns in given ‘problem to create similar problems. ABOUT THE CHAPTER Behaviour of ‘Small particles like electron, proton etc are different from Worldly object like cricket bat. Science has Produced a picture of the apparent structure of atom, but it is @ picture so detailed and so ‘subtle and far removed from our experience that it is necessary to have an open and ‘eceptive mind to assimilate it. Among all the experimental results used to construct the theory of atomic structure, there Stand a few which have been most influential in shaping its ‘major features. This lesson aims to present the major breakthroughs that have led to our understanding of the atomic structure using atomic models, proposed form time to time in chronological order and brings out the most important features of each one of them. CONTENT JEE Syllabus Fundamental Particles Atomic Terms Rutherford’s o-Rays Scattering Experiment ‘Atomic Number and Relative Atomic Mass Planck's Quantum Theory The Bohr’s Atomic Model Solved Problems Subjective Objective Exercise - 1 Line Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom Particle and Wave Character (Dual Character) of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Solved Problems Subjective Objective Exercise - 2 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom Quantum Numbers Shape and Size of Orbitals Filling of Orbitals in Atoms Aufbau Principle Hund's Rule Paul's Exclusion Principle Electronic Configuration of Elements Solved Problems Subjective Objective Exercise - 3 Answer to Exercises Formulae and Concepts at a Glance Chapter practice problems Assignments Section-I Section-ll Answer to chapter practice problems Answer to Assignments Electrons ATOMIC STRUCTURE Syllabus constitution of nucleus, properties mma rays; Rutherford’s scattering Bol's atomic model (mathematical dewis excluded): aaniunt numbers; wave particle duality, de-Broglie's hypothesis, Uncertainty principle, Paul's exclusion principle: Hund's valle: Aufbau principle: electronic configuration of elemens (upto number 36); shapes of sp, and d orbital of alpha, beta and gam experiment; eet Atoms are made up-essentialy, of three fundamental particles, which differ in mass and electric charge as follows: = [Proton | Symbol_ a eon: tp. Approximate relaive mass | 1/1836 [ee Relative charge es Massinkg [9.400534 10""_|1.¢7; 26485 x 10 4.6749543 x 107” Massinamu 5.485826 « 10° _4.007276471 __1.008665012 _ Actual charge /C __|-1,6021892 x 10" | +1 602189210 0 The atomic mass unt (amu) is 1/12" of the mass of an individual atom of «Cie. 1.660565 x 107 kg. The neutron and proton have approximately equal masses of 1 amu and the electron is about 1836 times lighter: its mass can sometimes be neglected as an approximation, The electron and proton have equal, but ‘opposite, electric charges: the neutron is not charged ‘The existence of electrons in atoms was frst suggested, by J.J. Thomson, as a result of experimental work on the conduction of electricity through gases at low pressures, which produces cathode rays and x-rays, and a study of radioactivity by Becquerel, Curie and Rutherford, ‘An atom is electrically neutral, and if it contains negatively charged electrons it must also contain some Bositively charged particles, and the supposition that they existed within a very smal central prion particles of atoms came about as a result of Rutherford's experiments in which the elements are bombarded with the -rays given off by radioactive elements, The neutron was discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick by bombarding beryllium with u rays. Nuclide: Various species of atoms in general Vucleons: Sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom, i e., protons and neutrons Isotopes: Atoms of an element with the same atomic number but diferent mass number. aU. $7 Kali Sool Sovopa 110016. Emot : enqutyamegacoumcognitons com ‘Mass number (A): Sum of the number of protons and neutrons, ie. the total number of nucleons, Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This, when subtracted from gives the number of neutrons. A Isobars: Atoms, having the same mass numbers but different atomic numbers, e.g. «sP™ and j,S%, Isotones: Atoms having the same number of neutrons but cfferent numberof protons or mass nut eg. fC, 70, IN. : Isoelectronic: Atoms, molecules or ions having the same number of electrons, €.g., No, CO, CN. Nuclear isomers: Atoms with the same atomic and mass numbers but different radioactive properties @.g., uranium X (half life 1.4 min) and uranium Z (half life 6.7 hours). : Atomic mass unit: Exactly equal to 1112" of the mass of one ¢C"? atom. Qu: 1 amu, 66 x 10 g = 931.5 MeV Ree rain ‘A beam of alpha particles, (di-positve helium ions) was obtained from a source containing the element Polonium, Rutherford's experiment was to place thin sheets of metal in the path of the alpha ray in order to check penetration depth. Rutherford found that most of the particle passed straight, some of the alpha Particles were deflected at astonishingly large angles, and a few were actually reflected back towards the source. According to Rutherford, the only way to account for the large deflections would be to say that the “positively charged centre and mass in the metal fll are concentrated in very small regions. ‘Although most of the alpha particles pass through without any deflection, occasionally one comes very close toa high concentration of positive charge. The positive charge is essentially immovable because it contains practically all the mass ofthe atom. AS lke charges get closer together, they repel each other, and the repulsion between alpha particles and the nucleus may be great enough to cause the relatively light alpha particle to deflect considerably from its original path. Hence to explain his observations, Rutherford suggested that an atom has a nucleus, or centre, in which all its positive charge and almost entire mass are concentrated. The quantitative results of ‘scattering experiments such as Rutherford's indicate that the nucleus of an atom has a radius of the order of 10°" m, which is only about one hundred thousandth the size generally ascribed to atoms. Later, when neutrons and protons were discovered, it was noted that the radius of a particular nucleus can be expressed roughly as r= r, x A" where ro is a constant having value between 1.2510" m to 1.5x10" m (various experiments are utilized to estimate r, and they give slighty different results) and A is the mass number. ANCLICOMN Lesa Ui cL Sea CULL Ae The value of the positive charge on the nucleus, or of the number of electrons, in the atom of any element is equal to the ordinal number of that element in the periodic table arrangement. This number is called the atomic number, Z. In passing from one atom to the next inthe periodic table there is a unit increase of positive charge on the nucleus ofthe atoms concerned and addition of one electron. The approximate relative atomic mass, of an element is obtained by adding up the number of protons and neutrons in the atom concerned, (by comparison, the mass of the electrons in an atom is very small) IUPAC notation for an atom (nuclide) is .X" where X is the symbol for the element, Z = Atomic number, A= Mass number om Cognilons Pt. Li, 87, KON Sorel Sarvopiya Ver New Deh T1001, Emo; [email protected] Webste www megacesmcogniionscom Typical atomic structures are represented as follows: A=1 Hydrogen Z=4 A=4 Helium Z=2 A=7 Lithium, 2=3 Enero Ten tem cee plied the Progress in working out the arrangement of electrons in an atom came first when Bohr in 1914, apr Ideas of the quantum theory, put forward by Planck in 1900, for interpretation of hydrogen spectrum. |= The essential idea of the quantum theory is that the energy of a body can only change by some defini whole-number multiple of a unit of energy known as the quantum. This means that the energy of a body can increase or decrease by 1, 2, 3,4 ..n quanta, but never by 1%, 2%, 107.3 etc. quanta ' However, the value of the quantum is not fixed, but is related to the frequency of radiation which, by its emission or absorption, causes the change in energy. This relationship is expressed as Where E is the value of the quantum (J), h is the Planck constant (6.626176 x 10™ Js), vis the frequency (s" oF H2), 2 is the wavelength and c is the velocity of light (ms") in vaccum. It is then, a simple matter to calculate the value of the quantum corresponding to any known frequency. When radiation of frequency, v, or wavelength, 2, is absorbed by a body, there will be an energy increase, from E; to Ez, where - E, -E;=nhv=nho/ 2 'eger. Emission of similar radiation would cause an equal decrease in energy. 1: Calculate the energy in kilocalories per mole of the photons of an electromagnetic radiation ‘of wavelength 7600 A. Solution: E= fe _6.62x10™x3x10" = eos = 2819x10"J Energy of one mole of photons = 2.613 x 10 x 6.023 x 10° J = 15.739.x 10' J = 15.731 490 418 = 37.53 kcal The Bohr’s Atomic Model (Old Quantum Th Bohr postulated a model for hydrogen atom and hydrogen like one-electron/one nuctues species. He applied quantization to the angular momentum of an electron bound to the nucleus. He developed an expression for the energy of the electron in hydrogen atom, and hence derived the value for R (Rydberg constant) from in terms of fundamental constants. (In this oldest model, only one quantity number ‘n’ is involved.) ngukyémegacormeogniions.com ‘Megacosm Cognilons Pv ld, §7, Kalu Sara, Sorvepriya Vinar, New Deb -110016, Emal Webste : www.megacosmcogntions.com TO Ar Mer me Bohr’s main postulates can be ‘Summarised as The si i) The ean ‘902s round the nucleus in a circular orbit. nucleus, 'petal force for UCM is provided by the coulombic force between the electron and (ii) The circutatir : ofan, 8€0"On can have only those angular momentum values which ae integral multiples (iv) If electr radiat oon = & smaller orbit to a bigger orbit and absorbs energy from electromagnetic stale, itemits a ‘singe proteey, 's ullized (similarly when it steps down from higher to lower energy Now if we denote rest mass of mv? f agt a8 of electron by m radius of orbit by , speed af electron by v oll) ool) (3) (4) (5) (6) wal) This can be seen that with increase in n, radius, PE and TE increase while v and consequently KE decrease. This should also be noted that the PE is negative because of the convention that at infinite separation the electrostate potential energy is 0. Thirdly PE = -2KE and TE = -KE. This should also be clearly seen that the postulate of angular momentum quantization has led to the quantization of orbit speed, orbit radius, KE, PE and TE. The lowest energy level of the atom corresponds to quantum number n=1, and as the quantum number increases, E becomes less negative. When n = co, E = 0, which corresponds to an ionized atom: the electron and nucleus are infinitely separated, and at rest. [H —lonisation , } + 7] According to Bohr's second postulate, the energy of any photon radiated by the atom should be equal to the difference in the energy of two levels, -mz'e!_(-mz'e)_mzet[ 11 Me TE TE ini (ae) anes lf 3| {f nyis set equal to 2, and the numerical value of constant term used, this expression is in agreement with the formula which Balmer had found from the experimental hydrogen atom spectrum. In other words, the Bohr expression started explaining experimental spectrum of the hydrogen ator. ifn, the quantum number of the final state is set equal to 1, Bohrs formula predicts a set of spectral lines for which n, > 2. Similarly, if n= 3, there should be a series of lines for which n> 4. These predicted transitions between states of different n are shown in fig., subsequent to Bohr's work, all the predicted spectral lines, have been found at the expected frequencies. Further application of Bohr's work, was made, to other one- electron species, such as He” and Li”. In each case, Bohr's prediction of the spectrum was found to be in good agreement with experiments results. ‘Megecosm Cognlions Pa. Ud, 67, Kalu Sora, Srvapriya Vir, New Del -110014, Erol: enqvkylmegacormcagntlons.com Webste : www megacesmcogniions.com LVED PROBLEMS Problem 1: Gr 7 ite energy of photon and wavelength of radiation corresponding to frequency ‘Also calculate the energy per mole of photons of the same wavelength Solution: () V=3.4 MHZ=3.4 x 10°H2=3.4x 10% s* 6.626 x 10 x 3.4 x 10° J= 2.253 x 107" J (i) Energy per mole of photon = 6.02 x 10” x 2.253 x 10” J mol" = 1,356 x 10- J mot The highest excited state that an unexcited hydrogen atom can reach when they are bombarded with 12.08 eV photons is (A) (8) (C) (0) 13.6 eV. After absorption of 12,08 eV, energy of atom Solution: a ntz 288ev -1.5tev 2053 Hence, (C) is correct. AIR service on Vividh Bharti is transmitted on 219 m band, What is its transmission frequency in Hz? (A) 19.8% 10° (B) 6.67 x10" (D) 1.36 x 10° roble Solution: 219 Hence, (C) is correct Vaal With increasing quantum number, the energy difference between adjacent energy levels in Hatom (as per Bohr's mode!) ds decreases (8) increases (C) remains constant . (D) decreases for low Z and increases for high Z SEMI ‘ n EET as n increase AE decreases Hence, (A) is correct Proplem 4: The rads ofthe it of hyeogen ato inthe round iat O58 A Thera of in the similar state is (AyA.068 A (B)0.265A ee 176A (0)0.536 A Solution: ana ® 1 53x 3 0.176 A Hence, (C) is correct te short note on postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. { 7/ Briefly describe Rutherford's scattering experiment about the discovery of nucleus. A hydrogen like system has ionization energy 11808 ki/mol. Find the number of protons in the ‘Tucleus of the system, eee the wavelength of radiation, which excites the electron of hydrogen atom from grou te to fourth energy level. lonization energy of hydrogen atom is 1312 kJ /mol. 5// An electron in a hydrogen like atom, is in an excited state. It has a total energy of -3.4 ev. alculate the kinetic energy of electron? 6/~/ Ruthertord's experiment, which established the nuclear model ofthe atom, used a beam of \ (A) B-particles, which impinged on a metal foil and got absorbed : (8) rays, which impinged on a metal foil and ejected electrons (C) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal fol and got scattered (D)felium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered Yo ‘The fotential energy of an electron in hydrogen atom is -3.02 eV, its kinetic energy will be aS 151 eV (8) 15.10 eV (C) 13.6 eV (0) 1.36 ev WW ‘The ,AGmber of electrons in one molecule of CO, are \ pie (B) 44 (C) 66 (0) 88 TEeKE od PE=-E : (312 Ky [mol = 13-6 ev fatow] ‘Megacosm Cogniiens Pvt. Ld, 57, Kaly Sarl Sovaptva Vhor, New Dei -11016. fmol: enautymegacormcogntomeom Webste www megacetmeagnisons com Nr=o > he 2214S & WM LPB) WEA The spectrum of hydrogen consists of i i , that lines Of lines corresponding to different frequencies. It was found t (see fitted into series. These series, known after their discoverers as the Balmer (1885), Paschen } Lyman (1915), Brackett (1922) and Pfund (1925) series, can be expressed in one overall formula: AUK R (tn? - 1/n2) (tine = tInd) Where 2. is the wavelength, v is the fre oe be ‘quency, ¢ is the velocity of light, Ry_a constant, known as Rydberg Constant (1.09678 x 10’/M), and ny and Na have integral vue ‘as: ee or Series ['n; | ny | Main spectral ines jbyman [1 12344, ote ultra = violet Balmer [23.455 etc. Visible Paschen |"3 14.56, etc. infra-red Bracket 415.67, etc. infrarred : 5 [67.8etc. Infra-red tisa i aed ae ‘experimental fact that so many unrelated Ines in-a spectrum can be expressed by @ ‘The possible number of lines produced by a ‘Sample containing a large number of H atoms, all having theit electron in n™ orbit, (n> 1) is N=) 2 Similarly we can say, tht i the electron jumps form ns to 1 then, number of spectral lines is given by Must 45 Calculate the wave number of shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic a hydrogen, Solution: For Balmer series, me2 Shortest wavelength means highest energy transition. Hence ny = cw, 1 =1.09%10" x— 4 v= 2725000 M* tus#fStion’2: Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 gm atom of Hydrogen undergo transition giving the spectral lines of lowest energy in visible region of its atomic spectra, Given that, Ry = 1.1 x 107m, c= 3 x 10° m/sec, h = 6.625 x 10™ J sec. a 00, Ema: enquly@megecoamcognlfonscom Webste: wwrw megacesmeagniions com Solution: Visible region of H- spectrum correspond t0 Balmer series m= 2 M2 = 3 (or minim energy transition, =3x10 J i +: Energy released by 1.gm atom of H(1'mol) 3x 10° x 6.023 x 10% = 18.25 x 10° J Must, on 3: A doubly ionized Lithium atom is hydrogen ike with atomic number 3. (U7 Find the wavelenath of radiation required to excite the electron in rif at the first to (tne third Bohr Ort. (lonizaton energy of the hydrogen atom equal 136 eV) Si How many spectral lines are observed in the emission spectrum of the above excited system? Solution: () ©, = 21362? 7 Excitation energy, AE = Es - E; = +136 x 9[1 1/9] = 136 x 9 x 8/9 = 108.8 eV. ho _ 6.63x 10% x3x 10" ‘OE ~ 136«8x 16x10" 6.63 x 3x 107 *\436x8x 16 = 114.26 x10" m= 114.3A (ii) From the excited state (Es), coming back to ground state, there can be 3 possible radiations, Wavelength, = Wfstzation 4: Wavelength corresponding to a high energy transition of H-atom is 91.2 nm. Calculate v: the wavelength for the corresponding transition in He" ion, Solution: i) oo 2 i) te By eq. () and (i) ‘Megacoum Cogntions Pt. Ud, $7, Kal Seal Servopriva ha, New Dehi-TIGola Enel emaivamenecemerc tment oT Deh 110016, Ema: enqutymegacosmeogniions com ‘Webslle: www megocosmecgntiens.com SS TTT Shortcomings of Bohr's Theory i ‘main shortcomings of Bohr's theory are as follows: 2 Note: Lelie Bohr’ theory filed to explain the spectra of mult - electron atomstions. Bohr’s atomic model failed to account forthe elect of magnetic field on the spectra of atoms oF {ons twas observed that when the source ofa spectrum is placed ina strong magnetic field, each Spectral line is futher spit into @ number of lines. This is called Zeeman effect. This observation Ould not be explained on the basis of Botr's model Similay on puting the source of ins in a strong electric field spliting is observed. Its called stark «effect Bohr's model could not account for this iy : Despite Herculean efforts by various leading scientists the Boh's quantization condition coud not explain the spectra of any other neutral atom. The fine structure of even H could not i rotation of electron about alee een be explained. A postulate regarding nticlockwise was extended in an effort to explain the fine structure. This explanation, however, required that the speed of some portions of the spinning electron would ‘Sxceed the speed of light and therefore it was not accepted. Tig oxPlanalion for Zeeman and stark effect can be given by assuming tat the general shape of Orbit is elliptical (circular being just a special case of elliptical orbits) and using relativity. However no explanation regarding point number 4 and 5 could be given til the modern quantum mechanism was discovered and developed by Schrodinger, Born ate, CeO Ren Einstein had suggested in 1906 that light can show two mutually exclusive characters, either as a wave or as a particle. Genesis of de Broglie’s idea Consider Einstein's mass-energy relationship, viz. E= mein this equation, c is the speed be in vaccum. For a proton traveling with speed of ight having instantaneous mass m we can write hy= Since, v= al, = hol 4 = mo? Henge, 2. hime; mc can be treated as the momentum of photon Hence for photon 4 = h ‘ : ‘nv’ 02 Broglie postulated that matter particles also follow the same relation. This hypothesis was verified experimentally by Davisson, Germer and Mardsen, LES reece mate ‘Wemer Heinsenberg derived this principle from wave properties of a particle; one of the conclusions relevant for us is that the product of uncertainties during measuring position and momentum in the same direction and simultaneously wil be greater than or equal to hi4r.. Illustration : Show that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is not important for object equal to or \ eS heavier than an ordinary dust particle (mass = 10°°kg), Solution: Acoording to Heisenberg uncertainty principle h__ 0.528%10™ Kgm's* ae xa 2 oe = TT Kam = 0.528x1 axxav2 7 107%q 10° ms ‘As the product of uncertainty in position and uncertainty in velocity is very very small, hence uncertainty principle is of no importance for dust particle (and therefore for all objects we see around us). Illustration 6: Why electron cannot exist inside the nucleus according to Heisenberg's uncertainty . __— principle? = Webs wa megacormcogniions.com 45 ‘m is 10m. Solution: Diameter of the atomic nucleus is of the order of 10° The maximum uncertainty in the position of electron Mass of electron = 9.1 x10" kg. h oa ease ‘Ax x (m.Av) 2 War hot Av2 x, 4x axm geez 109.110 or AVv2 5.80 x 10" ms” ed the maxi However the maximum uncertainty in measuring speed can not exceed the maximum possible speed of any matter particle (that is < 3x 10"). Roe eI Va What s the wavelength of the frst line in Paschen series of the hydrogen spectrum? ‘olution: vone'(5-3) eR = 109678 x 0.0486 = 5330 om” n=4=1.875x1040m . Problei ‘The wave number of the fist Balmer line in the hydrogen spectrum is 1.62 x 10° 1M Calculate the wavelength ofthe fst Lyman line in the spectrum of He’, Li. Solution: ¥=R2"| [4] 52x10"/M ” EF ForHe'w erga) =3.28x10"/M tM = 3046 A a st Ly line =. Wavelength ofthe fistLyman ine = 5. or Similarly forti® 4=135.4A Problem 3: What is de Broglie wavelength for a hydrogen atom moving with a velocity of 2000 ms? (Atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1.00797 a.m.u.) .0087_g 6.02310" Mass of a hydrogen atom = =1,673x10 =1.673x10"" kg up my 6.626x10% 1.673x107" x 2000 =1.979x10" M=1.979A ‘Megacosm Cognlion Pi 17 Kalo Srol sarvopiya Vier, New Del 110016, Ema Website: wwwamegaceamcogntns.com : 719 m and Problem 4: PAs ‘minimum uncertainties in the position and velocity of a pate are 10 5.27 x 10 misec. respectively. Calculate the mass of the particle. Jon tn the vA (b) Fifd the number of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution ee Bohr orbit , h Solution: (a) AS (AX.AP)min = an h = (AX x MAV) ig = — 4n h 6.625x10™ eee ).10 kg ° aax(oxan), an 4 314x10 5.27xTO™ (b) An electron shows du al nature — wave nature as well as particle nature. From wave nature, for ‘m’ waves, mh = 2nth (Where rq = radius of n® orbit) wali) From particle nature, mv, = o (where v,= speed in n” orbit) 7 From de Broglie, sill) =m=3 Three waves are made, 2 Problepi 5: Calculate the wavelength of the spectral line obtained in the spectrum of Li”’ ion when Zo the transition takes place between two levels whose sum is 4 and difference is 2. olution: Given that n; + ny = 4 and ny— n, Solving these equations we get ny Probl in electron in the H-atom jumps from some higher level to 3° energy level. If three ‘spectral lines are possible for the transition, find the initial orbit of electron. n(n ~n, +4 Solution: Number of spectral tines =" Me n+1) rogen lke atom in excted state is -9.4 eV, then Problem 1,/~ Ifthe total energy of an electron in a hyd the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is . (a)6.6x 10M (8)3x 10M (C)5x 10°M (0)9.3x10"M Solution: The velocity of electron in 2 orbit ae 6.625x10%x2_ gg x 10m mv 9.408910" 2.18% 10" Hence, (A) is correct, Problem 3é' The longest wave length transition in Lyman series of atomic hydrogen will be (A) 42154 (B) 1437 A (C) 3942 (D) 1216A. = 1.09678 x 10" (3-2) fe 2156 x 107m = 1216 A Hence, (0) is correct. gz - a> Problem 4: / \onization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. A sample of hydrogen atoms in the ground state are excited by monochromatic light of energy 12.08 eV. The spectral lines emitted When it returns to ground state is Sie (8) Two (Three (0) Four Solution: The electron in H atom is excited to III shell after absorbing 12,08 eV. The possible spectral lines are = 2 =3 <5 lence, (C) is correct. Probigm #/ The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to: Y (A) number of electrons undergoing transition (B) the atomic mass of the atom (C) velocity an electron undergoing transition (0) the difference in the energy levels involved in the transition. on: ale yee Solution: AES 3 hs ince, (D) is correct. Pr If E,, Ey and Es represent respectively the kinetic energies of an electron, « particle and a protgp, each having same de Broglie's wave length then Wee (B) Ep>Es>Ey E> Ez > Es (0)E:= E,= Es Megacosm Copnions Pvt Sd, 7, Kel Sorel Servapriva Via New Dehi-TI001s, Ema: enquty@megacosmcognifions com Website: wirw megecesmegallens com Solution: §— KE.= 42mv’,,2 iv eae KE.= 42m (ma? 2m? Hence, (A) is correct. 1, Calauiae the number of waves made by electron in the 5” Bohr orbit of H-atom. ww Match the spectral line (in list I) with corresponding lowest energy transition (in lst I}: WY List | (Line) List 11 (Transition) A. Lyman 1. n=6ton=5 B. Paschen * ton=4 C. Brackett 3. ton=6 D. Balmer 4. n=4ton=3 E. Pfund 5. ton=2 F. Humphry 6 n=2ton=1 3 To which orbit the electron in a ground state the hydrogen atom will jump on absorbing me 12.09 ev of energy? 4 lculate the minimum uncertainty in position of a particle when uncertainty in the momentum Measurement is (a) 1x10 gm cm sec" and (b) zero. ‘Two particles A and B are in motion. if the wavelength associated with particle A is 5 x10 m, calculate the wavelength associated with particle B if its momentum is half of A. 4 8, Geloulate the de Broglie wavelength ofan electron that has been accelerated from rest through \ =~ potential difference of 1 KV. i late the uncertainity in the velocity of an electron, if uncertainty in its position is 0.0001 m. \ (A) 1.579 mis (8) 0.28 mis 7 (C),0.579 mis (0) cannot be calculated 8&///The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200 g and moving at a speed of 5 mih is of the order \ (A) 107 m (8) 10m (Cfo m (0) 10% m 9. In the emission line spectra of hydrogen atom, how many lines can be accounted for all possible eee electronic transition from 5" energy levels to ground state within the atom f (a4 (8)5 \ Lugo (0)20 (4 ‘An electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs twice its ionisation energy what is the wavelength of the emitted electron? ¢ 3.32%10°%m (8) 33.2 « 10" m (C) 0.33 x 104m (D) 0.33 x 10m Webutle- worw megacotmeegniions.com Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom The atomic model which is based on the particle and wave nature of the electron is known as wave or quantum mechanical model ofthe atom. This was developed by Erwin Schrodinger in 1926. This medal describes the electron as a three dimensional wave in the electronic field of positively charged nucleus, Schrodinger derived an equation which describes wave motion of an electron, The differential equation ie &y Fy, ey, 8x’m aor ta E-V=0 0) Where x, y, 2 are cartesian coordinates of the electron, m = mass of the electron E = total energy of the electron. V = potential energy of the electron; h = Planck's constant and y (psi) = wave function of the electron. The wave function may be regarded as the amplitude function expressed in terms of coordinates x, y and 2. The wave function may have positive or negative values depending upon the value of coordinates, vis a probability factor. It describes the probabilty of finding an electron within a small space. The space in which there is maximum probability of finding an electron is termed as orbital For an atom, there are a number of solutions to the wave equation (see equation (i), which are acceptable, and each orbital may be described uniquely by a set of three quantum numbers, n, ¢ and m, Nodal Points and Planes: No. of radial nodes =n — ¢ No. of angular nodes = ¢ Total number of nodes = n- 1 Nodal planes are the planes of zero probably of finding the electron. The number of such planes is also equal to /. Wostration 1: Calculate radial nodes and angular nodes for the following type of orbital. (8) 18, (b) 2p, (c) 3p, (d) 3d, (e) 4s and () 4d Solution: (2) 0, 0; (b) 0, 1; (c) 4, 1; (d) 0, 2; (e) 3, 0; (1) 1,2 SY These are the numbers in terms of which quantum mechanics predicts results. 4. Principal Quantum Number: \t is denoted by letter ‘n’ and gives the information about the principal energy level or shell to which the electron belongs. It can have any positive integral values except zero. It gives information about (i) The number of subshells present in the main shell. £ can have any integral value ranging from 0 ton - 1. For 1* shell, n= 1 € can have only one value, i.e., £= 0 For the 2” shell, n = 2 ¢ can have two values, ie., ¢=0 and 1 For the 3° shell, n= 3 £ can have three values, aNd $0 OM essessesse: . (ii) Also maximum number of orbitals (n°) in a sub-shell of a shell is given by n. (ii) The maximum number of electrons that can occupy any shell of given principal quantum number is given by 2n?. £=0,1and2 ‘Megaccsm Cognilons Pt, 87, Kalu Sarl Sarvoprva Vihar. New Dei -1Tt Webslle wivwmegacosmeognitions.com jryemegacormcognifons.com TTS er (O: b). Subsidiary quantum number (or) Azimuthal quantun numbe 2 is the subsidiary quantum numbers and may have ‘n’ values. £ can have any integral value ranging from 0 ton - 1- For 1" shell, n= 1 £ can have only one value, ie., ¢=0 For the 2™ shell, n = 2 £ can have two valu For the 3% shell, n= 3 {can have three values, i., ¢=0, 1 and 2 ‘and so on a cia LE a ante present in the subshell. Values of m, depend on value of ¢. (i) The number of orbitals (m, ) or P i ipshells present within the same principal shell. (Discussed later) t Fre snepesrcentan ofthe Stectron present in any subshell, The magnitude of angular h Momentum is given by Jé(4+1) 5° = [eern (iv) The relative order of energies of various orbitals within the im Number (m: An electron with angular momentum can be thought of as sn Megmeurrent in a loop, and consequently a magnetic field due to this current is expected and ae aanred. The observed magnetism is determined by the value of m,_. Since this magnetism has its eventual source in the angular momentum ofthe electron, itis reasonable that the values allowed to ersfopend on the value of £, the angular momentum quantum number. Theory and experiment both shows that m, can assume all integral values between -¢ and + including zero. Thus, m can be-1, 0, +1 for ¢ =1. The magnetic quantum number also determines orientation of an orbital. ¢=0 and4 same shell The Magnetic Quantu . The Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (m,:_ Besides the magnetic effect produced by ts orbital motion, the electron itself has an intrinsic magnetic property. The quantum number associated with this spin has only two possible values +1/2 (‘spin up") and -1/2 (‘spin down’). The “spin’ quantum numbers are two quantum mechanical spins states with no classical analogues. 2: Name the orbitals corresponding to given set of quantum numbers Total Spin and Spin Magnetic Moment ‘The total spin in ground state is given by S = 7 , Where n is number of unpaired electron. The “spin only" magnetic moment of electron (excluding orbital magnetic moment) is given by 4s(S+1) (in Bohr Magneton units) Putting S = n/2, we get ‘spin only’ magnetic moment = /n(n+ 2) 1BM=9.27 x 10 JT ‘Megacosm Cogntions Pvt Lid. 57, Kalu Sara, Sarvapriya Vina {Ema : [email protected] Webslte: www.megocosmcognilions.com Daler TRe ROT By shape of an orbital we mean the shape of the region in space in which there is more than 90% Probably of nding an elecren, iis datemined by the azimuthal quantum number (2), while the Pit aton of an orbital depends on the magnetic quantum number (m). The size ofan orbital increases with the increase in value of the prine| “Shapes of orbitals in the various sub- shells are as discussed below, Panibal quantum number (n). Shapes 5- orbitals (= 0): The orbitals are spherical (non direttional) and symmetrical about the nucleus. P - orbitals (¢= orientations, As P-orbitals are s¢ 1); These have a dumb - bell shape, having three possible mutually perpendicular they are not symmetrical, they are said fo havea directional character. The two lobes of ‘eparated by a nodal plane, where the probability of finding electron is zero. z y Sd, y z y Se Se 6 x x z 3d, Se Sd Fig.: Pictorial representation of s, p and d orbitals 4d ~ orbitals (¢= 2): They have double dumbell shape. S- orbitals (= 3): They have complex geometry which is not required to be explained at this stage. Megocosm Cogniions FU, 57, Kaly Sel Servapya Vita, New Dehi-11001, mol: enquty@megacoumeagniion-com Website: www.megaeosmeognifonscom FILLING OF ORBITALS IN ATOMS, The distribution of electrons in various orbitals is known as electronic configuration. The model of atom is built up by filing electrons in various orbitals one at a time in the most stable posttion available. This produce the model of an atom in its lowest eneray state (the ground state). In representing presence electrons in various shells and subshell, the following rules are observed: 1, The major energy shell, 1,2, 3, 4 ec., is written first, 2. The subshell, viz, s, p,d and fis written next. 3. __ The number of electrons in the particular subshell is showm by a superscript placed to the right of the symbol for that subshell (n/") For example, 1s" indicates the presence of 2 electrons inthe s-sub-shell ofthe first energy shel. Similar, 3d denotes the location of 6 electrons in the d-sublevels ofthe third energy shell. The filing of orbitals in the ground state is determined by the folowing rules: 1. Aufbau Principle: The Aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom, the orbital with @ lower energy is filled up first before the filing for the orbital with a higher energy commences. In other words, the electrons enter the various orbitals in the order of increasing energy. The energy of the orbital is given by (n+) rule. The orbital which has higher (n+£) value has higher energy. If the value (n+) for two orbital is same, then the orbital having higher value of n has higher energy. For eg. (n+) for 4p = 3d = 5. 4p and 3d both have same value of (n+¢) but 4p has higher energy as it has higher value of n. ‘The increasing order of energy of various orbitals is: 18,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p.6s,4f,5d,6p, 7s, 6. ‘This order of orbitals is only a guidance and exceptions are known in few cases of atoms. 2, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: This rule states that electron pairing in orbitals of similar energies will not take place unless all such orbitals contain one electron each with parallel spin states. For example, we know that there are three p orbitals (p., Py and pz) of the p-subshell in a principle energy level. According to Hund’s rule, each of the three p orbitals must get one electron each of paralle! spin states before any one of them gets the second electron of opposite spin state. (Hunds rule is applicable only for ground state and can be disobeyed if more energy in available.) 3. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: Paul's exclusion principle states that it is impossible for any two electrons in the same atom molecule or ion to have all the four quantum numbers. (n, ,m,,™m,) identical. An orbital is identified with three quantum numbers n, ¢, m, , hence if more than one electrons are there, they are already having 3 identical quantum numbers. Therefore for co-existence in the same orbital they must differ in ms. There being only two possible values of m,, maximum of two electrons only can be accommodated in any given orbital (Paul's principle can not be disobeyed.) Electronic Configuration of Element Based on the rules, we can determine the electronic configurations of elements. We just need to know the atomic number of an element, the order in which orbitals are to be filed and the maximum number of electrons in a shell, sub-shell or orbital. The configuration so obtained can be represented in two ways. AS an illustration, let us consider fluorine (Z = 9): F (Z=9) 18° 28° 2p? 2p? 2p} or i) Ee tilrult ts 2s 2 2p) 2Pe Importance of knowing the exact electronic configuration of an element lies in the fact that the chemical properties of an element are dependent on the behaviour and relative arrangement of its electrons only ‘can be accommodated in any given orbital (Pauli’s rule can not be disobeyed.) ‘Megacosm Cognions Pv. ltd. 87, Kalu Sara, Sorvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110076, EmaR : enqurymegacosmcognitions.com Webske "srw megacoimeogniionscom i) Pe a Electronic configuration of Cr (2 = = ir eon Fe contradictory to the expected Gace ae ne a ‘4d°4s? for Cu. Here an electron from 4s orbital jumps to 3d orbital to make it half filed or fully filed respectively, as haf filed or fully filed orbitals gain more stability over incompletely filled orbitals, i Electronic configurations of heavier elements (beyond Z = 56) deviate a litle from the order mentioned previously. These are briefly listed below a). Lanthanides La(Z=57): [Xe] 6s°5d! (not 4") Ce(Z=58): [Xe] 6s*5d"4f" Pr(Z=59) : [Xe] 6s*6d'4f* b). — Actinides Ac(Z= 89): [Rn] 7s°6d" (not St") Th(Z=90): [Rn] 7s°6d'5f' Pa(Z=91): [Rn] 7s°6d'5f* [Rn] 5f'60°7s? [Rn] Sf'*60°7s? [Rn] 5f'*6a*7s* [Rn] 5f"6d"°75? Mlustrdtion 3: Comprehension Based Problems : Read the following rules and answer the questions (i) to (v) at the end of it. Electrons in various subshells are filled in increasing order of energy Paing of electrons in various orbitals of a subshell takes place only after each orbital is alt-filled. 'No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all the four quantum numbers. () Cr (2 = 24), Mn* (2 = 25), Fe® (Z = 26) and Co™ (Z = 27) are isoelectronic (each having 24 electrons). Thus, (A) all have configuration as [Ar] 4s! 3d° : (8) Cr and Mn” have configurations as [Arl4s'3d° while Fe” and Co” have configuration as [Arj3d° (C) all have configurations as (Ar] 3d° (D) all have configuration as [Ar] 4s 3d° (i) A vanadium ion has “spin only’ magnetic moment of 1.73 BM, while in the ground state. Electronic configuration of the vanadium ion in the compound is (A) [Ar] 4s°3d° (B) [Ar] 48°3° (C) [Ar] 4s'3d° (D) [Ar] 48°30 (ii) While writing the following electronic configuration of Fe atom in ground state some tules have been violated: wn (ALTA 3 4s Which of the following has/have been violated? |. Aufbau's rule, ¢). Beyond Z = 103 Hl, Hund’s rule Ill, Pauli’s exclusion principle (A) Lil (B) Ill only (C) A (0) 1,1, Solution: (i) B, (i) A. (ii) B Mustratigg 4: (a) Find the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the following orbital et (3p (ii)3d- (ii) 3s (b) Arrange the electrons represented by the following sets of quantum numbers in decreasing order of energy (The electrons do not belong to hydrogen atom but are part of other atom.) jo Sarol, Sorvapriva Vier, New Debi -1100T4 Emal: enquryémegacesmcagnifons.com ‘abate : www megacosmcogniions.com “Megacoam Cognions Pi. Ud, 57, Tir Solution: ato & Solution: _ Solution: "Magacom Cognilons Pr. Ud, 67, Kalu Sora Sarvepive Vir, New Deli -110016, Emo: enqu (a) ts eH 2G = IF) n= V2 a fe BEAL = (ili) For 3s, ¢= 0, | £0 () For 3p, ¢=4, (ii) For 34, (b) Higher the value of (n+£) higher will be the energy of orbital. If the two values are ‘same then one having higher value of n the energy will be higher For(i)(n+@)=4 4s orbital For (i)(n+£)=4 3p orbital For (ii), (n#e)=3 35 orbital Decreasing order of energy: (i) > (i) > (i) Assertion-Reason Type Question The questions given below consist of an Assertion(A) and the Reason(R). Use the followthig key for the appropriate answer. 'f both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct reason for (A) (B) If both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation for (A) (C) If (A) is correct but (R) is not. (D) If (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct. Assertion (A) : Forn= 3, ¢ may be 0, 1 and 2 andm may be 0; 01:0, +1 and +2 Reason (R) : For each value of n, there are 0 to (n - 1) possible values of ¢, and for each value of €, there are O to + values of m. (A) Consider the following electronic configuration of the element (i) 18°28" (ii) 15°3s° (a) Name the element corresponding to ()) (b) Does (i) correspond to the same or different element (c) How can (ii) be obtained from (i) (d) Isit easier to remove one electron from (i) or (i)? Explain (a) The element corresponding to (iis lithium (Li). (b) This electronic configuration represents the same element in the excited state. (c) By supplying energy to the element when the electron jumps from the lower energy 2s orbital to the higher energy 3s orbital (d) Itis easier to remove an electron from (ji) than from (i) since in the former case the electron is present in a 3s orbital and hence is less strongly attached by the nucleus than a 2s orbital. imegacosmcogntions.com ‘Webate : wwrs.megacoumcogniionscom The number of electrons in sulphur atom having (n+ ¢) = 3? ‘The electronic configuration of sulphur atoms 1s*2s’2p°3s"3p*, the orbitals with (n + ¢) = 3 are 2p dnd 3s, therefore 6 electrons in sulphur atom have (n+ £) = 3. eed 2: Why electrons in Fe” are more stable than Fe"? Va Electronic configuration of Fe”* = [Ar]'® 3d° Electronic configuration of Fe’ = [Ar]"® 30° As Fe” contains exactly half-illed d-orbitals, it is more stable, also the electronic repulsion is less Probigin 1: Which have the same number of s electrons as the d - electrons in Fe”* au (B) Ni (CN \ Solution: Phas total 6 electrons in all s-subshell in each electronic configuration as in d sub-shell of Fe" Hence, (D) is correct. Probyet 2: — Fora c-electron, the orbital angular momentum is oO ven (B) 2m (Ch (D)2h Solution: Since value of ¢ for ‘d' orbital is 2. Hence, (A) is correct. Problem 3: Which ions has the maximum magnetic moment xy (A) Mn (8) Cu” VY (c)Fe* ov" Solution: Magnetic moment = /n(n+2) BM Where n = number of unpaired electron. Hence, (C) is correct. Problem 4/7 Which of the following electronic configuration is not consistent with Hund's rule? ity [MP Lt ety t pe thy (ny Let a ON] thy LEE Ee po ey Tey Ltt | t Solution: (B) Websie warm megacosmeogniions.com Ls TT . 12 Problem §: mm =A, ma =A Which atom has at least one electron with quantum number n=3, £ (A) Ne ja (OK Ae Solution: Quantum numbers n= 3, ¢ = 2, m=~1, s = 1/2 represents 3d electron which is pre in Co, Hence, (B) is correct. La Li va What are the values of n and ¢ for 2p, and 3p, orbitals? State de Broglie principle. 3, Which is the first energy level containing f-orbitals? Aa Write down the electronic configuration ofthe folowing: (a) Mn** )s* 5,“ Whatis the maximum numberof elections that can be contained in ue (a) 4f subshell (b) 3" shell top! as Le Why ‘is the electronic configuration of oxygen written as 1s?2s*2p?2p}2p! and not ‘18°2s° 2p; 2p; ? Name and state the rule governing this type of distribution. on set of quantum numbers is not allowed? n¢ ms A> 3 2 -2 12 ®)>4 0 0 12 UES 32 a2 > 5 30 12 oe How many maximum 3d electrons can have magnetic spin quantum number 5 (8)7 (c)8 (D) 10 (~The otal numberof ritalin shel wih principle quantum number n is p (A) 2n von (C) 2n? (D)n+4 ‘Megacorm Copnllons Pi. Ld. 57, Kel Saal Servapiya Vir, New Deli-T100Te fmol: enquy@megocomecsanon-com Websle: www.megacosmcogntions com ANSWER TO EXERCISES Exercise - 1 = ~ 2=3 972A +3.4eV (0) (a) (a) Exercise - 2 5 (A6); (B-4); (C-2); (0-5); (E-1); (F-3) n=3 (a) 5.27 x 10m; (b) © 107m 3.87 x 10" m (c) (c) () (a) Exercise —3 For 2p,n= 2, €=1; For 3p,,n=3, £=1, All matter particles can convert to waves. The mass m of the particle is related to the wavelength 1. of the wave by the equation 2." where vis the speed of the particle an : (a) 1s°2s*2p°3s"3p°3d°4s". (b) 18°2s"2p"3s"ap* (a) 14 electrons; (b) 18 electrons (C) (A) (8) ‘Megacasm Cogniions Pv. Ud, 67, Kalu Sora Sarvoptiva Vihar, New Del -110016, Email: engulySmegacormeognlions com “Mebste : www.megecosmcogatins.com 10. "1 12. 13, PTS AT A GLANCE Mass of the electron moving with ‘Speed ‘V'is given by m-__™_ Radius of the nucleus is related to mass number of the element as r=", A" where fo is @ Constant having value between 1.2510" m to1.5x10- m (various experiments are utilized to estimate r, and they give slighty different results). Wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are related as v 2 i (Ma = 14) (ni =0, + 1) Number of spectral lines produced can be calculated by SS Rydberg's formula is, 7 = Energy of an electron in nth Bohr's orbit E,= 43125 ki mole of atom z 13.6 = eV/atom n” Bohr's radius Where r, = 0.528 A is the radius of first Bohr's orbit in hydrogen atom. ‘Speed of electron in nth Bohr’s orbit ¥, o= where vy =2.19%108 m/s n Number ofrevluions per second for an electenin a Bohr’ atom = Number of waves in n” orbit = n de — Broglie equation, h Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Ax.av 2 = xm Magnetic moment of an element having ‘n’ unpaired electrons is given by, x= yinfn-+ 2) BM ODT, Ema: enquky@megacorme ea CH-AS-24 14, Orbital angular momentum, d= AH 15. Spin angular momentum WI SEI Where = 5 and ‘n’ is the number of unpaired electrons. 16. Magnetic moment = /n(n+2) BM. where B.M. (Bohr magneton)is the unit of magnetic moment. duy > MeL dy az > ma-) Pu dm=t Azts> mao dua D> mates Aye eae ‘Megacotm Cogntons Pui Uc, §7,Kaly Sarl, Sorvapriya Vor, New Dehh-110016, Email: enqutyamegacosmcogntlonscom Wiebe: www megacosmeogniions.c Naa PRACTICE PROBLEMS (CPP) 1,/” ® 25 watt bulb emits monoch eo , os po pct ta yellow of wavelength of 0.57 nm, Calculate the rate 2 Calculate the ‘energy emitted when elec i ctrons of 1.0 g-atom of hydrogen undergo transition giving ‘the spectral lines of lowest energy in the visible ee ofits sonia spectra. ®) Calculate the % of radiant energy converted into kinetic energy of x - atoms. x - atom forms after dissociation of X, molecules by the absorption of 5 quantum of radiation having wave length 5000 A°. If bond energy of X, molecules is 250 KJ molt ‘The hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by means of monochromatic radiation of wavelength x AO, The resulting spectrum consists of 15 different lines. Calculate the value of x. A certain dye absorbs light of 2. = 4530 A and then fluorescence light of S080A. Assuming that Under given conditions 47% of the absorbed energy is re-emitted out as fluorescence, calculate the ratio of quanta emitted out to the number of quanta absorbed? MCQ-Single Correct (6 Find the valve of wave number (3) in toms of Rybderg's constant, when transition of electron takes place between two levels of He7ion whose sum is 4 and difference is 2 w & oe @ ® {D) none of these 9 4 WY: he ionization potential for the electron in the ground stale of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV atom’'. What would be th ies ization potential for the electron in the first excited state of (A) 3.4 eV (8) 102ev \or®e ev (0) 68 eV { ‘A compound of vanadium has a magnetic moment (j) of 1.73 BM. If the vanadium jon in the 7 compound is present as V", then, the value of x is? (A) 1 (B)2 (c)3 (D) a yor (87 Monochromatic raciation of specitic wavelength is incident on H-atoms in ground state. H-atoms absorb energy and emit ‘subsequently radiations of six different wavelengths. Find wavelength of incident radiations: Lore: (A) 9.75 nm (8) 50 nm (C) 858 nm 77.25 nm 10y/\ The angular momentum of an electron in Bohr's orbit of He” is 3 165210" kg-m*/sec. What is . } the wave number in terms of Rydberg constant (R) of the spectral line emitted an electron falls from this level to the first excited state. [Use h=6.626x10™ J s.] 3R aR (A) 8R oe (c) + o> fA dye absorbs a photon of wavelength 2. and re-emits the same energy into two photons of W/) wavelength 2, and 22 respectively. The wavelength 2 is related to A; and 22 as: Ay thy dah 5 hE ae (4 +42) te (a) A= sgscesmcognions com a, Sarvoptive Vibr, New Del ‘Wabale ww megacosmcognion.com ‘Megacosm Cognilns Pd 57, Kel ATED PEALNO IF, Is the threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission, 2 wavelength of light falling on th surfagéof metal, and m, mass of electron, then de Broglie wavelength of emitted electron ig F ha h(A- -A,) il [PD] [HAA]? [aa Ame(A,-A) 2mcAA, 2meAA, 2me Ground state energy H-atom is (-E,), the velocity of photoelectrons emitted energy Ez strikes stationary Li* ion in ground state will be: when photon of wy v- PEED \o%. PEED 7 re (ye ee +8) (0) y=, /AE2=3&) y Which of the following statements is incorrect? (A) The concepts of ‘penetration” and “shielding” are important in deciding the ene of orbitals in multi-electron atoms (8) A wave-function can have positive and negative values (C) ‘Radial nodes" can appear in radial probability distribution function (D)Ahe absolute size of an orbital is given by the principal quantum number 02K ordtng If the electronic configuration of oxygen atom in ground state is written as 18° 2sap TATA eeu jund’s rule (8) Paul's exclusion principle (C) Both Pauli's and Hund's principle (D) None of these ‘Megacosm Cognllons Pld, 57, Kalu So Webslle: wwwmegacosmeognitons.com ITER i, SECTION - ‘ PART-. G7, Stase and explain the following: ne ‘Aufbau's principle (Paul's exclusion principle fll) Mund's rule of maximum multiptcity. FF Write short notes on the following: (i) Solar spectrum or continuous spectrum (ee (ll) Atomic spectra or line spectra 3 In what ways Heisenberg's uncertainty principle contradicts the concept of stationary orbit for i electron as suggested by Bohr? ay 4 Explain why half filled and full filled Configurations are more stable. s Cals rw Uso Cr 8, Calculate the wavelength of radiations emitted Producing a line in Lyman series, when electron falls from fifth stationary state in hydrogen atom to ground state (Ry = 1.1 x 10" mr") Calculate the acceleratin wavelength of 0.005 nm. late the “spin only" magnetic moments ofthe folowing be 0 'g Potential that must be imparted to a ten beam to give it an effective igi Calculate the speed of an electron placed inthe third omit of hyurogen atom, Also calculate the number of revolutions Per second that this electron makes around the nucleus. How much will the kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in H atom change if the atom emits @ photon of wavelength 4860 A? \ 97 Find the velocity (ms) of electron in fst Bohr’s orbit of radius a. Also find the de Broglie Wie wavelength (in ‘m’). Find the orbital angular momentum of 2p orbital of hydrogen atom in units of ian. 8, 1-Z A bul emits light of wavelength 4500 A, The bull's rated as 150 watt and 8% of the eneray is eae emitted as light. How many photons are emitted by the bulb per second? ne jump is responsible for the wave number of emitted radiations equal to 9.7490 x 108 m- in Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum? (R = 1.096768 x 10” m) 18.7 Some energy is absorbed by hydrogen atom due to which an electron init jumped from ground oe State to the state having principle quantum number 5 and again jumped back tothe origina level What type of spectrum is observed and in which region, What is the name of. series? \4// Caleulate the minimum uncertainty in the measurement of postion of an electron iit has a speed of 500 m/s with an uncertainty of 0.02%, 15,” What transition in hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n= 4ton=2of He’ spectrum. 17, Kalo Srl Serva Vir, New Ooh -110016,Emol enqulyamegacoimeagntonrcom Websle www megacormeogntions.com PART-B Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct) 1, How many electrons with ¢ = 3 are there in an atom having atomic number 54. )3 (8) ) 14 ne of these The maximum number of electrons possible in sublevel is equal to (A) 2641 (B) 29° (c)2e? (Dye +2 e ‘The correct set of quantum number for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom may be (A)n=2, 6 =4,m=0 1, n=3,f=4,m=1 . 5 4, If the energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H - atom is ~313.6 kealimol; then energy of electron in the second orbit will be (A) 34.84 kcal/mol (8) -12.5 kcal/mol “78.4 kcalimol (D) 313.6 kcal/mol The uncertainty in the momentum of electron is 1<10"kg ms”. The minimum uncertainty in its position will be (A) 1.0510 m (8) 1.05x10m 5.27x10m (0) 5.25x10m For which of the following orbital angular momentum for the last filled electron (as per Aufbau principle) is zero? oe (8) Fe, (rk (D) Cs J, /f The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H - atom is -13.6 eV. The possible energy valye (s) of the excited state (s) for electron in Bohr orbit of hydrogen is (are) 3.4 eV (8)-4.2 eV. (C)-6.8 eV (0) +68 eV Which of the following transition of electron in H — atom will emit maximum energy? (A) 2-—on, (6) n.—>n, n,n (0) Allwill emit same energy ‘wZ Which ofthe following may correctly represent the setof four quantum numbers of a 4d electron? (A) 4,3, 2, +1/2 4, 2,1, +112 (©)4,3,-2, +1/2 (D) none of the above 10.// The number of waves made by a Bohr electron in an orbit of maximum magnetic number 3 is (A) 3 era (2 D) 1 7 14 ‘the kinetic energy of a particle is doubled, de Broglie wavelength becomes (A) 2 times (8) 4 times (©) V2 times (OY= times 2 Tmegocorm Copnton: Pv Uc 7, Kal Sra Soveptya ‘Deh-110Ts, Ema enqutyemepacoucagnors com baie rnegncetmcoptoescor eee Megacosm Cognitions Pvt.Ltd. sd of (27 {ie speed of an electron inthe frst Bohr orbit is v, whats the speed in he 3 Bohr orbit of He" 4 (A)

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