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Morphological Analysis

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10 views

Morphological Analysis

Uploaded by

iamsandeepravikumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Morphological Analysis

 Morphology is the domain of linguistic that analyzes the internal structure of words
 According to the classical approach in linguistics, words are formed of morphemes, which
are the smallest meaningful unit of a given language.

Example:

 Consider a word like: "unhappiness". This has three parts:

 Many language processing applications need to extract the information encoded in the
words
– Parsers which analyze sentence structure need to know/check agreement between
 Subjects and verbs
 Adjectives and nouns

 Information retrieval systems benefit from know what the stem of a word is ie root
word

– Machine translation systems need to analyze words to their components and generate
words with specific features in the target language.

Computational Morphology

Computational Morphology – Analysis

 Extract any information encoded in a word and bring it out its features so that later
layers of processing can make use of it.

Example:
Books => book + noun + plural
Happiest => happy +Adj + Superlative
Went =>go + verb + past.
Computational Morphology -Generation

 In a machine translation application, one may have to generate the word corresponding
to a set of features.
 Ex: Run + past => ran

Morphological processes
Three main morphological processes, used in many languages
• Inflection
• Derivation
• Compounding

INFLECTION

Inflection is the process of changing the form of a word so that it expresses information such
as number, person, case, gender, tense, mood and aspect, but the syntactic category of the word
remains unchanged.

Example: Plural form of the noun in English is usually formed from the singular form by adding an s.
car / cars, table / tables, dog / dogs.

DERIVATION

• Inflection doesn't change the syntactic category of a word.


• Derivation does change the category.
• Derivational morphology produces a new word with usually a different part-of-speech category.
 The new word is said to be derived from the old word

– happy (Adj) ⇒ happi+ness (Noun)


– nation/national/nationalise/nationalist/nationalism/
Three Derivational operations:
– Derivation by prefixation [prefix + root] (precancer = [pre- cancer])
– Derivation by suffixation [root+ suffix] (cancerous = [cancer + them])
– Para Synthetic training [prefix + root+ suffix] (intravenous = [intra + vein + euse])

COMPOSITION
 Combination of two or more bases to form a new word.
 For example, add a free morpheme to another free morpheme (eg blackboard, underflow,
overflow).

Types of Morphemes
There are two kinds of morphemes
1. Free morpheme
2. Bound morpheme
Free morpheme:
 A simple word consists of a single morpheme.
 A morpheme with the potential for independent occurrence
 Ex: The farmer kills the duckling
 The free morphemes are the, farm, kill, duck

Bound morpheme:
 Require the presence of another morpheme to make up a word.
 They can’t occur independently.
 The morphs –s, -er and –ling in the above example are bound morphemes.

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