(ECV 4511) ECE 2502*: STRUCTURAL DESIGN III

Syllabus outline
Design of the following structures:
1 Low-rise:
(i) Industrial buildings,
(ii) Residential buildings,
(iii) Agricultural buildings.
2 High rise structures in:
(i) Concrete,
(ii) Steel,
(iii) Timber.
3 Bridges:
(i) Planning and location of bridges,
(ii) Bridge construction systems in steel, reinforced and prestressed concrete, composite
construction and precast bridge systems.
4 Design of retaining walls,
5 Design of water retaining structures.

PROGRAMME (TENTATIVE):

1 High rise structures in concrete,

2 Retaining walls,
3 Water retaining structures,
4 Design of low-rise structures in steel,
5 Bridges

REFERENCES:

(i) Reinforced and Prestressed concrete (Third edition)

Authors: F K Kong, R H Evans,

Publisher: Chapman & Hall,

(ii) BS 8110,
(iii) Kenya Building Code,
(iv)Schedule of Weights of Building Materials (BS 648: 1964)
(v) Building Research Establishment (BRE) 2nd Edition,
(vi)Standard method of detailing structural concrete (Institute of structural Engineers),
(vii) Reinforced concrete design:

Authors: W H Mosley, J H Bungey.

(viii) Structural design in concrete to BS8110

Page 1 of 43
 Authors: L H Martin, P C L Craxton, J A Purkiss

HIGH RISE STRUCTURES IN CONCRETE

EXAMPLE 1:

ARCHITECTURAL DRN. I: DEVELOPMENT ON PLOT (UTANGE MOMBASA)

Date: 16/05/2022

CALCULATION SHEET

SLAB DESIGN

Fire resistance:

Kenya Building Code 87 : Domestic Building- predominantly for human habitation:

Fire requirements :height =( 5 storeys )( 9 ft ) +6 ft parapet

¿ 45 ft +6 ft parapet=51 ft >50 ft ,
2 2
Floor area= ( 64.8 )( 75.6 )=4,898.88 ft >2500 ft : Fire resistance required=1 hr

Nominal cover to all reinforcement including shear links = 20 mm (BS Cl.3.3.7)

Durability:

(i) Exposure: mild

(ii) Max. w/c ratio: 0.60, Nominal cover to all reinforcement
(iii) Minimum cement content (kg/m3) = 300 including shear links = 20 mm (BS
(iv) Concrete fcu (N/mm2) = 35 Cl.3.3.3) = 20 mm

Therefore, from fire and durability considerations, cover to all reinforcements = 20 mm

Dead load:

Concrete : ( 0.15 )( 24 )=3.6 kN /m2

2
Finishes :25 mm cement /sand screed=( 0.025 ) 24=0.6 kN /m
2
Total dead load Gk =3.6+0.6=4.2 kN /m

Live load:

Residence: Flat and Houses

Page 2 of 43
 2
Live load Q k =1.5 kN /m
2
Design load n=1.4 Gk +1.6 Qk = (1.4 ) ( 4.2 ) + ( 1.6 )( 1.5 ) =5.9+2.4=8.3 kN /m

4600 Dim: mm

Slab Trial thickness: 150 mm

2 2
l y 4600 f cu=25 N /mm , f y =460 N /mm
= =1.1< 2
l x 4300 4300

.: Two way slab design

Moments

Support moments:
2 2
Shorter span moment m sx=β sx nl x =( 0.039 ) ( 8.3 ) 4.3 =6 kNm
2 2
Longer span moment msy =β sy n l x =( 0.037 ) ( 8.3 ) 4.3 =5.7 kNm

Mid-spans moments:

From Table 3.14 (BS 8110):

❑sx = 0.033 and ❑sy = 0.028

2 2
M sx =❑ sx nl x =0.033 × 8.3× 4.3 =5.1kNm
2 2
M sy =❑ sy n l x =0.028 × 8.3× 4.3 =4.3 kNm

Main reinforcement:

Assume concrete cover = 20 mm

Therefore effective depth

Page 3 of 43
 1 ¯ 1
d=150−20− ( dia . ) =150−20− ( 12 )=124 mm
2 2

Supports:

Shorter span:

M 6 ( 10 6 )
K= 2
= 2
=0.01
f cu b d (35 )( 1000 )( 124 )

From Table 4.6-1(Kong, F K pg. 111):

z
=0.94
d

M 6 ( 10 6 ) 2
Therefore A s= = =129 mm /m
0.87 f y z ( 0.87 ) ( 460 ) ( 0.94 )( 124 )

From Table 3.25 (BS 8110 pg 88):

0.13 A c ( 0.13 )( 1000 )( 150 ) 2 2

A s (min )= = =195 mm /m>129 mm /m
100 100

Therefore, A s=195 mm2 /m

Therefore, Provide Y 8−200−T 1 ( A s=252mm /m) , and

2

Y 8−250−T 2 ( A s=201mm 2 /m),

Longer span support: As for shorter span support

Mid-span

Provide Y 8−200−B1 ( A s =252 mm /m ) , and

2
Same steel both ways

Y 8−200−B2 ( A s =252 mm2 /m )

Deflection

From table 5.3-1:

span
Basic ratio=26
depth

M 6 ( 10 6 )
2
= 2
=0.39
b d ( 1000 )( 124 )

Page 4 of 43
From Table 5.3-2:

Tension steel modification factor =1.68

span
Therefore allowab≤ ratio=( 26 )( 1.68 )=43.68
depth

span ( 4.3 )
Actual ratio= =34.68<43.68
depth 0.124

Deflection O.K.

Cracking

¯
( 124 )( 3 )=372 mm , spacing=200 mm<372 mm: cracking O. K .

DESIGN OF BEAMS

Beam marks 1 (Also manual sheet 1)

A2

A1 Dim.: mm
3200
Beam mark 1&3

3250

1225
2
A1 + A2 =6.11m

Dead load:
Calculations kN
slab weight=( 6.11 ) ( 0.15 ) 24 22
Screed weight =( 0.025 ) ( 6.11 ) 24 3.7
Self weight= ( 0.45 ) ( 0.2 )( 3.4 ) 24 7.3
Wall weight= (3.2 )( 2.55 ) ( 4.43 ) 36.2

Page 5 of 43
 Total dead load Gk 69.2
Live load:
Total live loadQ k =(1.5)(6.11) 9.2

Design load F=1.4 Gk +1.6 Qk =( 1.4 ) ( 69.2 ) + ( 1.6 ) ( 9.2 )=96.9+14.72=111.6 kN

Support conditions : simple support (. : Support moment M =0 kNm)

Wl ( 111.6 ) 3.4
Span Design moment= = =47.4 kNm
8 8

Trial section:

Effective depth d=420 Dimensions: mm

300

Beam marks 1
2 2
span l=3.4 m , f y =460 N /mm , f cu =25 N /mm

Flange widthb=b w + ( 0.2 )( 0.7 )( l ) =0.200+ ( 0.2 ) ( 0.7 ) ( 3.4 )=0.676 m

Concrete cover = 20 mm

¯ . )=450−20−0.5 ( 20 )=420 mm
Effective depth d=450−20−0.5 ( dia

Moment of resistance M u=0.45 f cu b hf d− [ ] hf

2
Page 6 of 43
 [
¿ 0.45 ( 25 ) ( 676 ) 150 420−
150
2 ]
¿ 393.6 kNm >47.4 kNm

Compression steel not required.

Steel area A s :

M =0.87 f y A s d− ( hf
2 )
( 47.4 ) 106=0.87 ( 460 ) A s 420− ( 150
2 )
2
. : A s =344 mm

Provide:
2
 2 Y 16 bottom steel (402 mm ),
 2Y8 hanger bars.

Design for shear:

F 111.6
Shear force V = = =55.8 kN
2 2

V
Design shear stress v=
bv d

( 55.8 ) ( 103 )
. :v = =0.66 N /mm2
( 200 ) ( 420 )

v maxis the lesser of:

(i) v max=0.8 √ f cu=0.8 √ 25=4 N /mm2

(ii) v max=5.0 N /mm 2

.: v max=4 N /mm 2> 0.66 N /mm2

. :Section is adequate∈ shear

Concrete design stress v c

Page 7 of 43
100 A s ( 100 ) ( 402 )
= =0.48
bv d ( 200 ) ( 420 )

From table 6.4-1 (Kong, FK pg 210)

v c =− ( 0.5−0.25
0.5−0.4
) ( 0.5−0.48) +0.50=0.49 N /mm 2

2
(0.5) v c =( 0.5 )( 0.49 )=0.25 N /mm
2 2
v=0.66 N /mm > 0.25 N /mm

Therefore shear reinforcement is required :

Minimum shear links:

A sv 0.4 bv
=
S v 0.87 f fv

0.4 b v ( 0.4 ) 200

¿ = =0.2
0.87 f fv ( 0.87 ) 460

From table 6.4-2 (Kong, FK pg 213) :

Provide Y 8−300
( A sv
Sv )
=0 .33 for minimum links .

2
Minimum shear links will be used upto v =v c +0.4=0.49+ 0.4=0.89 N /mm
−3
Shear load ( minimumlinks )=( 0.89 ) ( 200 ) ( 450 ) 10 =80.1 kN >55.8 kN

Page 8 of 43
 Therefore provide Y 8−300
( A sv
Sv
=0 . 33
) entire span
the

Designed section output

Y8-300 links
2Y8 hanger bars

Effective depth d=420 Dimensions: mm

300

2Y16 bottom bars

Beam marks 1

Deflection

Effective flange width b=676 mm

bw 200
= =0.3
b 676

From table 5.3-1(Kong, FK pg. 169):

span
Basic ratio=20
depth

M 47.4 ( 106 )
= =1.34
b d 2 ( 200 )( 420 )2

From Table 5.3-2:

Tension steel modification factor =1.21

span
Therefore allowable ratio=( 20 )( 1.21 )=24.2
depth

span ( 3.2 )
Actual ratio= =7.6<24.2
depth 0.42

Page 9 of 43
 Deflection: O.K.

Design for beams Mk 91, Mk 92, and Mk 17 (Manual sheet pg 7)

Mk 7=54.3 kN Mk 42 & Mk 43(72.9+37.7 ) = 110.6 kN

1.400 1.400

Span = 6.600 Column E1-6 (B)

Column H6 (A)
DESIGN FOR BEAMS MK 91, MK 92 AND MK 17
2
A1 + A2 + A 3+ A 4 + A5 =6.1275+0.49+0.49+ 3.24+0.49=10.84 m

Spanl=6.6 m

Dead load:
Calculations kN
slab weig h t=( 10.84 )( 0.15 ) 24 39.0
12.7 mm t hick (1 :3 c : s screed)weig ht= ( 0.29 )( 10.84 ) 3.1
Self weight= ( 0.60 ) ( 0.2 )( 6.6 ) 24 19.0
Wall weight= (6.0 )( 2.4 ) ( 4.43 ) 63.8
Total dead load Gk 124.9
Live load:
Total live loadQ k =(1.5)(10.84 ) 16.3

Udl Design load F=1.4 Gk +1.6 Qk =( 1.4 ) ( 124.9 ) + ( 1.6 )( 16.3 )

¿ 174.86+26.1=201 kN

201
w= =30.5 kN /m
6.6

Support A:

( 201 ) 6.6 54.3 ( 1.4 ) (6.6−1.4)2 110.6 (6.6−1.4 ) (1.4)2

FEM = + +
12 6.6 2 6.6 2

Page 10 of 43
 ¿ 110.55+ 47.2+25.9=183.7 kNm

Support B:

( 201 ) 6.6 54.3 ( 1.4 )2 (6.6−1.4) 110.6 (6.6−1.4 )2 (1.4)1

FEM = + +
12 6.6 2 6.62

¿ 110.55+ 12.7+96.1=219.4 kNm

Moment distribution:

Trial beam section : 600× 200

3
b d3 ( 0.200 ) ( 0.600 )
Beam flexural rigidity =EI beam=E =E ={( 3.6 ) 10−3 m4 } E
12 12

flexural rigidity {( 3.6 ) 10 m } E

−3 4
Beam stiffness= = ={( 0.55 ) 10−3 m3 } E
length 6.6
3
b d3 ( 0.200 ) ( 0.600 )
Column flexural rigidity=EI col=E =E ={( 3.6 ) 10−3 m4 } E
12 12

flexural rigidity {( 3.6 ) 10 m } E

−3 4
Column stiffness= = ={( 1.5 ) 10−3 m3 } E
length 2.4

Total joint stiffness=Beam stiffness+ ( Column stiffness ) 2=0.55+2 ( 1.5 )

¿ {( 3.55 ) 10−3 m3 } E

Column stiffness 3
Columns distributing factor = = =0.9
Total joint stiffness 3.55

beam sti ffness 0.55

Beam distributing factor = = =0.1
Total joint stiffness 3.55

Moments’ distribution Table 1.3: Mk 91

JOINT A B
MEMBER Col H 6 Mk 91 Span AB Mk 91 Col E 16
D.F. 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.9
FEM 183.7 -
219.4
Bal. -165.3 -18.4 +21.9 +197.5
C.O. +11 -9.2

Page 11 of 43
 Bal. -9.9 -1.1 +0.9 +8.3
C.O. +0.5 -0.6
Bal. -0.4 -0.1 +0.1 +0.5
C.O. +0.1 -0.1
Bal. -0.1 0 0 +0.1
C.O. 0 0
Bal. 0 0 0 0
Totals -175.7 +175.7 -206.4 +206.4

REACTIONS:

Moments about B:

6.6 R A −175.7−( 201 ) ( 6.62 )−54.3 (5.2 )−110.6 ( 1.4 ) +206.4=0

6.6 R A −175.7−663.3−282.36−154.84 +206.4=0

.: R A =162.1 kN

.: R B=(201+ 54.3+110.6)−162.1 kN =203.8 kN

Span design moment:

S.F.D.

162.1 (1.4)(30.5) = 42.7

54.3
162.1−42.7−54.3=65.7
A B 50.5
1.4 x 203.8
110.6
42.7
1.4
65.7
=x=2.2 m
30.5
2.2 +1.4 = 3.6 m

Page 12 of 43
Design moment = Reaction moment - Load moment

. :Span design Moment M 3.6= (162.1 )( 3.6 )−30.5 ( 3.6 ) ( 3.62 )−54.3(2.2)
¿ 584.28−197.64−119.46 =267.2 kNm

Beam type: T- Beam:

Flange widthb=b w + ( 0.2 )( 0.7 )( 6.6 )=0.200+ ( 0.2 )( 0.7 ) ( 6.6 )=1124 mm

Moment of resistance M u=0.45 f cu b hf d− [ ]

hf
2

[
¿ 0.45 ( 25 ) ( 1124 ) 150 570−
150
2 ]10−6

¿ 938.9 kNm >267.2 kNm

Therefore compressi on steel not required .

Steel area A s :

M =0.87 f y A s d− ( hf
2 )
( 267.2 ) 106=0.87 ( 460 ) A s 570− ( 150
2 )
2
. : A s =1349 mm

Provide:

 2 Y 25+ 2Y 16 bottom steel ( 1384 mm2 )

Design for support steel

Design moment :support A=175.7 kNm∧support B=206.4 kNm

Section ¿ ( 600 )( 200 )

2
M u=0.156 f u b d
2 −6
¿ 0.156 ( 25 )( 200 ) ( 570 ) 10

¿ 253.4 kNm>175.7 kNm >206.4 kNm

Page 13 of 43
Therefore compression steel not required at both supports .

Support A:

Tension steel:

M =0.87 f y A s z

( 175.7 ) 106 =0.87 ( 460 ) A s z

M ( 175.7 ) 106
K= = =0.08
f cu bd 2 ( 35 )( 200 ) ( 570 )2

From Table 4.6 –1: Kong, F.K. pg. 111

z
=0.90
d

. : ( 175.7 ) 10 =0.87 ( 460 ) A s { 0.90 } 570

6

2
A s=856 mm

Provide 2 Y 25 ( A S =982 mm2 ) Support steel

Support B:

Tension steel:

M =0.87 f y A s z

( 206.4 ) 10 6=0.87 ( 460 ) A s z

M ( 206.4 ) 106
K= = =0.09
f cu bd 2 ( 35 )( 200 ) ( 570 )2

From Table 4.6 –1: Kong, F.K. pg. 111

z
=0.89
d

. : ( 206.4 ) 10 =0.87 ( 460 ) A s {0.89 } 570

6

2
A s=1017 mm

Page 14 of 43
Provide 2 Y 20+ 2Y 16 ( A S =628+402=1030 mm2 ) Support steel

DESIGN FOR SHEAR:

At support A :Shear force V =162.1 kN

V
Design shear stress v=
bv d

( 162.1 ) ( 103 )
. :v = =1.4 N /mm2
( 200 ) ( 570 )

At support B: Shear force V =208 kN

V
Design shear stress v=
bv d

( 203.8 ) ( 103 ) 2
. :v = =1.8 N /mm
( 200 ) ( 570 )

v maxis the lesser of:

(i) v max=0.8 √ f cu=0.8 √ 25=4 N /mm

2

2
(ii) v max=5.0 N /mm

.: v max=4 N /mm 2>1.4 N /mm2 >1.8 N /mm2

. :Section adequate∈shear at both supports

Concrete design stress v c

100 A s ( 100 )( 1384 )

= =1.2
bv d ( 200 ) ( 570 )

From table 6.4-1 (Kong, FK pg 210)

{(
vc= +
0.84−0.74
1.5−1.0 )
( 1.2−1 )+ 0.74 0.956
}
2
v c =0.75 N /mm
2
(0.5) v c =( 0.5 )( 0.75 )=0.375 N /mm
2 2
v=1.4 N /mm > 0.375 N /mm

Page 15 of 43
Therefore shear reinforc ement isrequired :

Minimum shear links:

A sv 0.4 bv
=
S v 0.87 f fv

0.4 b v ( 0.4 ) 200

¿ = =0.2
0.87 f fv ( 0.87 ) 460

From table 6.4-2 (Kong, FK pg 213):

Provide Y 8−300
( A sv
Sv )
=0 .33 for minimum links .

2
Minimum shear links will be used upto v =v c +0.4=0.75+ 0.4=1.15 N /mm
−3
Shear load ( minimum links )=( 1.15 ) ( 200 ) ( 600 ) 10 =138 kN

Support A:

162.1−138
=0.790 m
30.5

Support B:

203.8−42.7=161.1 kN >138 kN

161.1−138
=0.8 m
30.5

( v−v c ) b v S v
A sv=
0.87 f yv

A sv ( 1.8−0.75 ) ( 200 )
= =0.53
Sv ( 0.87 ) 460

Provide Y8 - 150
( A sv
Sv )
=0.67 for 2.2 m from support B towards the centre of the span

Y -150 Y8 -300 Y -150

Dim: m
A 0.8 3.6 2.2 B

Page 16 of 43
 Mk 91
Support A:

0.8− ( 0.62 )=0.5 m ¿ column face towards centre of span

Support B:

2.2− ( 0.62 )=1.9 m¿ colum face towards centre of the span

Deflection

Effective flange width b=1124 mm

bw 200
= =0.18<0.3
b 1124

From table 5.3-1(Kong, FK pg. 169):

Basic ( depth
span
) ratio=26
M 267.2 ( 106 )
2
= 2
=0.73
b d ( 1124 ) ( 570 )

From Table 5.3-2: (Kong, F.K. pg. 170)

Tension steel modification factor >1.5

Therefore allowable ( depth

span
) ratio= ( 26) ( 1.50)=39
Actual ( depth
span
) ratio= 0.57
6.6
=11.6<39

Deflection: O.K.

Designed section output

Y8-300 links
2 Y 25

Effective depth d=570 Dimensions: mm

450
Page 17 of 43
 2Y25+ 2Y16
Support A

Designed section output

Y8-300 links
2 Y 20+ 2Y 16

Effective depth d=570 Dimensions: mm

450

2Y25+ 2Y16

Support B

Bar curtailment: cf DRN

Mk 91

Date: 30/05/2022:

CURTAILMENT OF BARS

Designed section output

Y8-300 links
2 Y 25+ 2Y 16

Page 18 of 43
Effective depth d=570 Dimensions: mm
450

4Y25

C
200 kNm
Anchorage length=K A ∅
Greater of:
180 kNm h=108
(i) 12 (dia of bar), A1
(ii) Effective depth of the beam

B.M. Base line

x
Hanger bars
A
B

x 1=1.5 m , say

270 kNm
4m

7m

Structural elements typical scales: 1: 25, 1: 20

x 1=measured ¿ the scaled drawing

1
Area ABC= A= ( 1.5 ) ( 200 )=150
2

x1 x
=
200 h

1.5 x
.: =
200 h

Page 19 of 43
. : x= ( 200
1.5
)h
1
A 1= ( x ) ( h )
2

. : A 1=
1
2 [( ) ] ( )
1.5
200
h ( h) =
1 1.5 2
2 200
h

2
2 Y 25=982 mm
2
2 Y 16=402mm

1 1.5 2
h ( )
( )
A1
A
=
2 200
150
=
402
1384
=0.29

.: ( )
1 1.5 2
2 200
h =0.29 (150 )

. :h=108

STAIR CASE DESIGN

DESIGN OF STAIR SLABS

1300 mm

Page 20 of 43
 Raiser = 150 Total rise = 1500

150 mm spine

Total tread = 2500

Span = centre to centre of supports = 3150 mm

Fig. 1.1: Stair case longitudinal section (first flight) (N.T.S.)

Grd flr
2.2 m
Landing

UP

9 treads @ 250 = 2250 mm 1300 mm

Fig.1-2: Stair case plan layout (N.T.S.)

Data:

(a) Height of fligt = 1500 mm

(b) Spine trial thickness = 150 mm
(c) Concrete :
(i) Unit weight =24 kN/m3
(ii) fcu = 25 N/mm2
(iii) Concrete cover = 20 mm
(d) 12.7 mm thick cement/sand (1:3) Screed = 0.29 kN/m2
(e) Steel: fy = 460 N/mm2
(f) Imposed load: qk = 1.5 kN/m2

Length of the spine= √ ( 2.5 )2+ (1.5 )2= 2.92 m

Loads :

Page 21 of 43
Steps=( 0.15 )( 0.25 )( 1.1 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 10 ) ( 24 )=4.95 kN

spine=( 1.1 ) ( 0.150 ) ( 2.92 ) ( 24 )=11.56 kN

Landing=( 1.05 ) ( 1.1 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.150 )=4.158 kN

Screed=( 2.50+1.05 ) ( 1.1 ) ( 0.29 )=1.133 kN

Gk = ( 4.95 ) + ( 11.56 ) +4.158+ ( 1.133 )=21.8 kN

Qk = ( 2.50+1.05 ) ( 1.1 )( 1.5 )=5.858 kN

Design load F=( 1.4 ) ( G k ) + ( 1.6 ) ( Qk )

¿ ( 1.4 )( 21.8 )+ (1.6 ) (5.858 )=30.52+9.37=39.9 kN /m

span l=( 0.25 ) ( 8 ) + ( 1.3 )+ 0.10=3.4 m

Fl ( 39.9 ) ( 3.4 )
Design moment= = =17 kNm
8 8

Effective depth=150−20=130 mm
2 2 −6
M u=0.156 f cu b d =0.156 ( 25 ) (1000 )( 130 ) 10 =65.91 kNm>17 kNm

. :Compression reiforcement not reqd .

Areaof steel A s :

M ( 17 ) ( 106 )
K= = =0.04
b d f cu (1 000 ) ( 1302 ) ( 25 )
2

From Table 4.6 -1: Lever arm factors (Design II)

z
=0.94
d

M =0.87 f y A s z

. : ( 17 ) ( 106 ) =0.87 ( 460 ) A s ( 0.94 ) ( 130 )

2
. : A s =347 mm /m width of the stair

. : Provide Y 10−225−B 1 ( A s=349 mm 2 /m)

Distribution steel:

Page 22 of 43
 From Table 1.2:

100 A s
=0.13 %
Ac

( 1000 )( 150 )
A s=( 0.13 ) =195 mm2 /m
100

provide Y 8−250−B2 ( A s=2 01mm 2 /m)

Beam B 11.1.1

Y 10−250−B1 1st flr landing

Y 8−250−B2

Beam B 2

First landing

Exercise: Design the 2nd flight.

Date: 06/06/2022

COLUMN DESIGN: SHORT REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Page 23 of 43
Example 1: TYPICAL COLUMN SCHEDULE:

Column Column Load (kN) Column

mark moments
(kNm)
Beam mark Beam Total M xx M yy
load beam
(kN) load(kN)
G2 Beam 29 44
Beam 2 55
Beam 3 70 259 75 18
Beam 4 90
G4 Mk30
Mk29

Section size: 400 mm x 200 mm:

Design column G2.

Solution:

Step1: Assume concrete cover to centres of bars = 50 mm, say.

b Y

'
h h

xM x x

'
b

Y My

Then:
'
h =400−50=350 mm,
'
b =200−50=150 mm,

Page 24 of 43
Mx ( 75 ) ( 106 )
=( 214 ) ( 10 ) N
3
'
=
h 350

My ( 18 ) ( 106 )
=( 120 ) ( 10 ) N
3
'
=
b 150

Mx M y
Hence '
> '
h b

N ( 259 ) ( 103 )
= =0.08 ≅ 0.1
f cu b h ( 40 ) ( 200 ) ( 400 )

Values of β:

N 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ≥ 0.6

f cu b h
β 1.00 0.88 0.77 0.6 0.53 0.42 0.30
5

Hence, from the table, β=0.88

h
'
' ( 350 )
Enhanced moment=M =M x + β ' M y =75+ ( 0.88 )
x ( 18 )=112kNm
b ( 150 )

Step 2: Design the reinforcement for (N, M 'x )

Where:
'
N=259 kN , ¿ M x =112 kNm ,

N ( 259 ) ( 10 )
3
2
= =3 . 2 N /mm
bh ( 200 ) ( 400 )

M ( 112 ) ( 106 ) 2
= =3 . 5 N /mm
b h ( 200 ) ( 400 )
2 2

Page 25 of 43
From column design chart: No. 38:

( 100 ) ( A sc )
=1.7 %
( b )( h )

( 1.7 ) ( b ) ( h ) ( 1.7 ) ( 200 ) ( 400 )

. : A sc = = =1360 mm 2
100 100

Hence , provide 6 Y 20 ( A s c =1885 mm2 )

Y

3Y20

X X 2Y16

3Y20

Page 26 of 43
 Example 2:
3 rd flr

3.5 m

2 nd Flr.

Fig. 2.1: Concrete frame

3.5 m

1st Flr.

3.5 m

Grd. Flr.

Column section size: 400 x 300 mm, f cu=25 N /mm2, f y =460 N /mm2

Column storey height-3.5 m

Load=( 0.4 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 3.5 )( 24 ) ( 1.4 ) =14 kN

Fig. 2.1 frame analysis data are tabulated in Table 2.1. Using column design Chart No. 24,
design the columns.

Table 2.1: Column loads and moments

Floor Load Moment N M 100 A sc A sc

N M bh bh
2
bh (mm 2)
(kN) (kNm)
3rd (u.s.) 536 83.0 4.5 1.7 0.4 480
Col. Self wt. +14
2nd (t.s.) 550 69.0
Flr load +760
2nd (u.s.) 1310 69.0
Col. Self wt. +14

Page 27 of 43
 1st (t.s.) 1324 69.0
Flr. load +760
1st (u.s.) 2084 69.0
Col. Self wt. +14
Foundation 2098 34.5

DATE: 13/06/2022

DESIGN OF COLUMN BASES

Example 1:

Design a column base for the following:

Column load – 1000 kN, Column dimensions: 400 by 400 mm, Dowels diameter: 16 mm,
2 2
f cu=40 N /mm , f y =460 N /mm , Soil safe bearing capacity =200 kN /m2

Solution

Step 1:

Footing self weight = 150 kN (assumed)

.: Total load=1000+150=1150kN

Page 28 of 43
 Total load 1150 2
Required base area= = =5.75 m
safe bearing ca pacity 200

Base lateral dimensions= ( √ 5.75 )=2.4 m

2
Provide a base 2.450 m square , area=6.0 m

Base design load=( 1.4 ) (150 )=210 kN

1210 2
Total designload =1000+210=1210 kN Earth pressure= 2
=201.6 kN /m
2.45

Assume a 600 mm thick footing.

Net upward pressure=201.6−( h ) ( 24 ) ( γ F )

2
¿ 201.6−( 0.6 ) ( 24 )( 1.4 )=181.4 kN /m

Step 2: Anchorage length for the dowels:

Compression anchorage length=( 26 ) ¿

¿ ( 26 )( 16 )=416 mm

Therefore a base thickness of 600 mm would adequately allow for concrete cover and two layers
of reinforcement below the dowels.

Step 3: Punching shear

Assume the footing is to be constructed on a blinding layer of concrete so that the minimum
cover is 40 mm.

Effective depth d=600−cover−¿¯¿

Effective depth d=600−40−20=540 mm

Critical perimeter=column perimeter +3 πh

¿ ( 400 )( 4 ) +3 π ( 600 )

¿ 7254 mm
2 2
Areawithin perimeter=( 400+3 h ) − ( 4−π ) (1.5 h )
2 2
¿ ( 400+ 1800 ) −( 4−π )( 900 )
2 2
¿ ( 400+ 1800 ) −( 4−π )( 900 )

Page 29 of 43
 ¿ ( 4.1 ) 106 mm2

Punching shear force V =( 181.4 ) ( 2.452−4.1 )

¿ 345 kN

( 345 ) 1000
Punching shear stress= =0.1 N /mm2
( 7254 ) ( 540 )

From Table 6.4-1 (design II), this shear stress is not excessive, therefore h=600 mmwill be
suitable.

Step 4: Bending reinforcement

2.45

1.025

Critical section is at the column face:

1.025
Design moment M =( 181.4 )( 2.45 ) ( 1.025 )
2

¿ 233.5 kNm
2
Ultimate moment of the section M =0.156 f cu b d

¿ ( 0.156 )( 40 ) (2450 )( 540 ) ( 10−6 )

2

¿ 4458 kNm>233.5 kNm

. :Compression reinforcement not required

Page 30 of 43
 M
K= 2
f cu b d

( 233.5 ) 106
¿ =0.01
( 40 ) ( 2450 ) ( 5402 )

From Table 4.6 -1 (design II)

z
=0.94
d

M
Tension steel area A s =
0.87 f y z

( 233.5 ) 10 6
¿ =1150 mm2
( 0.87 ) ( 460 )( 0.94 ) (540 )

Minimum tension steel area :

100 A s
=0.13
bh

0.13 ( 2450 ) (600 )

A s= =1911mm2
100

Provide 10 Y 16 – 250 ( b oth ways ) −( A s=2011mm2 )

Step 5: Local Bond

At the critical section for bending

shear V =( 181.4 )( 2.450 )( 1.025 )=455.54 kN

V ( 455.54 ) 103
Local bond stress f bs = = =1.7 N /mm2
Ʃ us d 10 ( 50.2 ) ( 540 )

From Table 7.3

2
Ultimate bond stress=4.1 N /mm

Step 6: Final check of punching shear

From Table 6.4-1: (design II)

100 A s ( 100 ) 2011

= =0.15
bd ( 2450 ) 540

Page 31 of 43
 2
Ultimate shear stress v c =0.4 N /mm
2
Punching shear stress was 0.1 N /mm

Therefore, a 600 mm thick pad is adequate.

Step7: Shear stress

215 810 = 1.5d

2.45

1.025

1.5 d=( 1.5 ) 540=810 mm

1025−810=215 mm

At the critical section for shear, 1.5d from the column face

V = (181.4 ) ( 2.45 ) ( 0.215 )

¿ 95.6 kN

V ( 95.6 ) 1000
v= =
bd ( 2450 ) 540
2 2
¿ 0.1 N /mm <0.4 N /mm

Therefore the section is adequate in shear

Example 2:

Design a column base for the following:

Column load – 1500 kN, Column dimensions: 350 by 350 mm, Dowels diameter: 16 mm,
2 2
f cu=40 N /mm , f y =460 N /mm , Soil safe bearing capacity =250 kN /m2

Page 32 of 43
RETAINING WALLS

Introduction
There are three common types of concrete retaining walls:
(a) Mass concrete (normally not greater than 2.0 m in height),
(b) Cantilever ( upto 7.0 m),
(c) Counterfort (height over 7 m).

Stem

Heel

(a) Mass concrete gravity wall Toe

(b) Cantilever wall

Counterfort spacing: 2.5 – 3.5 m

(c) Counterfort retaining wall

Stability of retaing walls:

Page 33 of 43
 (i) Sliding
The factor of safety against sliding is to be taken as 1.5, if only cohesion or base
friction is considered or 2 if the passive resistance infront of the toe is also considered
(ii) Overturning
The factor of safety against overturning is to be taken as 3 for gravity walls and 2 for
other walls
(iii) Bearing capacity
The maximum bearing stress underneath the base should not exceed the allowable
bearing capacity. To avoid excessive tilting, the ratio of the maximum to minimum
bearing stresses should not exceed 3. It is preferable if the ratio is as near unity as
possible.

800 1500
Example L
K
J
3
Concrete wt=25 kN /m
3
γ =17 kN /m ,

o
φ=δ=30
2000

C
G
Dim.: mm
D E F
1000

A B

2300 500
500
Fig.: 1: Concrete gravity retaining wall

Investigate the wall for:

(i) Sliding,
(ii) Overturning,
(iii) Bearing pressure:
2
Allowable bearing capacity=200 kN /m

Model solution

Page 34 of 43
 1−sinφ 1−sin 30 1
Ka= = =
1+sin φ 1+sin 30 3

Active earth pressure Pa =( 0.5 ) ( γ )( h ) ( K a ) ( h )

Pa= ( 0.5 ) ( 17 ) ( 3 ) ( 13 ) ( 3)=25.5 kN /m run of wall.

(i) Sliding:
Vertical weight:
JDE:
( 25 ) ( 2 ) ( 0.8 ) ( 0.5 )=20 kN /m
JKEF:
( 25 ) ( 2 ) ( 1.5 )=75 kN /m
ACGB
( 25 ) ( 3.3 ) ( 1.0 )=82.5 kN /m
FGLK:
( 17 )( 2 ) ( 0.5 )=17 kN /m
Total vertical weight = 194.5 kN /m
o
Resistance ¿ sliding=194.5 tan δ=194.5 tan 30

Available Resistance ¿ sliding

o
194.5 tan δ 194.5 tan30
¿ = =74.9 kN >25.5 kN
factor of safety 1.5

O.k.

(ii) Overturning:

Moments about A:

Overturning moment=( γ f ) Pa ( h3 )=( 3) ( 25.5) ( 33 )=76.5 kNm

Restraining Moment :

{ [
M = ( 20 ) 0.5+ ( 0.83 ) 2]+( 75) ( 0.5+0.8+ 0.75) +( 17 )( 3.3−0.25) +82.5( 3.32 )}
M = {20.67+ 153.75+51.85+136.125 }=362.4 kNm> 76.5 kNm

.: Criterion for overturning is satisfied

Page 35 of 43
(iii)Bearing pressure.

194.5 2
Direct stress∈thebase= =58.94 kN /m
3.3

Moment in the base about the major axis of the base:

M =25.5 ( 33 )+( 20) {( 3.32 )−[ 0.5+( 0.83 )2] }+( 75 ) {( 3.32 )−( 0.5+0.8+ 0.75) }+ 17 {( 3.32 )−( 3.3−0.25) }
M =25.5+ ( 20 ) { 0.62 }−( 75 ) { 0.21 }−17 {1.4 }=25.5+12.4−15.75−23.8=−1.65 kNm
M ( 1.65 ) 6 ( 1.65 ) 6
Bending stress f = = = =0.91 kN /m2
Z bd
2
( 1 ) ( 3.3 ) 2

58.94

0.91
+

59.9
58

2 2
Maximum stress∈the base=59.9 kN /m <200 kN /m

.: Safe bearing pressure not exceeded

Tilting:

σ max 59.9
= =1.03< 3
σ min 58

Therefore tilting will not be excessive.

CANTILEVER WALLS

Page 36 of 43
 Example: Design of a cantilever Retaining Wall

The cantilever retaining wall shown below supports a granular material of saturated density 2000
kg/m3, and the allowable bearing pressure is 110 kN/m3. It is required to:

1) Check the stability of the wall,

2) Determine the actual bearing pressures,
3) Design the bending reinforcement if:
2 2
f cu=40 N /mm , f y =460 N /mm ,

300

o
φ=30
c = 0 kN/m2

4500

400

A Passive 600

800 400 2200

P2
P3
P1

3400

Page 37 of 43
 a) Stability
Coefficient of active earth pressure
1−sin φ 1−sin 30 1
Ka= = = ,
1+sin φ 1+sin 30 3
1
Coefficient of passive earth pressure K p= =3
Ka
Saturated unit weight of the soil γ sat =( 2000 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 10−3 ) =19.6 kN /m3
2
Cohesion c =0 kN /m (material granular)

Top of wall:

Active lateral earth pressure pa= ( γ sat ) ( z ) K a −2 c √ K a

2
¿ ( 19.6 ) ( 0 ) ( 0.33 ) −0=0 kN /m

Bottom of wall:

Active lateral earth pressure pa= ( γ sat ) ( z ) K a −2 c √ K a

¿ ( 19.6 ) ( 4.9 ) ( 31 )−0=32 kN /m 2

Total earth pressure Pa= ( 0.5 ) ( 32 )( 4.9 )=78.4 kN /m run of wall

Vertical loads:

Wall ¿ ( 0.5 )( 0.4 +0.3 ) ( 4.5 )( 24 ) ¿ 37.8 kN

Base ¿ ( 0.4 )( 3.4 ) ( 24 ) ¿ 32.6
Earth ¿ ( 2.2 ) ( 4.5 ) ( 19.6 ) ¿ 194
Total ¿ 264.4 kN

(i) Sliding :
o
Coefficient of friction μ=tan φ=tan 30 =0.5

Frictional resisting force=μ ( γ f ) G k =0.5 ( 0.9 ) 264.4=119 kN

Sliding force =γ f ( Pa ) =1.6 ( 78.4 )=125.5 kN

Since the sliding force exceeds the frictional force, resistance will be provided by the passive
pressure acting against the heel beam which is given thus:

Total earth passive P p= ( γ f ) ( 0.5 ) ( γ sat ) K p ( z 2 )

Page 38 of 43
¿ ( 0.9 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 19.6 ) 3 ( 0.62 ) =9 .5 kN /m run of wall

Therefore total resisting force=119+ 9.5=1 28 .5 kN /m> 125.5 kN

Sliding O.K.

(ii) Overturning :

Moments about A:

Overturning moment=γ f ( Pa ) ( 3z )=1.6 ( 78.4) ( 4.93 )=204.9 kNm

Restraining moment=( 0.9 ) [ ( 37.8 ) ( 1 )+ ( 32.6 ) ( 1.7 ) + ( 194 )( 2.3 ) ]

¿ ( 0.9 ) [ 37.8+55.42+446.2 ] =486 kNm >204.9 kNm

Overturning: O.K.

(b) Bearing pressures:

Moments about the base centre - line

M =( 78.4 ) ( 4.93 )+ ( 37.8)( 1.7−1.0) +( 194 ) (1.7−2.3 )

M =128.1+26.46−116.4=38.2 kNm

264.4 ( 6 )( 38.2 )
Maximum pressure p 1= +
3.4 3.4
2

2
Maximum pressure p 1=77.8+19.8=97.6 kN /m
2
97.6 kN /m < Allowable bearing pressure

(c) Bending reinforcement:

(i) Wall:

Horizontal force=( γ f ) ( 0.5 ) ( γ sat ) ( z ) ( K a ) ( z )

¿ ( 1.6 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 19.6 ) ( 4.5 ) ( 31 ) ( 4.5)=105.8 kN

Considering the effective span:

Page 39 of 43
De sign moment M =105.8 ( 4.53 +0.2)=179.9 kNm
2
Ultimate moment of the section M u=0.156 f cu b d

¿ 0.156 ( 40 ) (1000 ) ( 330 2 ) 10−6

¿ 679.5>179.9 kNm

Section adequate for compression

M (179.9 ) 106
K= = =0.04
( b ) ( d 2) ( f cu ) ( 1000 ) ( 3302 ) ( 40 )

Therefore ( dz )=0.94
6
M ( 179.9 ) 10
Tension steel A s= = =1450 mm2
0.87 f y z ( 0.87 ) ( 460 ) ( 3 30 ) ( 0.94 )

Provide Y 20 – 200 ( A s=1571 mm2 /m )

(ii) Base:
Moments about the base centre – line: using figures from part (b):
M =( γ f ) ( 128.1 ) +26.5−116.5
¿ ( 1.6 ) ( 128.1 ) +26.5−116.5=115 kN m

264.4 ( 6 )( 115 )
Maximum pressure p 1= + =78+59.7=137.7 kN /m2
3.4 3.4
2

2
Minimum pressure p 2=78−59.7=18.3 kN /m
2
.: p3=95.6 kN /m

Heel:

Moments about stem centre-line

M =32.6 ( 3.4
2.2
) ( 1.3) +194 ( 1.3 )−18.3 ( 2.2)( 1.3 )−( 95.6−18.3) ( 2.22 )[( 13 )( 2.2) +0.2]
M =27.4 +252.2−52.3−85 [ 0.93 ] =148.3 kNm <679.5 kNm

Page 40 of 43
 M ( 148.3 ) 106
Tension steel A s= = =1195 mm2 /m
0.87 f y z ( 0.87 ) ( 460 ) ( 330 ) ( 0.94 )

Provide Y 20 – 250 ( A s=1257 mm 2 /m) – Top steel

Toe:

Moments about stem centre-line:

M =32.6 ( 3.4
0.8
) ( 0.6 )−( 137) ( 0.8) ( 0.6) =4.6−65.76=−61.2 kNm
6
M (61.2 ) 10
Tension steel A s= = =493 mm2 /m
0.87 f y z ( 0.87 ) ( 460 ) ( 330 ) ( 0.94 )

Provide Y 12 – 225 ( A s=503 mm2 /m ) – Bottom steel

Page 41 of 43
 DESIGN TABLES

Table A1: Areas of groups of reinforcement bars (mm2)

Bar Number of bars

size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(mm)
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 120 1407 160 1809 2011
6 8
20 314 628 942 125 1571 188 2199 251 2827 3142
7 5 3
25 491 982 1473 196 2454 294 3436 392 4418 4909
3 5 7
32 804 160 2412 321 4021 482 5629 643 7237 8042
8 6 5 3
40 1256 251 3769 502 6283 753 8796 105 11310 12570
3 6 9 0

Table 4.6 -1: Lever arm and neutral axis depth factors

M 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.104 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.144 0.15 0.156
K= 2 9 2
f cu b d
z /d 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.775
x /d 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.50

Table A2: Reinforcement - bar areas (mm2) per metre width for various bar spacings

Page 42 of 43
 Bar Bar spacing (mm)
Size 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
(mm
)
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 523 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 566 503 452 411 377

16 2681 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 - 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
40 - - 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 5027 4570 4189

Date: 13/06/2022

(i) Footings,
(ii) Septic tank design.
(iii) Retaining walls

Page 43 of 43