@ SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM By limit state method of designDIFFERENT METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE _ Working Stress Method Limit State Method Ultimate Load Method Probabilistic Method of DesignLIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN * The object of the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability, that a structure will not become unsuitable in it’s lifetime for the use for which it is intended, i.e. It will not reach a limit state * Astructure with appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand safely. * Allloads, that are reliable to act on it throughout it's life and it should also satisfy the subs ability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.* It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during and after accident, such as fires, explosion & local failure. i.e. limit sate must be consider in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability * The most important of these limit states, which must be examine in design are as follows Limit state of collapse - Flexure - Compression - Shear - Torsion This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ») Singly reinforced beam ») Doubly reinforced beam « Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged beamsSINGLY REINFORCED BEAM © In singly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel bars are placed near the bottom of the beam or slabs where they are most effective in resisting the tensile stresses.© Reinforcement in simply supported beam© Reinforcement in a cantilever beam© STRESS — STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE I" |© STRESS — STARIN CURVE FOR STEELSTRESS BLOCK PARAMETERSox Depth of Neutral axis °b breadth of section od = effective depth of section © The depth of neutral axis can be obtained by — the equilibrium of the normal forces , at is, ~ Resultant force of compression = average stress X area = 0.36 f. bx » Resultant force of tension = 0.87 FA ~ Force of compression should be equal to force of tension, 0.36 fbx = 0.87 6A X= os7tat 036 fb© The distance between the lines of action of two forces C & T is called the lever arm and is denoted by z. oLeverarmz = d-0.42x d-0.42 fostta_) 0.36 fer b _— fa fab© Moment of resistance with respect to concrete = compressive force x lever arm = 0.36 f.bxz © Moment of resistance with respect to steel = tensile force x lever arm = 087 HAZMAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS © Acompression failure is brittle failure. © The maximum depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile steel will reach its yield stress before concrete fails in compression, thus a brittle failure is avoided. © The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis Xm for different grades of steel from strain diagram. 0.0035 I ee d- Xe (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002 a 0.0035 ag a (0.87 £/ Es) + 0.0055MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS 415 0.48dLIMITING VALUE OF TENSION STEEL AND MOMENT OF RESISTANCE © Since the maximum depth of neutral axis is limited, the maximum value of moment of resistance is also limited. © Mw with respect to concrete = 0.36 feb xz ° = 0,36 fer b xm (d~0.42 xn) © Mim with respect to steel = 0.87 fer Ar (d — 0.42 xm)LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE VALUES, N MMTYPES OF PROBLEM ») Analysis of a section ») Design of a sectionFor under reinforced section, the value of x/d is less than xm/d value. The moment of resistance is calculated by following equation: Av fab For balanced section, the moment of resistance is calculated by the following equation: Mu =0.87f Ar d— Mu = 0.87 (Ar (d-0.42x0) For over reinforced section, the value of x/D is limited to xm/d and the moment of resistance is computed based on concrete: Mu = 0.36 feb xm (d-0.42 xm)° Analysis of section© Determine the moment of resistance for the section shown in figure. (i) fa = 20. Nimm’, fr = 415 N/mm* Ke 250 > m0 Sethe (i) fa= 20 N/mm, fi - 415 Niwm, breadth (b) = 250 mm effective depth (d) = 310 mm_ effective cover = 40mm Force of compression = 0.36 fer b x = 0.36 X 20 X 250x = 1800x NArea of tension steel Ac = 3X113mm* Force of Tension 0.87 fr Ac 0.87 X415X3X 113 122400 N Force of compression 1800x 68mm 0.48d 0.48 X 310 148.8 mm 68mmd-0.42x 310 - 0.42 X 68 281 mm Xe (It is under reinforced ) Since this is an under reinforced section, moment of resistance is governed by steel. ~ Moment of resistance w.r.t steel = tensile force X z Mu = O.87f Acz = 0.87 X 415 X 3X 113 X 281 Mu = 34.40kNm°Design of a sectionQuestion : Design a ‘beam to resist a bending moment equal to 4S KNm using (i) MIS mix and mild steel Solution : ‘The beam will be designed so that under the applied moment both materials reach their maximum stresses. Assume ratio of overall depth to breadth of the beam equal to 2. Breadth of the beam therefore , Dib = moment of resistance with respect to concrete = moment of resistance with respect to steel = load factor X BM = 15X45 = 67.5 kNm© For balanced section, © Moment of resistance Mu 0.36 fab xa(d - 0.42 Xm) ai © For Fe260 steel, Ghee 0.534 0.36 fel b (0.53 d) (1 ~ 0.42 X 0.58) d 2.22bd Since D/b=2or, d/b=2or, b=d/2 Mu = 11d" Mu = — 67.5X10'Nmm 4=394mm and b= 200mm e450 mm 250 mm 415mm Factored BM 4 Area of tensile steel At ——————— 0.87 f, (d - 0.42 xm) ——__[orsxie]___ 0.87 X 250 (1 - 0.42 X 0.53)415, 962 mnt 9.62 cm* 4 Minimum area of steel A= 0.85 ba fy0.85 X 250 X 415 250 353 mm * 353 mm" 962 mm In beams the diameter of main reinforced bars is usually selected between 12 mm and 25 mm. Provide 2-20mm and 1-22mm bars giving total area 6.28 + 3.80 10.08 eni > 9.62 cni