CGC 1D1 – GEOGRAPHY

Extra Help and Practice Booklet

This Booklet covers important concepts to

supplement class notes about:
Scale, Latitude and Longitude, and Time Zones

Be aware that surprise quizzes can come up at any

time, especially when you need to understand and
complete work that you are expected to know!

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Map Scale
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 Map scale shows the relationship between the distance on a map and
the actual distance on the Earth’s surface.

Direct Statement Scale

• Uses words to describe the relationship between a distance on
a map and a specific distance on the Earth’s surface

1 cm to 10 km or 1 cm = 10 km
on the Map in the Real world

Linear Scale
• A special RULER on the map that is divided into equal units
of distance
• Always includes the units of measurement on the Earth’s
surface
• Always blocks out units of measurement on the map (use a
piece of paper to trace it and you can measure real distances)

Representative Fraction Scale (RF)

• The fraction is a ratio where one unit on the map equals
a specific number of the same units on the Earth’s surface
• Always done as a ratio or fraction of “ONE” to a
number…
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 1:50 000

**1:50,000 equals 1 cm = 0.5 km

** 1 cm on the map equals 50 000 cm on the Earth’s surface

Conversions
10mm = 1cm

1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 100 cm

1 km = (1000x100) cm = 100 000 cm

If you have a string and the distance on the map between two places is the distance between
these two fingers and we place it on top of this Linear Scale, we can see it is 1.7 Kilometers 

Latitude & Longitude

If the Earth were flat, rectangular coordinates (x,y) would be sufficient to

describe the locations of points on its surface. However, Earth is a sphere with

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 no sides, and a special frame of reference is needed. The poles of Earth provide
this reference frame.

Lines of Latitude

EQUATOR – an imaginary line that divides the Earth into 2 equal parts
(Northern & Southern hemispheres)

• Are imaginary lines

• The Equator is the starting point (0 degrees) for latitude lines
• Measure the distance North & South of the Equator
• Lines are drawn around the Earth, parallel to the Equator
• Lines never intersect each other
• Lines are approximately 111 km apart
• Lines are used as political boundaries

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle

Lines of Longitude

PRIME MERIDIAN – an imaginary line that divides the Earth into 2 equal parts
(Eastern & Western hemispheres)

• Are imaginary lines

• The Prime Meridian is the starting point (0 degrees) for longitude lines
• The International Date Line is the 180 degree meridian

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 • When you cross the International Date Line you change the date
• Measure the distance East and West of the Prime Meridian
• Lines are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole
• Lines converge at the poles and are furthest apart at the Equator
• Longitude lines are longer than latitude lines
• Lines are used to determine time zones

ABSOLUTE LOCATION – the location of a point on the Earth using latitude and longitude lines

Using the latitude & longitude grid we can pinpoint any place on the
Earth. This location is specified by a series of numbers
degrees minutes seconds 44˚ 25’ 14” N
Using Latitude and Longitude
To find your exact location on a map, you need to determine which latitude line and which longitude
line meet where you are standing. When writing locations, the latitude is given first. Toronto, Ontario
has a location 43.6532° N, 79.3832° W (Latitude, Longitude)

Give the latitude and longitude of the objects positioned on the grid below. Continues to 90°N
50 W 40 W 30 W 20 W 10 W 0 10 E 20 E 30 E 40 E 50 E
degrees
50 N

Continues to 180°
40 N
International Date
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Line 30 N

20 N
 Continues to 180°

International Date

Line

1. Beaver ____________________

2. Maple Leaf _________________

3. Moose ____________________

4. Wolf ______________________

5. Seal______________________

6. Racoon ___________________

7. Polar Bear _________________

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Since the “Fun Map” for locating the animals to learn Latitude and Longitude is very basic, it does not
continue beyond 50° in any direction. Remember though that the earth is a SPHERE so there are 360
degrees. The lines of Latitude continue to 90° North of the Equator to the NORTH POLE and 90°
South of the equator to the South Pole. The lines of Longitude Continue all the way around the earth
from 0° (Prime Meridian) to the West and East to 180°.
NOTE: At the equator we say it is 0° and do not indicate NORTH or SOUTH since it is the mid-point
between the poles, and at the PRIME MERIDIAN it is only 0°, neither EAST nor WEST, and the
International Date Line is 180°, neither EAST nor WEST since these are starting and midway points as
well.
ANSWERS TO FUN MAP:

1. Beaver - 40°S , 10°W

2. Maple Leaf - 0°, 10°E
3. Moose - 30°S, 40°E
4. Wolf - 40°N, 0°
5. Seal - 30°N, 30°E
6. Racoon - 20°S, 40°W
7. Polar Bear - 20°N, 30°W

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 Review Practice Questions: GEOGRAPHY
You will find the answers for each section on the back of the pages.
Name the essentials that every map should have:
1. –
2. –
3. –
4. –
5. –
6. –
7. –
If you were to compare a map of the WORLD that has a scale of 1:100 000 000 compared to
a map of Scarborough with a scale of 1:10 000, which of these would you say is a Large-
Scale map, and which is a Small-Scale map. Explain why.

Using the Representative Fraction Scale of 1:10 000 calculate the distance along the road
from C to D below (to make it easier, measure to the nearest centimeter).

What would the “Direct Statement” scale be for this map? (The Scale Conversion hints on the
next page may help with this question)

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 Review Practice Questions: GEOGRAPHY - Answers

Name the essentials that every map should have:

1. – Title
2. – Legend
3. – Compass Rose/North Arrow
4. – Scale
5. – Labels
6. – Date of Publication
7. – A Border

If you were to compare a map of the WORLD that has a scale of 1:100 000 000 compared to
a map of Scarborough with a scale of 1:10 000, which of these would you say is a Large-
Scale map, and which is a Small-Scale map. Explain why.
A map of the WORLD with a scale of 1:100 000 000 would be a “SMALL SCALE” map
because it shows a great deal of area but very little or ‘small’ amount of detail to it. It has
been reduced to a much smaller size from the original, whereas a map of a city like
Scarborough with a scale of 1:10 000 would be a “LARGE SCALE” map because although it
shows a smaller area, it shows much greater detail, and has been reduced by much less of a
fraction compared to the original. NOTE: this is relatively speaking since a map of
Scarborough would be a small scale map compared to a map of your school for example
since the school map would be much larger scale!

Using the Representative Fraction Scale of 1:10 000 calculate the distance along the road
from C to D below.

Distance of Road Measured on map is 10 cm

1 : 10 000 is the given RF Scale

10 cm x 1 : 10 cm x 10 000

10 cm : 100 000 cm or 1000 m or 1 km Therefore the distance from C to D is 1 kilometer.

What would this scale be if you were to state it as a Direct Statement Scale? (The Scale
Conversion hints on the next page may help with this question)

10 cm : 1 000m which is - 1 cm to 100 m OR 1 cm to 0.1 km (not as good)

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 SCALE practice questions and helpful conversion hints!
In order to understand scale you have to remember it is a way to reduce what is in the ‘real world’ to a size
represented on a specific Map. The following are examples of each type and in this case they all represent the
same scale. NOTE: Converting units is NOT the same as converting a scale since ‘Units’ are equivalent numbers
or amounts while a scale is a representation of a change to a distance or size.

Direct Statement:

1cm to 20km - 1 centimeter on a map would represent 20 kilometers out in the real world

Line Scale:

0 100 km
20 40 60 80
- A given distance on the map represents the specified distance in

real life. In this case every mark on the line represents 20km.

Representative Fraction (R.F.):

1 : 2 000 000 - 1 unit on the map would represent 2 million of the same units out in the real world

Conversion Factors for Distances:

1km = 1000m 1km = 100 000cm 1m = 100 cm

Questions – Show your work and see if this makes sense now:

1. Convert 2 000 000 cm into kilometers (km)

2. Given the Direct Statement Scale of 1 cm to 100 km put this into a Representative Fraction Scale.

3. Draw a line scale to show 100 km if you have an R.F. Scale of 1:2 000 000

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 SCALE Practice Questions - ANSWERS:
1. GIVEN: 2 000 000 cm FIND: What would this be in kilometers?
X km = 2 000 000 cm Conversion Factor 1 km = 100 000 cm

Therefore : X km 2 000 000 cm

=
100 000 cm/km

X = 20
Therefore 2 000 000 cm is equal to 20 km

2. GIVEN SCALE: 1cm to 100km This can be written 1cm : 100km

In an R.F. Scale the units must be the same on both sides and the first number must be a “1”. Since we
have a “1” for 1 cm we don’t want to change that. We then want to change the 100 km to cm so the
units on both sides will be the same.
UNIT CONVERSION: 100 km = X cm
1cm to 100 km  1 cm : 100 km We know that 1 km = 100 000 cm

So 1 km (100) = 100 000 cm (100)

After conversion… 1 cm : 10 000 000 cm
Both sides have the same units now so we can say: 100 km = 10 000 000 cm
1 : 10 000 000

Therefore the R.F. Scale would be 1:10 000 000

3. GIVEN R.F. Scale 1:2 000 000 DRAW a Line Scale to show 100km
First we have to convert the R.F. to a scale we can work with in order to draw a line scale. We should
convert it to a Direct Statement Scale:

1 : 2 000 000 can be stated with any units so: 1cm : 2 000 000 cm

We now convert the 2 000 000 cm over to kilometers since this is what we need in the line scale:

X km = 2 000 000 cm when we know 1km = 100 000cm

Therefore : X km 2 000 000 cm

=
1 km 100 000 cm
0 100 km X = 20 Therefore 1cm to 20 km
20 40 60 80

- we can draw this so that 1cm represents 20km and if we draw 5 cm it

will then represent the full 100 km asked for in the question.

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 LATITUDE & LONGITUDE Review: QUESTIONS
1. What four directions are measured around our globe?

2. Which lines are all the same length? What is another name beside “Lines”
that we use to describe them?

3. What is the starting point for the Lines of Latitude? How do we describe it
in degrees?

4. What are the most important Lines of Latitude and what is their
significance?

5. What two lines of Longitude are most significant and why?

6. Which lines are all the same length and intersect at the North and South
Poles?

7. Which lines are important in helping us understand “TIME” and why?

8. Which are the lines that run parallel to one another?

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LATITUDE & LONGITUDE Review: QUESTION ANSWERS
1. What four directions are measured around our globe?
 NORTH
 SOUTH
 EAST
 WEST

2. Which lines are all the same length? What is another name beside “Lines” that we use
to describe them?
 The lines that are all the same length are the lines of LONGITUDE and we also
call them MERIDIANS

3. What is the starting point for the Lines of Latitude? How do we describe it in degrees?
 The starting point for the Lines of Latitude is the EQUATOR or 0°

4. What are the most important Lines of Latitude and what is their significance?
 The Equator – Divides the World into North and South Hemispheres
 Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn – The areas between these two lines
are tropical and only have warm temperatures.
 The Artic Circle and Antarctic Circle – between these lines and the Tropics they
have FOUR SEASONS (from Video), and between these lines and the poles
there is a very cold climate. The polar areas are also known for a period of total
darkness and 24 hours of daylight during certain seasons.

5. What two lines of Longitude are most significant and why?

 The PRIME MERIDIAN: This divides the earth into Eastern and Western
Hemispheres and is the starting point for lines of Longitude.
 The INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE: is the 180-degree meridian which when you
cross it you change the date (Last Video).

6. Which lines are all the same length and intersect at the North and South Poles?
 Lines or Meridians of Longitude.

7. Which lines are important in helping us understand “TIME” and why?

 Lines of LONGITUDE because the earth rotates from West to East.

8. Which are the lines that run parallel to one another?

 Lines of LATITUDE run Parallel to one another.

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 Time Zones Review: QUESTIONS
Your lecture Notes and Map will help with this

Part A: Identify the time zone for each city.

1. Toronto
2. St. John’s
3. Ottawa
4. Fredericton
5. Yellowknife
6. Victoria
7. Regina
8. Edmonton
9. Charlottetown
10. Winnipeg

Part B: Determine the time from one time zone to another across Canada.
11. What time is it in Victoria when it’s midnight in Whitehorse?
12. What time is it in St. John’s when it’s 9am in Winnipeg?
13. If the Oilers game starts at 7pm in Edmonton, what time is it in Halifax?
14. What time is it in Montreal when it’s 1:47pm in Quebec City?
15. What time is it in Regina when it’s 4:30pm in St. John’s?
16. If it is 3:45pm in Winnipeg when Mr. Grosney is calling his Aunt, then what time is it in
Toronto?
17. What time is it in Charlottetown when it’s 6pm in Quebec City?
18. What time is it in Yellowknife when it’s 3am in Whitehorse?
19. If the Blue Jays game starts at 1pm in Toronto, what time is it in Calgary?
20. You are going to fly to Yellowknife from Toronto. If your flight leaves at 10:30am and it
takes 3 and ½ hours to get there. What time would it be in Yellowknife when you
arrive?
21. The Raptors are playing an exhibition game in Vancouver. The next day they need to
fly to Halifax to play another game. If they leave Vancouver at 9am and the flight takes
4 hours to get there, what time does the team arrive in Halifax?

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 Time Zones Review: QUESTION ANSWERS
Part A: Identify the time zone for each city.
1. Toronto EST – Eastern Standard Time
2. St. John’s NST – Newfoundland and Labrador Standard Time
3. Ottawa EST – Eastern Standard Time
4. Fredericton AST – Atlantic Standard Time
5. Yellowknife MST – Mountain Standard Time
6. Victoria PST – Pacific Standard Time
7. Regina CST – Central Standard Time
8. Edmonton MST – Mountain Standard Time
9. Charlottetown AST – Atlantic Standard Time
10. Winnipeg CST – Central Standard Time

Part B: Determine the time from one time zone to another across Canada.
11. What time is it in Victoria when it’s midnight in Whitehorse? 12:00am
12. What time is it in St. John’s when it’s 9am in Winnipeg? 11:30am
13. If the Oilers game starts at 7pm in Edmonton, what time is it in Halifax? 10:00pm
14. What time is it in Montreal when it’s 1:47pm in Quebec City? 1:47pm
15. What time is it in Regina when it’s 4:30pm in St. John’s? 2:00pm
16. If it is 3:45pm in Winnipeg when Mr. Grosney is calling his Aunt, then what time is it in
Toronto? 4:45pm
17. What time is it in Charlottetown when it’s 6pm in Quebec City? 7:00pm
18. What time is it in Yellowknife when it’s 3am in Whitehorse? 4:00am
19. If the Blue Jays game starts at 1pm in Toronto, what time is it in Calgary? 11:00am
20. You are going to fly to Yellowknife from Toronto. If your flight leaves at 10:30am and it
takes 3 and ½ hours to get there. What time would it be in Yellowknife when you
arrive?
12:00pm

21. The Raptors are playing an exhibition game in Vancouver. The next day they need to
fly to Halifax to play another game. If they leave Vancouver at 9am and the flight takes
4 hours to get there, what time does the team arrive in Halifax?
5:00pm

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