NPTEL

NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE

Course
On
Analog Communication

by
Prof. Goutam Das
G S Sanyal School of Telecommunications
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Lecture 16: Amplitude Modulation (Contd.)

Okay so in the last class whatever we were describing is we are trying to show that if we do a
simplest form of modulation which we are calling as DSBSC that DSB part is clear probably
SC is still not clear that will be clear after some discussion some amount of discussion but
that particular modulation which is the simplest of amplitude modulation where just we
multiply a signal m(t) with cos ωct so we have shown the frequency domain response of that.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:55)

So basically it will be just centered around fc and that same criteria will be coming that this
will be M(f – fc) this will be M(f + fc) and of course with half, so it will be centered around
fc, so this is the frequency domain representation and the corresponding time domain
representation we have understood from this particular thing that it is carriers whose
amplitude is instantaneously varying with respect to the message signal which is a slow
varying signal according to our assumption.

Here also that assumption comes into picture because fc has to be much much bigger than B
which is the highest frequency component that the message signal has, so therefore that will
be much slower varying signal and amplitude of that carrier will be slowly varying
accordingly, so that means that m(t) should be observable in the envelope of the signal that is
being transmitted so it is a co sinusoidal signal only the envelope will be tracing that m(t)
okay.

So what is happening there is a possibility that m(t) might be positive or m(t) might be
negative like over here, so this is the crossover point right beyond this m(t) is positive just
after this m(t) will be negative so what will happen in the carrier, so the carrier that cos is
going up to this point it is positive immediately after this point will be negative so in the
frequency means in the phase of the carrier what will happen from positive to negative
immediately jumps.

So there should be a 180 phase shift immediately right because the amplitude is yet just
getting means from positive to negative, so therefore in the carrier phase there should be 180
phase shift so wherever there will be 0 crossing in this DSBSC in time domain if you just
observe the signal you will always see 180 phase reversal whichever way whichever phase it
cuts over there it will just be 180 phase reversal.

So every point you will be getting that that is a huge implication we will see that that makes
the demodulation very costly will come across that and that is where the suppressed carrier
and non suppressed carrier comes into picture we will come to those things but we have from
the time domain we just try to analyze whatever is happening okay so there is we know as
many times there will be this zero crossover that many 180 phase the word cell will be
happening if this was also having a pattern like this there also we would have observed
similar things.

So it will be like this the envelop will be just like this and again if things are coming out like
this there will be a 180 phase reversal immediately okay, so as many 0 crossover will be
happening that many phase reversal will be happening, so we have understood what is the
modulation right what will be corresponding demodulation that means I will be getting
receiving this m(t) cos ωct signals from the air through my antenna. Now I have to get back
my m(t) okay so how do I get that very simple operation another multiplication will give me
that.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:20)

ϕ(t) = m(t)cos (ωct) cos (ωct)

1
= m(t)[2 cos2 (ωct)]
2
1
= m(t)[cos (2ωct) + 1]
2
1 1
= m(t) + m(t)cos (2ωct)
2 2
1 1
Φ( f ) = M( f ) + [M ( f + 2fc) + M ( f − 2fc)]
2 4

If you just see m(t)cos ωct I am getting if I just multiply it with another cos ωct locally
generated what will happen, so this is if I just take ½ m(t) this is 2 cos2 ωct cos2 ωct can be
written as cos 2ωct right we can just write this immediately what we get we separate this 2
out I get ½ m(t) + ½ m(t) cos2 ωct fine this is what I get now just see the signal now you will
appreciate why this Fourier transform and all those things were so important why time
domain and frequency domain we have to observe the signal.

Let us try to do a Fourier transform of this signal of this composite signal let us call this as ?
(t) and then I wish to evaluate ? (f) what is ? (f) so I have ½ over here so that should be ½
m(t) the Fourier transform should be M(f) and this is multiplied by cos 2 ωct so therefore
there should be a frequency shifting property so I can write ½ and then this particular part
should take me to cos f + fc sorry of course m f+ fc + m f- fc right this is fine okay.

So I will get that particular thing but there should be a ½ also coming out of this one because
this whenever I multiply by cos there should be another ½. So this must become ¼ right sorry
there is 2 ωc so it should be 2fc okay fine, so if I now just plot this frequency response.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:38)

1 1
M( f ) ⇔ m(t)
2 2
How it will look like so this is suppose my M(f) was something like this so this is M(f) ½
M(f) so this is that ½ M(f) and at 2fc there will be ¼ M(f) – fc and at – 2fc there should be ¼
of M(f + fc) fine to exit a fine. Now it is very simple you can see that just by putting a filter I
can extract my signal back I will be putting a low-pass filter over here which has a cutoff
frequency which is much lower than this 2 fc but bigger than this B so I just employ a filter
like that I will be getting my ½ M(f) back which has a Fourier inverse transform which is ½
m(t) so I will be getting this signal back so immediately you can see my demodulated circuit
is almost ready what I need to do in demodulators.

Whatever modulated signal m(t) cos ωct I will be getting I will do another multiplication with
cos ωct whatever I get I pass it through a low-pass filter even the filter design is also known
the cutoff frequency must be suppose the cutoff frequency fc cutoff okay so that must be
bigger than B we should not say much bigger than because B but that must be lesser than this
2fc at least as long as I am doing that I will be getting my signal ½ m(t) over here because
this part will be rejected.

So very nice we could realize see this is the importance of signal and from signal to system
that is why probably we have devoted so much time in doing frequency response Fourier
transform how to see a signal infrequency domain so those are the things just giving us tools
enough tools to actually manipulate the signal and then understand what kind of systems I
should put so that whatever I wish I will be able to achieve that so basically your modulator
and demodulator is now ready for this DSB- SC of course we still have not characterized
what this multiplier circuit will be how do I achieve a multiplication.

Okay but we have now understood that if I know how multiplication has to be done I need a
multiplier circuit followed by a low-pass filter that will make my demodulator I need in the
modulator I need just a multiplier circuit nothing else okay, so now let us try to see what are
the difficulties over here the first difficulty that comes out is generating this one that is a big
challenge because if you see very carefully the frequency and of course the phase also we are
not writing the phase these two has to completely match over here.

Then only that cos 2 ωc will be coming out and then only the Fourier transform will give me
very nicely m(t) later on will prove that if there is a phase drift or frequency drift and if we
multiply these two I have a chance of not getting anything over there okay so it is we have to
be very cautious about generating this local sinusoidal that has to be completely in sync with
the carriers by which the signal has originally modulated the problem is that nobody will give
me that signal right.

Because if the modulator and demodulator are sitting at the same place what is the point in
doing communication because when we wish to do communication we wish to transmit it
over a longer distance if I know that same carrier I can give in both places from the same
circuit then probably my modulator and demodulator are already sitting in the same place or
otherwise I have to separately again communicate the carrier as well right to a long distance
so just to send my message over a carrier I have to again transmit my carrier along with it.
That is one difficulty okay the second difficulty is even if I try to send my carrier there is a
possibility that this modulated signal and the carrier because they are going through the
channel they might go through some frequency and phase drift it might happen due to
Doppler effect due to other effects means that are there due to the channel effect mostly, so
there will be a drift in phase as well as frequency of the carrier signal and that will be random
as well as the modulating signal.

So if I wish to really means even if I have that carrier and I am transmitting along with that
there is a possibility that these two are going through different phase and frequency drift and
at the end they are not in sync in terms of frequency and phase again if I multiply I will not
get the proper representation, so what I have to generally do that this particular signal that I
am getting already I know that it already has of course are contaminated sinusoidal can I
extract that carrier out of this.

If I can do that from there if I can generate this cos ωc then I am fine so that is called a carrier
recovery there is a means there will be in this course only there will be a few classes devoted
towards that that how do we do that carrier recovery that is a big circuit again it must be
locked with the incoming frequency and phase that is termed as phase lock loop will see
those circuitry but that is the part which is required otherwise your demodulation will not be
good.

So that is the difficulty we are having in this particular modulation scheme that we need to
have another carrier which is completely in synchronism with the incoming carrier frequency
and phase this is the one difficulty that we have that means the receiver design becomes little
more complicated because we have to do this carrier recovery on top of this whole thing right
so if I now ask when we are designing a system is this desirable for let us say a broadcasting
kind of system okay.

Broadcasting means like the radio transmission we had those big authority and all other
things where we used to just transmit something from a big antenna okay and that was
broadcasted to everybody was listening to same voice okay, so this was broadcasted and
everybody must have their own receiver and they must detect it okay in that kind of thing I
can actually make my transmit a little costly because that is common to everybody that cost
will be shared among all the users whereas there are multiple users who are try to willing to
receive this signal their receiver must not be very costly.

Because if the receiver is costly that cost directly will come on the user so in a broadcasting
system generally my target should be that the receiver is little bit simplified and the
transmitter probably is little more complicated okay why I am saying all these things this will
give me another design direction where I will probably take out this difficulty of getting this
carrier recovery circuit into it and then multiplying it.
So this entire stuff I will take out and I will employ another modulation scheme which will be
just a simplified modified version of this where the receiver will be will be becoming very
simple but the transmitter will be little more complicated we will show you what kind of
complication we will be having in the transmitter probably transmitter will be little less
efficient okay but that is pretty obvious whenever we have one-to-one communication
probably this is better.

Because then I cannot make the transmitter very costly is one-to-one communication again if
I increase the transmitter cost that will come to the user so there I need to have a balance that
transmitter receiver must be almost similarly equivalent complex, so there will probably we
can employ this particular technique so that is why that short-range radio communication
people have used SSB sorry DSB double sideband suppress carrier this particular modulation
techniques that we are discussing about.

So whenever we have one-to-one that short-range radio communication which is not

broadcasting in nature there we can employ this kind of technique okay now let us try to see
that we have talked about this demodulation let us first for DSB - SC let us try to see what are
the different kind of modulator that we can generate, so we have talked about that multiplier
let us say there are if you go into market you will see that there are multiplier chips with
differential amplifier and all those things it is little complicated okay.

So we can always employ a direct modulation by that technique but there are other
techniques and which will be discussing other very simplified techniques to do modulation
we will discuss those things.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:46)

y(t) = a x(t) + bx 2(t)
z(t) = y1(t) − y2(t) = a x1(t) + bx12(t) − a x2(t) − bx22(t)
= a [x1(t) − x2(t)] + b [x12(t) − x22(t)]
= 2am(t) + b (x1(t) − x2(t)) (x1(t) + x2(t))
= 2am(t) + 4bm(t)cos (ωct)

The first one is called the nonlinear modulator so in that case we will be using a nonlinear
device okay what do we mean by nonlinear device that if I give our input x(t) the output will
just not be a linear scale factor of this okay what will happen it will produce some square
term as well it is just a nonlinear device, so output will be means showing non-linearity with
respect to the input so suppose my x(t) is this and output is y(t) and if I have y(t) following
this relationship a x(t) + bx 2 (t).

That is the simplest non-linearity we can get that is the quadratic one okay, so we can also
have other non-linearity or other higher order like cubic so it will be having some another
constant c x3 or so on higher polynomial also but we can easily get this quadratic non-
linearity and realize this by some devices which we all know like transistor or diode okay so
they if you see their characteristic function that has a non-linearity because the characteristic
function generally goes like this right.

And if you bias it in certain region you will see that it will follow quadratic nature okay, so
this kind of nature so if you give input output will be just in a quadratic form with some A
and B that will depend on the diode characteristics okay but if we have a nonlinear device
which is let us say a diode properly biased so that we get a quadratic non-linearity into it and
that is this device and now if we can connect this in this fashion so my two input if you know
are m(t) and cos ωct I need to produce the multiplication term.

So what I do is something like this I have two adders so these are just you can put them as op
amp adder okay to just add the signal so this goes over here this comes over here actually this
is adder directed sorry and this is a subtractor or so it is + 0r - I get x1(t) over here x2(t) over
here and then I pass it through a nonlinear device of this nature again I pass it through a
nonlinear device of this nature so I get y1(t) and y2(t) after passing it through this I pass it
through another adder or I should call it subtract and then whatever I get I pass it through a
band pass filter centered around +- ωc or fc okay and the output I will be getting will be
proving that it is actually 4 bm(t) cos ωc if I adjust my be to be ¼ then it is actually m(t) cos
ωc whichever is our target okay.

So how this works it is very simple you just refuse to those algebraic manipulations so if I
have this x1 and x2(t) after nonlinear device suppose this is z(t) what is z(t) is y1(t) - y2(t)
whereas y1 (t) is actually a x1(t) + bx1(t)2 - y2(t)is a x2 (t) – bx2(t)2 right or I can write as a
x1(t) – x2(t) + bx12 (t) – x22 (t) right now what is x1(t) x1(t) is m(t) + cos ωct and what is
x2(t) that is m(t)- cos ωt ct okay so x1 – x2(t) just m(t)will remain right so that should be
2m(t) and this is (A + B)2 - (A-B)2 because x1(t) is if this is or let us say a I should not say A
let us say C and D.

So (C +D) 2- (C – D)2that should be 4 right C x D so therefore it should be 4 x B C x D is

m(t) into cos ωct so m(t) x cos ωct right now what we are doing now the frequency domain
term will come into picture so this m(t) if I take it into frequency domain that should be m(f)
and this if I take into frequency domain that should be m +m(f) sorry and m(f+ fc) and m(f-
fc) if I put my band pass filter around fc then this term should pass through and this will be
not going through it so therefore at the end only this term will survive which is this right.

So you can see we can actually devise a multiplier circuit by two nonlinear device and three
adder adders are very easy to device just take an op-amp and you can you can make a adder
right so 3 op-amp and two nonlinear device properly biased let us say diode properly bias so
that we get this quadratic relationship media tube and a band pass filter again band pass filter
can be designed using op-amp and some active filtering okay.
So that is now you can see that the multiplication circuit so this is one way of doing
multiplication there is another way that is called the switching modulation.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:12)

ϕ(t) = m(t)ω(t)

2 π( )
1 2 1 1
ω(t) = + cos (ωct) − cos (3ωct) + cos (5ωct)⋯
3 5
1 2 1
ϕ(t) = m(t) + m(t)cos (ωct) − m(t)cos (3ωct) ⋅ ⋅
2 π 3

We are just trying to show you which other devices that can be employed to do this
modulation right so for switching modulation what we will be doing we know that a
particular transistor or CMOS circuit can work as a switch so in the gate of a particular this
switching transistor if we just put a signal like this which is having let us say +5volt for ½ the
duration and it is being 0 for half the duration.

So what will happen whenever this is being put in the gate it will be on so it will pass the
signal so if I just put in the emitter to collector if I just put my message signal so whenever at
the gate it is getting + 5 volt it will be on then that signal will be passing through it and
whenever it is off that will not pass through it so if I just put a resistor across that if I take the
voltage I will see that it is gets switched.

So basically if my signal is something like this and if I just switch it through this, so
whenever this part is on the signals will follow rest of the part it will be 0 again the signal
will follow rest of the part it will be 0 so basically what is happening my message signal is
getting switched through this pulse okay so almost what we are doing message signal
multiplied by this pulse okay so if I represent this as w(t) and this is m(t) I can actually
connect this w(t) in the gate of that switch or transistor.

And in the emitter to collector I can put a resistor across which I will be taking the voltage
and I across the bias this one an emitter I can put my m(t) signal okay so then the output of
the resistor will be this modulated signal right or whether it is modulated or not I do not know
it is a switched signal right now basically that output will be just multiplication of these two
as I can see if this is I put this as one then immediately it will be just a multiplication okay.

So I get my output which we say ϕ (t) is just m(t) ω(t) but the ω (t) if you carefully see that is
a periodic signal so I can do a Fourier series analysis this is where you can see all those
techniques that we have used will actually be used over here so ω (t) I can just expand it in
Fourier series so you can just do it represent this one as this which we have already done
probably something like this okay.

So it is this is overall T this is sorry this is this is T and this is- T / 2 this is T / 2 and this is-
T / 2 and with this period it is period it gets repeated okay, so this one if you just do Fourier
series analysis you can represent it as this ½ so that means the DC part will be ½ that
coefficient next coefficient will be 2/ π ( cos ω c(t) the next coefficient 2 ω ct will not be
there it is the 3 ω ct part which will come 1/3 cos 3 ω ct + so it gets alternative + and – so 1/5
cos 5 ω ct and so on okay.

So basically it has all the odd frequency harmonics and the coefficients will be alternatively+
- and the corresponding coefficient becomes 2 ϕ x 1 by whatever the frequency whatever the
harmonics okay so this is what ω ct is therefore my ϕ (t) will be immediately I can see I
multiply this so ½ m(t) +2 / π m(t) ? cos ω ct - 2 / π x 1 / 3 m(t) cos 3 ω ct and so on okay
again do a Fourier transform of this because ?f wish to see so if I do a Fourier transform I can
see there will be some part at baseband next m(t)cos ω ct so that should be around fc next
will be around 3 fc.

Now if I just employ a band pass filter around fc properly design then I will be just getting
this signal all other terms will be neglected so immediately I get my modulator because this is
m(t) cos ω ct okay so if I just.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:53)

2
m(t)cos (ωct)
π
So basically what I have to do I have to put a switch which has two input one is that w(t) and
the other one is that m(t)after that whatever I get that is this ϕ (t) must be passed through a
band pass filter centered around +- ω c whatever I get that is actually 2 / π m(t) cos ω c t
right so that is another way of doing multiplication this is called the switching modulator so
in the next class probably we will be discussing more about the relative advantage and
disadvantage of all this circuitry.