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HT Lecture 09 ConvectionIntrouduction

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21 views

HT Lecture 09 ConvectionIntrouduction

Uploaded by

Abdullah Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Transfer

Convection - Introduction

Dr. M. Subramanian

Department of Chemical Engineering


SSN College of Engineering

September 25, 2019

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Objectives

To give an overview about the variables of importance in


convective heat transfer

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Outcome

To group the variables in terms of dimensionless numbers for


forced and free convection heat transfer.

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Introduction

Three factors play major roles in convection heat transfer: (i) fluid
motion, (ii) fluid nature, and (iii) surface geometry.
Using experimental observations by Isaac Newton, it is postulated
that surface flux in convection is directly proportional to the
difference in temperature between the surface and the streaming
fluid. That is,
q ∝ (Ts − T∞ )
Ts is surface temperature and T∞ is the fluid temperature far
away from the surface. Introducing a proportionality constant to
express this relationship as equality, we obtain

q = h(Ts − T∞ )

This result is known as Newton’s law of cooling. The constant of


proportionality h is called the heat transfer coefficient.

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Heat Transfer Coefficient

Unlike thermal conductivity k, the heat transfer coefficient is not a


material property. Rather it depends on geometry, fluid properties,
motion, and in some cases temperature difference,
∆T = (Ts − T∞ ). That is

h = f (geometry, fluid motion, fluid properties, ∆T )

∂T
q = −k = h(Ts − T∞ )
∂y y =0

−k ∂T (x , 0, z)
h=
Ts − T ∞ ∂y

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Flow Generation

Since fluid motion is central to convection heat transfer we will be


concerned with two common flow classifications:
(a) Forced convection. Fluid motion is generated mechanically
through the use of a fan, blower, nozzle, jet, etc.. Fluid motion
relative to a surface can also be obtained by moving an object,
such as a missile, through a fluid.
(b) Free (natural) convection. Fluid motion is generated by
gravitational field. However, the presence of a gravitational field is
not sufficient to set a fluid in motion. Fluid density change is also
required for free convection to occur. In free convection, density
variation is primarily due to temperature changes.

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer
The molecular diffusivities of momentum and energy (heat) have
been defined previously as
µ
momentum diffusivity: ν=
ρ
k
thermal diffusivity: α=
ρCP

Both have same dimensions L2 /t; thus their ratio must be


dimensionless. This ratio, that of molecular diffusivity of
momentum to the molecular diffusivity of heat, is designed the
Prandtl number.
ν CP µ
Pr = =
α k
Prandtl number is observed to be a combination of fluid properties;
thus Pr itself may be thought of as a property. Primarily it is a
function of temperature.
Dr. M. Subramanian Convection
Prandtl Number of Typical Fluids

Fluid Pr
Liquid metals 0.004 – 0.030
Gases 0.7 – 1.0
Water 1.7 – 13.7
Light organic fluids 5 – 50
Oils 50 – 100,000
Glycerin 2000 – 100,000

Prandtl number depends on the temperature of the substance.

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer
(contd..)

Near any wall, there is a stagnant sub layer. Since there is no fluid
motion in this layer, heat transfer is by conduction in this layer.
Above the sub layer is a region where viscous forces retard fluid
motion; in this region some convection may occur, but conduction
may well predominate.
∂T
q = −k = h(Ts − T∞ )
∂y y =0

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer
(contd..)

Hence,
∂T
−k
∂y y =0
h=
Ts − T ∞
∂T
depends on the whole fluid motion, and both fluid flow
∂y y =0
and heat transfer equations are needed to find this.

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Forced Convection - Dimensional Analysis

Variables: h, D, v , ρ, µ, k, CP
Dimensions: M, L, t, T

No. of dimensionless numbers = No. of variables − No. of dimensions


=7−4=3

Nu = φ(Re, Pr)

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Forced Convection

h = f (D, v , ρ, µ, k, CP )
These 7 variables with totally 4 basic dimensions of M, L, t, T shall
be written as 3 dimensionless groups.
Variable Symbol Unit Dimensions
heat transfer coefficient h W/(m2 .K) Mt −3 T −1
thermal conductivity k W/(m.K) MLt −3 T −1
specific heat CP J/(kg.K) L2 t −2 T −1
diameter D m L
velocity v m/s Lt −1
density ρ kg/m3 ML−3
viscosity µ kg/(m.s) ML−1 t −1

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Natural Convection - Dimensional Analysis

Requirements:
Gravitational field
Density change with temperature
Variables: h, L, ρ, µ, k, CP , β, g, ∆T
β is the coefficient of thermal expansion.
1 ∂V
 
β=
V ∂T P

For ideal gases, β = 1/T∞


Dimensions: M, L, t, T , Q
(where Q is the dimension for energy).

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Natural Convection - Dimensional Analysis (contd..)

Grashof number (Gr):

gβρ2 L3 (Tw − T∞ )
Gr =
µ2
Heat Transfer Correlation:

Nu = φ(Gr, Pr)

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Dv ρ Dv ρ Dv ρD 2 v 2 ρD 2 v (D/t)
Re = = = =
µ µ Dv Dµv D 2 µ Dv
ρD 3 (v /t) ma Inertial force
= = =
D 2 × µ Dv Aτ Viscous force

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection


Thermally developing flow

Graetz number (Gz):

Re Pr
Gz =
x /D

Dr. M. Subramanian Convection

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