Prepared & Presented by:

Lal Prasad Aryal, (M. Phil)

e. mail : [email protected]
Phone : 9851124309
 Reasons and Importance of location decisions

 Factors affecting location decision of service, and

manufacturing organizations

 Techniques of location analysis: Qualitative and quantitative

analysis;

 Concept on layout

 Types of layout: Product layout , process layout , cellular

layout , fixed position layout;

 Designing process layout.

 The need and importance of location decision often depends on the type
of business.
 For industrial location decisions, the strategy is usually minimizing costs,
although innovation and creativity may also be critical.
 For retail and professional service organizations, the location strategy
focuses on maximizing revenue.
 Warehouse location strategy, however, may be driven by a combination of
cost and speed of delivery.
 Firms such as banks, fast-food chains, supermarkets, and retail stores
view locations as part of marketing strategy, and they look for locations
that will help them to expand their markets.
 The objective of location strategy is to maximize the benefit of location to
the firm.
 Location decisions often have an impact in investment requirements,
operating costs and revenues, and operations.
 A poor choice of location might result in excessive transportation costs, a
shortage of qualified labor, loss of competitive advantage, inadequate
suppliers of raw materials, or some similar condition that is unfavorable to
operations.
 Some basic reasons/importance of location decision can
be highlighted with the help of following point:
 Production and operating cost reductions
 Quality and timely production are possible.
 Helps in value and profits increment.
 Helpsin expanding their business or to set up new
branches.
 Helps in best utilization of available resources.
 Helps in adopting changes and development of new
technology.
 Helps in increasing goodwill or image of organization.
 Helps in increasing competitiveness.
 Helps in gaining competitive advantages.
Figure 4.1: Location Selection Decision

Factors Affecting
Location Decision

Selection of Region or Selection of Community Selection of the Site

Area
•Labour Facility •Soil, Size and
•Quality of Life Topography
•Availability of Raw •Community & Labour •Easy Availability of
Materials Attitudes Cheap Land
•Location of Markets •Local Taxes and •Transport Facility
•Labour Supply Restrictions •Disposal of Waste
•Transportation Facilities •Finance and Research Materials
•Climate and Taxes Facilities etc. •Water Supply
•Power Sources •Risk of Uncertainties
•Governmental Policies etc.
etc.
1. Simple Comparative Chart Analysis
Simple comparative chart is one of the techniques of analyzing intangible
factors for selecting facilities location. The following steps should be
followed:
Step 1: Recognize the critical intangible factors affecting location decision.
For example: labour supply, business climate, community attitude, union
activities, employee morale, competence of managers, reputation of
enterprises, goods public relation.
Step 2: Compare and rank all alternative locations on the basis of these
factors like good or bad, favourable or unfavourable, important or not
important, etc.
Step 3: Select the best location for organization.

Intangible factors Location A Location B Location C

Labour supply Suitable Suitable Unsuitable
Business climate Good Good Worst
Community attitude Unfavourable Favourable Favourable
Union activities Important Less important Important
Decision: On the basis of above simple comparative chart,
location 'B' is selected as the best location than 'A' and 'C'.
2. Factor/Point Rating Method
 Factor rating method is also used for evaluating wide range of
intangible factors associated importantly with location.
 It is improved technique than simple rating method because
simple comparative chart method does not break down factors
into sub-factors but factor rating method breakdowns factors
into sub-factors for evaluation and analysis.
 Factor rating method is a kind of survey technique which follows
following steps:
 Step 1: Identify the sensitive factors for location decisions. For
example, direct materials, direct labour, power, taxes, insurance
etc.
 Step 2: Rate each factor from 1(very poor) to 5 (very good)
according to their merit basis. For example, Factor rate – 4, 3, 2,
5, 1.
 Step 3: Rate the alternative location from 1 (very low) to 10 (very
high) according to their merits of each characteristics. For
example, 10, 6, 8, 4, 2, so on.
 Step 4: Multiply the factor rate and alternative location rate and
find the total score of each alternative location.
 Step 5: Select the location with highest score.
  Analysis of Location under Factor Rating Method.

Location A Location B
Factors Factor Location Factor Location
Total Total
Rate Rate Rate Rate
Direct Materials 5 10 50 2 8 16

Direct Labour 4 9 36 3 10 30
Climate 3 7 21 4 7 28
Transportation 2 5 10 5 5 25

Power 1 4 4 1 3 3
Taxes 5 2 10 2 2 4
Insurance 4 1 4 3 4 12
Total 135 118

Decision: From above analysis, location A is the best location because

it has the maximum score i.e. 135.
3. Centre Gravity Method
 Centre of gravity or weight centre is a technique of quantitative
method for locating a facility such as a warehouse at the centre of
movement in a geographic are based on weight and distance.
 It is a mathematical technique that can be used for locating a
distribution centre that will minimize distribution cost.
 This method identifies a set of coordinates designating a central
location on a map relative to all other locations. This has following
steps:
 Step 1: Place location on a coordinate system.
 Step 2: Determine the centre of gravity using following
equations/formula:
Σ𝑿𝑾
X -Coordinate value = Σ𝑾
Σ𝒀𝑾
Y –Coordinate value = Σ𝑾
Where,
X, Y= Coordinates of existing facility.
W = Annual weight shipped from facility.
Example: A Himalayan Company is investigating which location could
be best as a centre relative. Following are the information that has
been collected for that purpose.
Location XY-Coordinates (in miles) Tons per year

A (10, 20) 10
B (20, 30) 20
C (5, 10) 5
D (20, 40) 10

 Identify the center gravity value.

Solution: Let’s identify the information for the requirement of
formula given.

Location XY- Tons/ XW YW

Coordinates Year
(in miles) (W)
A (10, 20) 10 100 200
B (20, 30) 20 400 600
C (5, 10) 5 25 50
D (20, 40) 10 200 400

Total 45 725 1250

Now, applying formulas, we will get the results as:
X -Coordinate value =
Σ𝑿𝑾
=
𝟕𝟐𝟓
Σ𝑾 𝟒𝟓
= 16.11
Y –Coordinate value =
Σ𝒀𝑾 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎
Σ𝑾
=
𝟒𝟓
= 27.78
Decision: Calculated XY-coordinate value is (16.11, 27.78). Location B
should be selected as a best location because calculated XY coordinate
value is nearer to given XY coordinate value of Location B (16.11, 27.78 :
20, 30).
4. Least Cost /Locational Break-Even-Analysis (BEA)
Method
 Least cost /Locational Break-even analysis is the use of cost-
volume analysis to make an economic comparison of location
alternatives.
 By identifying fixed and variable costs and graphing them for
each location, we can determine which one provides the lowest
cost.
 It is particularly useful when the operation manager wants to
define the ranges over which each alternative is best.
 Locational break-even analysis can be done mathematically or
graphically.
 The graphic approach has the advantage of providing the range
of volume over which each location is preferable. The steps to
locational break-even analysis are as follows:
Step 1: Determine the fixed and variable cost for each location.
Step 2: Plot the total cost for each location, with costs on the
vertical axis of the graph and annual volume on the
horizontal axis.
Step 3: Select the location that has the lowest total cost for the
expected production volume.
 Example: Lalu, owner of Hallmark Shopping Mall, is considering
three locations-Lajimpat, Baneshwor and Boudha. He wishes to find
the most economical location for an expected volume of 2,000 units
per year.
Location Fixed cost($) Variable cost ($)
Lajimpat 30,000 75
Baneshwor 60,000 45
Boudha 1,10,000 25

Solution
 For each of the three locations, total cost is calculated with 2000
units of volume of production.
We know,
Total cost = Fixed cost + Cost per unit × Volume of production.
 For Lajimpat,

Total cost = $ 30000 + $75 × 2000 = $ 180,000

 For Baneshwor,
Total cost = $60000 + $45 × 2000 = $150,000

 For Boudha,
Total cost = $110000 + $25 × 2000 = $ 160,000

Hence, with an expected volume of 2000 units per year, Baneshwor

provides the lowest cost location. So, Baneshwor is selected as best
location.

 Calculating the Cross-Over Point

 For Lajimpat and Baneshwor

30000 + 75x = 60000 + 45x
or, 30x = 30000
x = 1000 units.

 For Baneshwor and Boudha

60000 + 45x = 110000 + 25x
or, 20x = 50000
x = 2500 units
 $ 180,000

$ 160,000
$ 150,000

$ 130,000

$ 110,000
Total Cost

80,000

60,000

$ 30,000
Lajimpat is Baneshwor is Boudha is
$ 10,000 best best best
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Expected Volume of Production Units
Summarized Table for Location Decisions

Volume range Lowest cost location

0-999 units Lajimpat

1000 Units La or Ba

1001-2499 units Baneshwor

2500 Units Ba or Bou

≥ 2500 units Boudha

 Layout is the physical arrangement of plant or industrial facility in
selected location either in existing or in new one. It is related to a
number of aspects of production and operations management.
 Layout is a method of allocation of department upon a site, workgroup
and equipment within department, workstations, machines and stock-
holding points within production facilities.
 Therefore, it is concerned with configuration of department, work
centers and equipment in the conversion process.
 The plant layout is important due to following reasons:
 Proper utilization of space or area.
 Cost minimization and resource optimization.
 Maintain and retain quality of goods and services.
 Simplification of work complexity.
 Safety and quality of work life for human and non-human physical
properties.
1. Repetitive Processing: Product Layouts / Line Layout
 Product layout is an arrangement of facilities and equipment in the same
sequence, as the order of the operations needed to complete each unit
of the product, or the service offered.
 Product layouts are used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large
volumes of goods through a system.
 This is made possible by highly standardized goods that allow highly
standardized, repetitive processing.
 The work is divided into a series of standardized tasks, permitting
specialization of equipment and division of labor.
 The large volumes handled by these systems usually make it economical
to invest substantial sums of money in equipment and job design.
 For instance, if a portion of a manufacturing operation required the
sequence of cutting, smoothing, and painting, the appropriate pieces of
equipment would be arranged in that same sequence.
 And because each item follows the same sequence of operations, it is
often possible to utilize fixed-path material-handling equipment such
as conveyors to transport items between operations.
 For example: automobiles, sugar, steel, biscuit, soap etc. companies.
 Turning Milling Drilling Assembly
operation operation operation

Packing Welding Inspection Testing

Shipping

Advantages Disadvantages
 Less space for same volume of  Once one machine is out of duty, all
product in comparison to process product process is interrupted.
layout.  Supervisors should be expert which
 It reduces the wastage due to may raise cost.
continuous production.  One mechanism can produce single
 Product completes in lesser time, type of product once.
less inventory in process.
2. Non-repetitive Processing: Process Layouts/Functional Layouts
 Process layouts (functional layouts) are designed to process
items or provide services that involve a variety of processing
requirements.
 The variety of jobs that are processed requires frequent
adjustments to equipment.
 This causes a discontinuous work flow, which is referred to as
intermittent processing.
 Items that require those operations are frequently moved in lots
or batches to the departments in a sequence that varies from job
to job.
 Consequently, variable-path material handling equipment
(trucks, jeeps ) is needed to handle the variety of routes and
items.
 The use of general purpose equipment provides the flexibility
necessary to handle a wide range of processing requirements.
 Workers who operate the equipment are usually skilled or
semiskilled.
 For example: hospitals, banking and insurance, hotel and
restaurant, service centers etc.
 Emergency Pharmacy Patient out

Pediatrics

Gynecology Operation Theater

OPD
Neurology
Pharmacy
Patient in

ECG

USG
X-Ray Patient out
Patient out

Pathology
Advantages Disadvantages
 Flexibility of equipment and  Material handling cannot be mechanized
personnel. which adds to cost.
 Higher utilization of  Production planning and control is
production facilities. difficult.
 Variety of job makes the job  More space is required.
challenging and interesting.  Lowered productivity due to number of
set ups.
 3. Fixed-Position Layouts
 In fixed-position layouts, the item being worked on remains stationary,
and workers, materials, and equipment are moved about as needed.
 In other words, fixed position layout is an arrangement of facilities and
equipment, which facilities the flow of resources needed such as
workers, equipment, materials, etc. to the term under production, or the
item which is being serviced.
 Almost always, the nature of the product dictates this kind of
arrangement: Weight, size, bulk, or some other factor makes it
undesirable or extremely difficult to move the product.
 Fixed-position layouts are used in large construction projects (buildings,
power plants, dams), shipbuilding, and production of large aircraft and
space mission rockets.
Advantages
 People can be assigned from Disadvantages
starting to end of process.  It needs huge investments and very
 It involves very longer movement hard to co-ordinate people and
of materials. machines.
 It ensures maximum flexibility of  It involves high equipment
adjustments. handling cost.
 It may not have easy maintenance
service on spot (site).
 INDEX

Labour 1 Labour 2 Labour

Equipment A Equipment C Equipment

(fixed) Material

Work Area

Position

Equipment B Material Equipment D

Facilities
4. Combination Layouts
 The three basic layout types are ideal models, which may be altered to
satisfy the needs of a particular situation.
 It is not hard to find layouts that represent some combination of these
pure types.
 For instance, supermarket layouts are essentially process layouts, yet we
find that most use fixed-path material-handling devices such as roller-
type conveyors in the stockroom and belt-type conveyors at the cash
registers.
 Hospitals also use the basic process arrangement, although frequently
patient care involves more of a fixed-position approach, in which
nurses, doctors, medicines, and special equipment are brought to the
patient.
5. Cellular Layouts
 Cellular layout is a type of layout in which workstations are
grouped into what is referred to as a cell.
 Groupings are determined by the operations needed to
perform work for a set of similar items, or part families,
that require similar processing.
 All parts follow the same route although minor variations
(e.g., skipping an operation) are possible.
 Moreover, there is little effort or need to identify part
families.
 Cellular manufacturing enables companies to produce a
variety of products with as little waste as possible.
 A cell layout provides a smooth flow of work through the
process with minimal transport or delay.
 Benefits frequently associated with cellular manufacturing
include minimal work in process, reduced space
requirements and lead times, productivity and quality
improvement, and increased flexibility.
Thank
You