Khulna Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah University

Department of CSE
Course Title: Object Oriented Programming
Course Code: CSE 061 1203
Week - 06
Class – 01

1. What is Abstraction?

 Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction.

 Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing
only functionality to the user.
 Another way, it shows only essential things to the user and hides the internal
details.
 A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is known as an abstract
class
 We use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.
 Example: phone call, we do not know the internal processing.
 Example: sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You
don't know the internal processing about the message delivery.

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2. Ways to achieve Abstraction

There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java

a. Abstract class (0 to 100%)
b. Interface (100%)

3. Write down the rules for java abstract class.

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Example of abstract class

abstract class A {}

Abstract Method in Java

A method which is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known
as an abstract method.

Example of abstract method

abstract void printStatus();//no method body and abstract

Example of Abstract class that has an abstract method

In this example, Bike is an abstract class that contains only one abstract method run.
Its implementation is provided by the Honda class.

1. abstract class Bike{

2. abstract void run();
3. }
4. class Honda4 extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj = new Honda4();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10.}

running safely

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Understanding the real scenario of Abstract class

 In this example, Shape is the abstract class, and its implementation is provided
by the Rectangle and Circle classes.
 Mostly, we don't know about the implementation class (which is hidden to the
end user), and an object of the implementation class is provided by the factory
method.
 A factory method is a method that returns the instance of the class. We will
learn about the factory method later.
 In this example, if you create the instance of Rectangle class, draw() method
of Rectangle class will be invoked.

File: TestAbstraction1.java
1. abstract class Shape{
2. abstract void draw(); }
3. class Rectangle extends Shape{
4. void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
5. }
6. class Circle1 extends Shape{
7. void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");} }
8. class TestAbstraction1{
9. public static void main(String args[]){
10.Shape s=new Circle1();//In a real scenario, object is provided through metho
d, e.g., getShape() method
11.s.draw();
12.} }
drawing circle

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Another example of Abstract class in java

File: TestBank.java

1. abstract class Bank{

2. abstract int getRateOfInterest();
3. }
4. class SBI extends Bank{
5. int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
6. }
7. class PNB extends Bank{
8. int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
9. }
10.class TestBank{
11.public static void main(String args[]){
12.Bank b;
13.b=new SBI();
14.System.out.println("Rate of Interest is: "+b.getRateOfInterest()+" %");
15.b=new PNB();
16.System.out.println("Rate of Interest is: "+b.getRateOfInterest()+" %");
17.}}

Rate of Interest is: 7 %

Rate of Interest is: 8 %

An abstract class can have a data member, abstract method, method body (non-
abstract method), constructor, and even main() method.

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File: TestAbstraction2.java
1. //Example of an abstract class that has abstract and non-abstract methods
2. abstract class Bike{
3. Bike(){System.out.println("bike is created");}
4. abstract void run();
5. void changeGear(){System.out.println("gear changed");}
6. }
7. class Honda extends Bike{
8. void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
9. }
10. class TestAbstraction2{
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. Bike obj = new Honda();
13. obj.run();
14. obj.changeGear();
15. }
16.}

bike is created
running safely.
gear changed
Rule: If there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.
1. class Bike12{
2. abstract void run(); }
compile time error
Rule: If you are extending an abstract class that has an abstract method, you must
either provide the implementation of the method or make this class abstract.

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Another real scenario of abstract class
1. interface A{
2. void a();
3. void b();
4. void c();
5. void d(); }
6. abstract class B implements A{
7. public void c(){System.out.println("I am c");} }
8. class M extends B{
9. public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
10.public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
11.public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");}
12.}
13.class Test5{
14.public static void main(String args[]){
15.A a=new M();
16.a.a();
17.a.b();
18.a.c();
19.a.d();
20.}}

Output:
I am a
I am b
I am c
I am d

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 Class – 02

4. Advantages of Abstraction

 It reduces the complexity of viewing things.

 Avoids code duplication and increases reusability.
 Helps to increase the security of an application or program as only essential
details are provided to the user.
 It improves the maintainability of the application.
 It improves the modularity of the application.
 The enhancement will become very easy because without affecting end-users
we can able to perform any type of changes in our internal system.
 Improves code reusability and maintainability.
 Hides implementation details and exposes only relevant information.
 Provides a clear and simple interface to the user.
 Supports modularity, as complex systems can be divided into smaller and
more manageable parts.
 Abstraction provides a way to hide the complexity of implementation details
from the user, making it easier to understand and use.
 Abstraction enables modularity and separation of concerns, making code
more maintainable and easier to debug.

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5. Disadvantages of Abstraction
 Abstraction can make it more difficult to understand how the system works.
 It can lead to increased complexity, especially if not used properly.
 This may limit the flexibility of the implementation.
 Abstraction can add unnecessary complexity to code if not used
appropriately, leading to increased development time and effort.
 Abstraction can make it harder to debug and understand code, particularly
for those unfamiliar with the abstraction layers and implementation details.
 Overuse of abstraction can result in decreased performance due to the
additional layers of code and indirection.

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6. What is Interface?

 An interface is a collection of abstract methods

 An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class.
 The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be
only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body.
 It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
 In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and
variables. It cannot have a method body.
 Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.
 It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class. Since Java 8, we can
have default and static methods in an interface. Since Java 9, we can
have private methods in an interface.

7. Why use Java interface?

There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below.

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8. How to declare an interface?

 An interface is declared by using the interface keyword.

 It provides total abstraction; means all the methods in an interface are
declared with the empty body, and all the fields are public, static and final by
default.
 A class that implements an interface must implement all the methods declared
in the interface.

Syntax:

1. interface <interface_name>{
2. // declare constant fields
3. // declare methods that abstract
4. // by default.
5. }
Internal addition by the compiler

In other words, Interface fields are public, static and final by default, and the methods
are public and abstract.

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9. The relationship between classes and interfaces

As shown in the figure given below, a class extends another class, an interface
extends another interface, but a class implements an interface.

Java Interface Example

In this example, the Printable interface has only one method, and its implementation
is provided in the A6 class.

1. interface printable{
2. void print(); }
3. class A6 implements printable{
4. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. A6 obj = new A6();
7. obj.print();
8. } }

Output:

Hello

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Java Interface Example: Drawable

In this example, the Drawable interface has only one method. Its implementation is
provided by Rectangle and Circle classes. In a real scenario, an interface is defined
by someone else, but its implementation is provided by different implementation
providers. Moreover, it is used by someone else. The implementation part is hidden
by the user who uses the interface.

File: TestInterface1.java

1. //Interface declaration: by first user

2. interface Drawable{
3. void draw(); }
4. class Rectangle implements Drawable{
5. public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
6. }
7. class Circle implements Drawable{
8. public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
9. }
10.class TestInterface1{
11.public static void main(String args[]){
12.Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided by method e.
g. getDrawable()
13.d.draw();
14.}}

Output:

drawing circle

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Java Interface Example: Bank

Let's see another example of java interface which provides the implementation of
Bank interface.

File: TestInterface2.java

1. interface Bank{
2. float rateOfInterest();
3. }
4. class SBI implements Bank{
5. public float rateOfInterest(){return 9.15f;}
6. }
7. class PNB implements Bank{
8. public float rateOfInterest(){return 9.7f;}
9. }
10.class TestInterface2{
11.public static void main(String[] args){
12.Bank b=new SBI();
13.System.out.println("ROI: "+b.rateOfInterest());
14.}}

Output:

ROI: 9.15

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 Class – 03

10. Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an interface extends multiple interfaces,
it is known as multiple inheritance.

1. interface Printable{
2. void print(); }
3. interface Showable{
4. void show(); }
5. class A7 implements Printable,Showable{
6. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
7. public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. A7 obj = new A7();
10.obj.print();
11.obj.show();
12. } }
Output:
Hello
Welcome
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11. Multiple inheritance is not supported through class in java, but it is possible
by an interface, why?

As we have explained in the inheritance chapter, multiple inheritance is not

supported in the case of class because of ambiguity. However, it is supported in case
of an interface because there is no ambiguity. It is because its implementation is
provided by the implementation class. For example:

1. interface Printable{
2. void print(); }
3. interface Showable{
4. void print(); }
5. class TestInterface3 implements Printable, Showable{
6. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
7. public static void main(String args[]){
8. TestInterface3 obj = new TestInterface3();
9. obj.print();
10. } }

Output:
Hello

As you can see in the above example, Printable and Showable interface have same
methods but its implementation is provided by class TestTnterface1, so there is no
ambiguity.

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12. What is Interface inheritance?

A class implements an interface, but one interface extends another interface.

1. interface Printable{
2. void print();
3. }
4. interface Showable extends Printable{
5. void show();
6. }
7. class TestInterface4 implements Showable{
8. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
9. public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
10.
11.public static void main(String args[]){
12.TestInterface4 obj = new TestInterface4();
13.obj.print();
14.obj.show();
15. }
16.}

Output:

Hello
Welcome

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13. What is marker or tagged interface?

An interface which has no member is known as a marker or tagged interface, for

example, Serializable, Cloneable, Remote, etc. They are used to provide some
essential information to the JVM so that JVM may perform some useful operation.

1. //How Serializable interface is written?

2. public interface Serializable{
3. }

14. Nested Interface in Java

An interface can have another interface which is known as a nested interface. For
example:

1. interface printable{
2. void print();
3. interface MessagePrintable{
4. void msg();
5. }
6. }

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14. What is the difference between abstract class and interface?

Abstract class Interface

1) Abstract class can have abstract and non- Interface can have only abstract methods.
abstract methods.

2) Abstract class doesn't support multiple inheritance. Interface supports multiple inheritance.

3) Abstract class can have final, non-final, static and Interface has only static and final
non-static variables. variables.

4) Abstract class can provide the implementation of Interface can't provide the
interface. implementation of abstract class.

5) The abstract keyword is used to declare abstract The interface keyword is used to declare
class. interface.

6) An abstract class can extend another Java class and An interface can extend another Java
implement multiple Java interfaces. interface only.

7) An abstract class can be extended using keyword An interface can be implemented using
"extends". keyword "implements".

8) A Java abstract class can have class members like Members of a Java interface are public by
private, protected, etc. default.

9)Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape { public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw ();} void draw();}

Simply, abstract class achieves partial abstraction (0 to 100%) whereas interface

achieves fully abstraction (100%).
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Example of abstract class and interface in Java

Let's see a simple example where we are using interface and abstract class both.
1. //Creating interface that has 4 methods
2. interface A{
3. void a();//by default, public and abstract
4. void b();
5. void c();
6. void d();
7. }
8. //Creating abstract class that provides the implementation of one method of
A interface
9. abstract class B implements A{
10.public void c(){System.out.println("I am C");}
11.}
12.//Creating subclass of abstract class, now we need to provide the implementa
tion of rest of the methods
13.class M extends B{
14.public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
15.public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
16.public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");}
17.}
18.//Creating a test class that calls the methods of A interface
19.class Test5{
20.public static void main(String args[]){
21.A a=new M();
22.a.a();

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 23.a.b();
24.a.c();
25.a.d();
26.}}

Output:

I am a
I am b
I am c
I am d

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