Expression of Ideas – Transitions level 2. B.

Consequently,

1. Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent C. Moreover,

classical music composer from England who toured D. However,
the US three times in the early 1900s. The child of
a West African father and an English mother,
Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race 4. A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a
ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as piece considers two key factors: the desired look of
Anglo-African. ______ he incorporated the sounds the piece and its intended use. ______ earthenware
of traditional African music into his classical music clay is often used for decorative pieces because of
compositions. its rustic look. This type of clay is not often used in
industrial settings, though, because it is less durable
Which choice completes the text with the most than other clays.
logical transition?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A. In addition, logical transition?
B. Actually, A. In other words,
C. However, B. Regardless,
D. Regardless, C. In conclusion,
D. For example,
2. In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers
introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in
honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didnʼt 5. Tyrian purple was a highly prized dye among the
make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He Phoenicians (an ancient civilization located in
teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black present-day Lebanon). The Phoenicians were
woman to be elected to Congress, and they famous for using this natural dye to color their
resubmitted the bill every session for the next clothes a distinctive purple. ______ the name
fifteen years. ______ in 1983, the bill passed. “Phoenicia” itself, some historians claim, may have
originally meant “land of purple.”
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
A. Instead,
A. In fact,
B. Likewise,
B. Regardless,
C. Finally,
C. Lastly,
D. Additionally,
D. On the contrary,

3. Geoscientists have long considered Hawaiiʼs

Mauna Loa volcano to be Earthʼs largest shield 6. In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses are large
volcano by volume, measuring approximately arches that help support a buildingʼs exterior walls.
74,000 cubic kilometers. ______ according to a Before the Gothic era, cathedralsʼ heavy ceilings
2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia, had to be supported by thick, short walls, but the
Hawaiiʼs Pūhāhonu shield volcano is significantly invention of flying buttresses eliminated this need.
larger, boasting a volume of about 148,000 cubic ______ Gothic cathedrals could be built with
kilometers. thinner, higher walls.

Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition? logical transition?

A. Secondly, A. Similarly,
B. For instance, C. Similarly,
C. Nevertheless, D. As a result,
D. As a result,
10. As a young historian in the 1950s, Alixa Naff
began interviewing fellow Arab American
7. Etched into Peruʼs Nazca Desert are line
immigrants about their experiences straddling two
drawings so large that they can only be fully seen
cultures. Over the next few decades, Naff
from high above. Archaeologists have known of the
conducted more than 450 such interviews, also
lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted
known as oral histories. ______ she collected
some from a nearby foothill, and they have been
photographs and other artifacts that represented her
studying the markings ever since. ______
subjectsʼ experiences.
archaeologistsʼ efforts are aided by drones that
capture high-resolution aerial photographs of the Which choice completes the text with the most
lines. logical transition?
Which choice completes the text with the most A. In other words,
logical transition?
B. On the contrary,
A. Currently,
C. In addition,
B. In comparison,
C. Still, D. Today,

D. However,
11. Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to
determine whether individuals can understand and
8. Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum respond to questions during REM sleep. She first
Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep taught volunteers eye movements they would use to
their green leaves or needles year-round. However, respond to basic math problems while asleep (a
not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, single left-right eye movement indicated the
______ lose their needles every fall. number one). ______ she attached electrodes to the
volunteersʼ faces to record their eye movements
Which choice completes the text with the most
during sleep.
logical transition?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A. for instance,
logical transition?
B. nevertheless,
A. Specifically,
C. meanwhile,
B. Next,
D. in addition,
C. For instance,
9. Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at D. In sum,
the tips of the hairs on a spiderʼs leg. These
spatulae temporarily bond with the atoms of
whatever they touch. ______ spiders are able to 12. In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will
cling to and climb almost any surface. swim back to the sandy beaches where they were
born to lay eggs of their own. First, the turtle will
Which choice completes the text with the most dig her nest in the sand. ______ she will lay up to
logical transition? 100 eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all
with sand, before returning to the ocean.
A. For instance,

B. However,
Which choice completes the text with the most Bernardine Evaristoʼs The Emperorʼs Babe,
logical transition? ______ is a verse novel, a book-length narrative
complete with characters and a plot but conveyed
A. By contrast, in short, crisp lines of poetry rather than prose.
B. Similarly, Which choice completes the text with the most
C. Next, logical transition?

D. For example, A. by contrast,

B. consequently,
13. When Chinese director Chloé Zhao accepted C. secondly,
the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she
made Academy Award history. ______ only one D. for example,
other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United
States, had been named best director at the Oscars, 16. In studying whether jellyfish sleep, researchers
making Zhao the second woman and the first Asian Michael Abrams, Claire Bedbrook, and Ravi Nath
woman to win the award. attempted to answer three questions. ______ is
Which choice completes the text with the most there a period each day when the pulse rates of
logical transition? jellyfish decline? Second, do jellyfish respond
more slowly to stimuli during that period? Finally,
A. As a result, if prevented from sleeping, are jellyfish adversely
affected?
B. Previously,
Which choice completes the text with the most
C. However,
logical transition?
D. Likewise,
A. As a result,

B. First,
14. The envelope-shaped paper bags common in
the US 150 years ago were impractical for carrying C. Additionally,
goods. ______ because they were the only paper
bags that could be mass-produced, these bags D. However,
dominated the market. That all changed in the
1870s, when industrial designer Margaret Knight 17. Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic
patented a machine to make flat-bottomed, foldable fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to
paper bags. that compound. ______ upon analyzing the light
reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the
Which choice completes the text with the most dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of
logical transition? Romeʼs National Institute of Astrophysics was able
to determine that the regions contain large amounts
A. However,
of the compound sodium carbonate.
B. For instance,
Which choice completes the text with the most
C. Thus, logical transition?

D. In other words, A. Regardless,

B. Meanwhile,
15. Although novels and poems are considered
C. Thus,
distinct literary forms, many authors have created
hybrid works that incorporate elements of both. D. In comparison,
18. Practical movie effects, such as the use of B. However,
actual locations in a film, provide a more realistic
visual experience than computer-generated imagery C. Specifically,
(CGI) does, but giving audiences the “real thing” D. Similarly,
can be prohibitively expensive. ______ many
filmmakers use a blended approach, employing
practical effects whenever possible and CGI 21. Arkansas aviator Louise Thaden was already a
elements as necessary to control costs. record breaker when she won the inaugural
National Womenʼs Air Derby, a race from
Which choice completes the text with the most California to Ohio, in August of 1929. ______ in
logical transition? December of 1928, Thaden had set an aviation
A. Similarly, record when she reached an altitude of 20,269 feet
in a Travel Air biplane.
B. For this reason,
Which choice completes the text with the most
C. Furthermore, logical transition?

D. In other words, A. Earlier,

B. However,
19. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichieʼs 2013 novel
Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences C. Next,
of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, D. As a result,
after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United
States to attend a prestigious university. ______
Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career 22. In 2018, Kurt Luther and Vikram Mohanty
there. However, frustrated with the lack of created the web-based tool Civil War Photo Sleuth
opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria. (CWPS). A user uploading an unknown Civil War
soldierʼs photograph to CWPS first tags the photo
Which choice completes the text with the most with all known information. ______ CWPSʼs
logical transition? facial-recognition software analyzes twenty-seven
A. Meanwhile, different physical features and looks for matches to
tagged images already in the database.
B. Nevertheless,
Which choice completes the text with the most
C. Secondly, logical transition?

D. In fact, A. Then,

B. In fact,
20. In the 1850s, William Still was instrumental in
helping nearly 1,000 people escape from slavery, C. Likewise,
earning him the moniker “the Father of the D. For example,
Underground Railroad.” ______ despite the fame
of his contributions during his lifetime, Still is
discussed far less today than other prominent Black 23. With darkness falling, a mother elephant loses
abolitionists from his era, such as Frederick sight of her calf and wants to make sure it is safe.
Douglass and Harriet Tubman. ______ she releases an infrasonic call for the calf
to hear. Infrasonic sound is below the range of
Which choice completes the text with the most human hearing, but many animals can hear these
logical transition? sounds from several miles away.
A. For example,
Which choice completes the text with the most doesnʼt run out of oxygen while underwater.
logical transition? ______ a seal moves its flippers as little as possible
on a deep dive, gliding to conserve energy.
A. For example,
Which choice completes the text with the most
B. For this reason, logical transition?
C. Nowadays, A. In the first place,
D. Similarly, B. On the other hand,

C. For this reason,

24. Organisms have evolved a number of surprising
adaptations to ensure their survival in adverse D. In comparison,
conditions. Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus)
embryos, ______ can pause development for over 27. To explore how blinking affects social
ten years during extended periods of drought. interactions, Dutch researchers observed
Which choice completes the text with the most interactions between human speakers and
logical transition? “listeners” (animated human faces on a screen).
The researchers found that when the listeners
A. in contrast, blinked slowly, the speakers tended to talk for less
time. ______ quicker blinks were associated with
B. for example,
longer talking times.
C. meanwhile,
Which choice completes the text with the most
D. consequently, logical transition?

A. For example,

25. By 1936, Spanish Romani dancer Carmen B. Specifically,

Amaya was known all over Spain for her powerful
style of flamenco dancing. However, in July of that C. Firstly,
year, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War made it D. By contrast,
difficult for her to perform in her home country.
______ Amaya left Spain to perform abroad,
dancing for audiences across North and South 28. In 1885, Chinese-born California resident Mary
America. Tape became a hero of the Asian American civil
rights movement. In January of that year, she won
Which choice completes the text with the most
an antidiscrimination case in the California
logical transition?
Supreme Court. ______ in April, she wrote an open
A. In comparison, letter criticizing her local board of education for
discrimination. Both actions are remembered today
B. As a result, as historic stands against racism.
C. First of all, Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
D. For example,
A. Later,

26. As biologist Terrie Williams has documented, B. For instance,

deep dives present a challenge for seals and other
C. In other words,
marine mammals. A seal must exert enough energy
to propel itself hundreds of meters downward, D. Rather,
while keeping its heart rate low enough that it
29. During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labsʼ Electron B. Subsequently,
rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its
second-stage booster shut down suddenly after C. Specifically,
ignition. ______ instead of downplaying the D. Conversely,
incident, Rocket Labsʼ CEO publicly
acknowledged what happened and apologized for
the loss of the rocketʼs payload, which had 32. Laetitia Kyʼs hair is her art. Inspired by
consisted of two satellites. hairstyles from various African tribes, the Ivorian
artist uses wire and thread to sculpt her hair into all
Which choice completes the text with the most kinds of shapes. ______ she once made her hair
logical transition? into the shape of the continent of Africa—including
A. Afterward, the island of Madagascar!

B. Additionally, Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?
C. Indeed,
A. Soon,
D. Similarly,
B. Elsewhere,

30. Phytoplankton play a crucial role in the oceanʼs C. For example,

uptake of carbon from the atmosphere. When alive,
D. However,
these tiny marine organisms absorb atmospheric
carbon via photosynthesis. ______ after they die,
the phytoplankton sink to the seafloor, where the
carbon in their cells gets stored in sediment,
preventing it from cycling back into the
atmosphere.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?

A. Specifically,

B. By contrast,

C. Nevertheless,

D. Then,

31. Riley Black—the author of critically acclaimed

books such as My Beloved Brontosaurus (2013)—
is best known for writing about dinosaurs, but she
has also conducted hands-on fieldwork. ______ her
fieldwork has included paleontological digs in
Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and her dinosaur
fossil discoveries can be seen at places such as the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?

A. Regardless,